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PubMedDate not supplied

Faculty ways of knowing: the crux of nursing curricula.

The authors, using the narrative form, examine three epistemological structures that are found in nursing curricula. Those fundamentally different approaches of knowledge acquisition are portrayed and discussed by the director and three staff members from a fictitious nursing school. Although faculty members naturally tend to adhere to their own embedded view of the way one learns, the authors stress the need for judicious blend of the three epistemic orientations when developing nursing curricula.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Critical thinking in nursing: an integrated review.

Critical thinking skills are essential to function in today's complex health care environment and to ensure continuing competence for the future. This article provides a review of various definitions and research studies related to critical thinking. Educators and researchers need to clearly define critical thinking, because there has been wide variation in definitions and descriptions of critical thinking. Research studies have shown inconsistent findings, and many have used a one-group pretest-posttest design over a single course or during the length of a nursing program. Studies have not shown an association between critical thinking and competence; rigorous research studies are needed to understand the process of critical thinking.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

[To better integrate prevention into general medicine in deprived milieus].

Generalists occupy a strategic position in the area of prevention within the general population, and among disadvantaged areas in particular. Yet, practice shows that this position is not a given, as the socio-cultural gap separating doctor and patient renders communication particularly difficult in this context. In order to analyse this situation, a review of the literature, surveys among generalists, and a European seminar were carried out. This article deals with the definition of "disadvantaged environments" by the practitioner, practices in prevention in disadvantaged environments and their related obstacles, and tracks for improving prevention in disadvantaged environments by visits with a generalist.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Mental health research and cultural dominance: the social construction of knowledge for international development.

This institutional ethnographic work uses the first author's experience as an international development worker, educator, and community mental health nurse in West Africa to illustrate how official research and policy on mental health services reflect Western academic, corporate, economic, and cultural dominance. Focusing on a critical textual analysis of a survey intended to support funding applications to international aid/lending agencies, the authors show how official processes privilege Western policies/research approaches and subordinate local perspectives. If nurses, researchers, and policy-makers are to be effective in carrying out development work in Africa, they must learn to appreciate the subtle exertion of dominance inherent in Western approaches. The authors propose that understanding local knowledge be foregrounded rather than backgrounded to the complex global interpretive frames for international research and international development policy.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Training for primary care of mentally handicapped patients in US family practice residencies.

BACKGROUND: As a result of managed care mandates for primary care and the growing community presence of the 6 million mentally handicapped persons in the United States, primary care of this population will increasingly be provided by family physicians. How much family practice residencies emphasize training for care of this population is the focus of this study. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to each family practice residency program in the United States asking about didactic teaching, clinical activities, and faculty and curriculum planning related to care of the mentally handicapped population. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of questionnaires were returned. Only 32 percent of respondents teach related didactic sessions, 24 percent plan clinic patient care for this population, and 42 percent affiliate with a residential care facility. The most frequently listed didactic topics were delayed infant assessment and seizure care. Comprehensive management of the mentally handicapped adult, family issues, behavioral problems, and long-term planning had low ratings compared with the first two topics. Psychiatrists were rated higher than family practice faculty for training in this area. CONCLUSIONS: There is little enthusiasm among residency directors about the need for training in care of mentally handicapped patients. Topics that are most valued, however, were those that are generally within the purview of specialists. A low value was placed upon training for helping families access services, behavior management, or comprehensive long-term planning-areas most often addressed by family physicians. Further studies are needed to assess the training needs of family physicians in caring for mentally handicapped persons.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Health promotion in hospitals: the attitudes, beliefs and practices of hospital nurses.

This research paper explores the attitudes, beliefs and health promotion practices of hospital nurses working on acute adult wards, as demonstrated through the use of semi-structured postal questionnaires. Responses were compared with those from hospital-based occupational therapists, physiotherapists, dietitians and medical consultants, in order to examine issues of consistency and continuity between professional groups and their interaction with patients in relation to health promotion activity. The nurses are considered both as a homogeneous group and also in relation to their seniority within the profession. Results demonstrate the lack of a coherent health promotion strategy within acute care settings and highlight the differing educational needs of nurses according to their professional role within the hospital. By addressing these issues, a strategy can be developed to enhance health promotion in hospital by building on the concerns and needs identified by the nurses themselves. Research literature and analysis of this study demonstrate that whilst the current position of health promotion in hospital is generally poor, nurses are keen to integrate health promotion into their practice.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The nature of health promotion in acute and community settings.

Since the late 1980s, there has been a consistent call from nursing's advisory and legislative bodies to incorporate the discipline of health promotion into the nursing profession. On reflection, however, evidence indicates that despite these calls there has not been a universal uptake of health promotional activity into the profession. What is evident is that where health promotional activity does take place, it occurs more in the community than in the acute setting. This article sets out to explore the reasons for this. It suggests that certain current and future activities may help to further promote the universal adoption of health promotion within nursing practice.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Utility of qualitative research findings in evidence-based public health practice.

Epidemiological data, derived from quantitative studies, provide important information about the causes, prevalence, risk correlates, treatment and prevention of diseases, and health issues at a population level. However, public health issues are complex in nature and quantitative research findings are insufficient to support practitioners and administrators in making evidence-informed decisions. Upshur's Synthetic Model of Evidence (2001) situates qualitative research findings as a credible source of evidence for public health practice. This article answers the following questions: (1) where does qualitative research fit within the paradigm of evidence-based practice and (2) how can qualitative research be used by public health professionals? Strategies for using qualitative research findings instrumentally, conceptually, and symbolically are identified by applying Estabrooks' (1999) conceptual structure of research utilization. Different research utilization strategies are illustrated through the use of research examples from the field of work on intimate partner violence against women. Recommendations for qualitative researchers disseminating findings and for public health practitioners/policy makers considering the use of qualitative findings as evidence to inform decisions are provided.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Applying collaborative practice to health promotion.

BACKGROUND: Since the publication of the Health of the Nation document in 1992, collaborative practice has been at the forefront of health service reform. While other professional groups have readily adopted health promotion and collaboration, the nursing profession has experienced difficulties in changing practice and some have resisted reform. The author examines the issues surrounding nursing's apparent hesitancy in adopting collaborative working practices. CONCLUSION: To promote collaborative practice, nurses need to be aware of the range of teams and agencies involved in health promotion and acknowledge the client as an equal member of the team. However, better education, training and shared learning initiatives are essential to improve collaborative practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

The behavioural epidemiology of weight control.

Excess body weight is associated with increased health risk, but there are also risks to health related to weight-control practices. While representative population data are available on the anthropometry of body weight and its sociodemographic correlates in Australia, less is known about the population prevalence and correlates of weight-control behaviours. We examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and low body weight, in the Australian population, using data from studies in which height and weight have been objectively measured; we describe the sociodemographic correlates of overweight and obesity; we outline relevant aspects of Australian health-system and private-sector approaches to body weight control; and we describe the findings of Australian studies of weight-control practices and related beliefs and attitudes. These findings relate mainly to women, particularly younger women, and little is known about the weight-control practices of Australian men. We suggest research which may promote a better understanding of weight-control practices in the Australian population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Promoting evidence-based practice in stroke care in Australia.

AIM: To explore approaches to the promotion of evidence-based practice from academic and clinical perspectives by visiting acute stroke units and collaborating centres of the Joanna Briggs Institute, an international network of academic centres. METHOD: A semi-structured interview schedule was developed, piloted and used to guide interviews with academic and clinical staff in five state capital cities in Australia. Data were analysed and findings reviewed by clinical and academic participants. FINDINGS: Four distinct but not mutually exclusive models and common but variously applied pathways for translation of evidence into clinical practice were identified. Key influential factors included context and local culture, the nature of evidence and role of clinical expertise. Implementation and change management strategies were recognised as emerging priorities. CONCLUSION: A range of methods to advance research synthesis, dissemination and knowledge transfer into clinical practice were demonstrated and may warrant consideration for the UK.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inventory of knowledge and skills relating to disease prevention and health promotion.

An inventory of the knowledge and skills appropriate for the instruction of medical students in the disciplines of disease prevention and health promotion was developed by a steering committee of medical practitioners and teachers, with the input of over 70 colleagues. The inventory, which is intended as a guide for curriculum planners, defines the fundamentals of subject areas appropriate for the general education of all physicians, including the skills and knowledge related to delivery of personal disease prevention/health promotion services, quantitative methods, health services organization and delivery, and community dimensions of medical practice, as well as attitudes and philosophy.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Using action research in nursing practice with older people: democratizing knowledge.

AIM: This paper reports on an action research study which raised some questions about the processes of developing a sense of shared ownership in action research in a research environment which does not always have the appropriate mechanisms to support and sustain action research. BACKGROUND: Action research has gained popularity in nursing and healthcare research, offering a way of developing practice-based knowledge, which can assist in changing practice and democratizing inquiry. METHODS: There are other organizational constraints on action research which arise at different levels, and which also require discussion. These can be issues about communication and ownership at a practice level and issues of funding and project management procedures. This paper reports on a study in which these issues came to the fore, and offers some thoughts on how they can affect the processes of action research. CONCLUSION: While the principles of action research appear to offer much towards the development of a practice-rooted body of knowledge for nursing, unless some of the issues of ownership are resolved, it is unlikely to move beyond academic rhetoric. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: If nursing is to engage in action research, this must be done critically and reflectively and careful attention paid to developing an inclusive and collaborative approach to knowledge and practice development. Furthermore, to develop in nursing and health care research, it must find ways to meet the requirements of funding bodies.

Activities of Daily Living↗