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PubMed1984

Validity of caregiver information on the developmental status of severely brain-damaged young children.

Two studies were conducted to examine the validity of caregiver information on the developmental status of severely brain-damaged young children. First, developmental information on 106 severely brain-damaged young children, obtained from a caregiver-completed behavior inventory--the Kent Infant Development Scale, was compared to that obtained from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (the Bayley Scales). Developmental age estimates from both tests were highly correlated and similar. Results suggest that it is possible to substitute the Kent Infant Development Scale for the Bayley Scales when measuring the developmental status of severely brain-damaged young children. In a second study examining the differential validity of caregivers' reports, we found that mothers' Kent Infant Development Scales yielded higher developmental age estimates than did teachers' Kent Infant Development Scales.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1992

Alternating stepping patterns: hidden abilities of 11-month-old infants with Down syndrome.

Normally developing infants can produce organized alternating stepping patterns long before they stand alone or attempt to walk, if supported upright on a motorized treadmill. The purpose of this study was to examine whether infants with Down syndrome, who begin to walk at a much later age than non-disabled infants, could produced alternating steps in a similar way. Six of the seven 11-month-old infants studied responded to the treadmill stimulus by producing alternating steps. This suggests that the basic neural substrate necessary for upright locomotion is available long before walking occurs in infants with Down syndrome, as it is in normally developing infants. The infants in this study began to walk at an average of 13.3 months after demonstrating the ability to produce treadmill steps.

Down Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Lung development and function in preterm infants in the surfactant treatment era.

Mortality of infants of < 1-kg birth weight has decreased because of surfactant treatments, antenatal glucocorticoid treatments, and new ventilation strategies. However, many of these infants develop a chronic lung disease characterized by an arrest of lung development and interference with alveolarization. Antenatal glucocorticoids can induce early lung maturation clinically, but new information from transgenic and other experimental models indicates that traditional explanations for glucocorticoid effects on the developing lung are inadequate. These very preterm infants have lungs with small lung gas volumes and delicate lung tissue that are susceptible to injury with the initiation of ventilation and subsequent ventilation. Antenatal proinflammatory exposures are frequent in very preterm infants, and postnatal injury is associated with elevations of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs. One hypothesis is that proinflammatory cytokines can promote or interfere with lung development as well as promote lung injury. Mechanisms of lung injury being characterized in the adult lung may have unique characteristics in the developing lung.

Glucocorticoids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mastery motivation and temperament of 7-month-old infants.

PURPOSE: To examine relationships among infant mastery motivation, temperament, and cognition with the goal of highlighting infant behaviors to which nurses should be alert in the clinical environment to promote optimal infant development. SAMPLE: Subjects were 26 healthy, full-term infants, age 7 months, recruited from a well baby clinic. METHOD: A descriptive correlational design was used. Tools included the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence, the Dimensions of Mastery Questionnaire, and the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire. RESULTS: Cognition was not related to either mastery motivation or temperament. Several relations between mastery motivation and temperament emerged. Infants with high mastery pleasure were rated as more cooperative and less difficult, and tended to be rated as more active and less irritable. Independent mastery, on the other hand, showed no correlation with temperament scores. Infants who were rated as high in persistence on the mastery motivation questionnaire were rated as more cooperative, more rhythmical, and less difficult on the temperament questionnaire, and they tended to be rated as more approachable and less irritable. Infants who were rated as high in competence tended to be rated as less difficult. CONCLUSIONS: While temperament and mastery motivation are related, information on mastery motivation provides additional information to the nurse that may be helpful both in planning interventions to promote infant development and in providing anticipatory guidance for parents.

Child Development↗
PubMed1997

Mother and infant smiling exchanges during face-to-face interaction in infants with and without Down syndrome.

We examined social smiling in infants with and without Down syndrome, aged from 3.2 to 13.6 months old. They were videotaped during an episode of spontaneous face-to-face interaction and a subsequent mother's still-face situation. Results indicated that infants smiled longer in the spontaneous face-to-face episode than in the still-face episode, even though this result was only significant in typically developing infants. Typically developing infants also smiled for a longer period than Down's syndrome infants during the spontaneous interaction episode. Moreover, infant's smile preceded the onset of the mother's smile, but in 6.2- to 13.6-month-old typically developing infants, the probability of mothers smiling before infants increased. These findings emphasize the possible existence of differences in the development of facial expression from signs to social symbols between infants with and without Down syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The assessment of 'vision for development' in severely visually handicapped babies.

Vision makes a substantial contribution to the pattern and rate of normal development. Considering infant development in 3 phases, global, integrative and specific the most important attributes to vision of development within each phase are discussed. A method for assessment of the aspects of vision most relevant to each child's current developmental needs is described and a philosophy outlined whereby the findings can be represented as a balanced practical prescription for development. The development of the visual system is often delayed in visually handicapped babies; some reasons are put forward and a concern that many may never achieve their potential maximum visual competence is expressed. A method for evaluating the current stage of visual development in a visually handicapped baby is described in which the findings form the starting point of a programme towards achieving maximum visual competence as young as possible.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Maternal adjustment and infant outcome in medically defined high-risk pregnancy.

Biological and psychosocial risk factors in high-risk pregnancy and their relation to infant developmental outcomes were explored in a sample of 153 pregnant Israeli women who had pregestational diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, or were nondiabetic. Questionnaires on coping and resources as well as well-being and distress during the 2nd trimester were administered. Estimates of maternal fuels (HbAlc and fructosamine) were obtained throughout pregnancy. At 1 year, offspring were administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and mother-infant interactions were observed. Infants of mothers in the diabetic groups scored lower on the Bayley Scales and revealed fewer positive and more negative behaviors than did infants of mothers in the nondiabetic group. Infant outcomes in the maternal diabetic groups were associated with maternal metabolism. Maternal coping and resources differed in the 3 groups and differentially predicted infant development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Assessing vocal development in infants and toddlers.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in prelinguistic vocal production during the first 20 months of life. Vocalizations were classified into 23 mutually exclusive and exhaustive types, and grouped into five ascending levels using the Stark Assessment of Early Vocal Development-Revised (SAEVD-R). Data from 30 typically developing infants, aged 0-20 months, show that older infants attained higher developmental levels on the SAEVD-R than younger infants. Infants 0-2, 3-5, and 6-8 months of age primarily produced vocalizations from Levels 1 (Reflexive), 2 (Control of Phonation), and 3 (Expansion). Infants 9-20 months of age also produced vocalizations from Level 4 (Basic Canonical Syllables). Only infants from 16-20 months of age produced Level 5 (Advanced Forms) vocalizations in significant quantities. The outcomes indicate that the SAEVD-R is a valuable instrument for evaluating prelinguistic vocal development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Clara cell secretory protein oxidation and expression in premature infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that affects prematurely born infants and appears to evolve in part from early inflammatory responses in the lung. The inflammatory responses have been associated with protein and lipid oxidation in tracheal aspirate fluids. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that in the first week of life specific oxidations and/ or altered expressions of proteins would be observed in tracheal aspirate fluids in infants who would subsequently develop BPD. We obtained tracheal aspirate fluids on Days of life 1, 3, and 6 from infants born at < or = 29 wk gestation, incubated the fluids with 2,4-dinitrophenylhyrazine (DNPH), separated the proteins electrophoretically, and assessed DNPH reactivity by immunonblots. DNPH reactivity of a protein that was identified as Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) was observed more consistently in tracheal aspirate fluids from infants who later developed BPD than from infants who did not develop BPD. Tracheal aspirate fluid levels of immunoreactive CCSP were also lower on Day of life 1 in infants who developed BPD than in those who did not develop BPD. Increased CCSP oxidation and decreased immunoreactive CCSP expression in infants who subsequently developed BPD suggest that Clara cell function and CCSP expression may be critical for normal bronchoalveolar fluid homeostasis and that maintaining CCSP expression and function may be useful goals for targeted therapies for inhibition of the development of BPD.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Infant formula development: past, present and future.

Currently available infant formulas can be separated into those intended for normal term infants and those designed for infants with special needs, i.e. infants with low-birth-weight, with allergies to milk proteins, or with metabolic disorders. New formulas are developed when groups of infants with special nutritional needs are identified. A recent example is the introduction of a soy fiber-containing formula for refeeding infants after diarrhea. Existing formulas continually change with new nutritional knowledge; an example is the addition of taurine when its role is visual function became known. The composition of human milk serves as a valuable reference for improving infant formula. However, human milk contains living cells, hormones, active enzymes, immunoglobulins and components with unique molecular structures that can not be replicated in infant formula. Additionally, unlike human milk, infant formula must remain stable on the shelf for up to 36 months. These fundamental differences between human milk and infant formula often mandate differences in composition to achieve similar clinical outcomes. New formulas or changes in formulas should confer a demonstrable advantage to the infant and not be based on compositional changes alone. Before changes are made in formulations or new formulas developed, a thorough assessment of available research needs to be made and any gaps of knowledge identified. Then a research program specific for the question at hand is developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Food Technology↗
PubMed2000

Development of infant baboons' responses to graded bark variants.

We studied the development of infant baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) responses to conspecific 'barks' in a free-ranging population in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. These barks grade from tonal, harmonically rich calls into calls with a more noisy, harsh structure. Typically, tonal variants are given when the signaller is at risk of losing contact with the group or a particular individual ('contact barks'), whereas harsh variants are given in response to predators ('alarm barks'). We conducted focal observations and playback experiments in which we presented variants of barks recorded from resident adult females. By six months of age, infants reliably discriminated between typical alarm and contact barks and they responded more strongly to intermediate alarm calls than to typical contact barks. Infants of six months and older also recognized their mothers by voice. The ability to discriminate between different call variants developed with increasing age. At two and a half months of age, infants failed to respond at all, whereas at four months they responded irrespective of the call type that was presented. At six months, infants showed adult-like responses by responding strongly to alarm barks but ignoring contact barks. We concluded that infants gradually learn to attach the appropriate meaning to alarm and contact barks.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of maternal autoimmune thyroid disease on intellectual development of infants].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of maternal Hashimoto's disease (an autoimmune thyroid disease) on intellectual development of infants. METHODS: From July 2001 to June 2003, 21 infants born by mothers suffered from Hashimoto's disease were followed up with provincial neonatal disease screening network system. Their thyroid function was assessed and their mental development was evaluated with Gesell development schedules. RESULT: (1) Among the 21 infants, 8 showed normal thyroid function, 11 showed hyperthyrotropinemia, 2 cases had congenital hypothyroidism, which showed significant differences from those born by healthy mothers. (2) The mental and psychomotor development of infants whose mothers suffered from Hashimoto's disease lagged behind those with the healthy mothers (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Maternal Hashimoto's disease may affects infants' thyroid function and mental development.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of radiographic and anatomical evidence of tooth development in infant apes.

This study assesses dental development in a sample of 8 known-age infant orangutans and chimpanzees in order to examine discrepancies between radiographic analyses of tooth development and the actual developing teeth. All crania were radiographed and any developing teeth then extracted for comparison. The height of deciduous teeth was measured both on the radiographs and on the extracted teeth to assess the accuracy of radiographic tooth measurements. A comparison between the radiographic and actual measurements of the deciduous teeth reveals substantial discrepancies. For permanent teeth, the degree of radiographic underestimation of tooth development was found to vary depending on the tooth being studied, its stage of development (early stages are particularly problematic) and the radiographic techniques used. Examination of the dissected teeth also revealed earlier times of onset of calcification for I2(2), C1(1), P3-4(3-4) and M2 than reported in previous studies. For the canine and M2(2), upper and lower homologues appear to begin development at different times, but there is no apparent difference in onset times between other upper and lower homologues.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Early assessment of sensorimotor and cognitive development in high-risk infants.

Assessed 88 infants at risk for mental retardation on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and a measure of visual recognition memory at 3 months corrected age. Bayley scales were administered again when the infants were 1-year-old. At 3 months of age the Bayley scales and the measure of visual recognition memory were not significantly correlated. Both measures, however, showed significant correlation to the Bayley scales administered at 1 year of age. Results from regression analyses indicated that each measure at 3 months of age was related to a different source of variance in the 1-year measure. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that at 3 months of age the visual recognition memory measure is a better early window into later cognitive development than the Bayley scales.

Child Development↗
PubMed2004

The expression of pain in infants with developmental delays.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how infants with developmental delays express pain, we analysed facial expressions of infants receiving their routine immunization at around 4-6 months developmental age. The sample included eight infants with developmental disabilities (mean developmental age 4.8 months) and 30 typically developing infants (mean age 4 months). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding system was used to code infant facial expressions during immunization. RESULTS: The pain expression was by far the most common of all facial expressions following immunization for both groups of infants. Those with disabilities produced significantly fewer discrete high-intensity expressions of pain, and significantly more blended expressions than typically developing infants. Expressions of fear, sadness and anger were relatively infrequent in both groups. Infants with disabilities used their upper face less often than typically developing infants, and their mid face was uncodeable more often. CONCLUSION: Infants with developmental delays were likely to show pain in facial expressions less clearly than typically developing infants. It is important for health care professionals to be aware that this may be the case when considering the administration of analgesia for such children.

Developmental Disabilities↗