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PubMed1996

AIDS-related beliefs, attitudes and intentions among Malawian students in three secondary schools.

This preliminary investigation into factors influencing the intention of Malawian secondary school students to engage in low-risk AIDS-related behaviours was based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). A total of 191 male and female subjects (mean age 19.32) from three secondary schools in Malawi filled in a questionnaire that sought to elicit their intention to use condoms and to stick to the one same sexual partner. The study lent support to the theory that intention can be predicted from attitudes and subjective norms, F(2,186) = 31.93, p < 0.001 for condom use and F(2, 187) = 15.23, p < 0.001 for sticking to one sexual partner. The results showed that, for the subjects, the intention to comply with these two behavioural regimens was predominantly under attitudinal control though one sub-sample's intention was under normative influence. The study also provided quantitative data on the sexual behavioural patterns of the subjects and used these data to furnish explanations of the main findings. Behavioural change intervention strategies in the light of the findings are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Achievement of reproductive intentions in Sri Lanka, 1982-1985: a longitudinal study.

The achievement or reproductive intentions of Sri Lankan women was examined by using longitudinal data for the period 1982-85. Aggregate consistency between reproductive intentions and behavior was almost perfect, but at the individual level there were inconsistencies. Among those who wanted to have no more children, 23 per cent reported a birth in the intersurvey period of 3 years and 2 months, while failures to have a wanted birth stood at 36 per cent. There was a clear declining trend in the former type of inconsistencies in Sri Lanka, but the latter type has increased, possibly due to a continuing decline in family size ideals or due to deferred childbearing. Even though inconsistencies existed, expressed fertility intentions in 1982 significantly influenced the fertility outcome. The study also has a methodological focus on whether to include sterilized women when fertility intentions and behavior are examined longitudinally, but no specific problems were found with their inclusion. Results indicate that, apart from the intention variable, age, marital duration, family size, and education of husband and wife variables all influenced fertility in the follow-up period.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Third birth intentions and uncertainty in Canada.

Using data from the 1995 Canadian General Society Survey (GSS-95), we study the intention to have a third child among a sample of women and men who have already had two children (N = 505). Our results show that 15 per cent of the respondents intend to have a third child. Nearly 20 per cent of the respondents are uncertain about their fertility intentions. We found that the same factors that predict intentions also predict uncertainty, and that the effects of these predictors are remarkably similar. In particular, intentions and uncertainty generally decline with age, but increase with regular church attendance, remarriage, and being Catholic. Unlike earlier studies, we found that the sex of previous children has virtually no impact on third-birth intentions or uncertainty.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Spatial location memory in amnesia: binding item and location information under incidental and intentional encoding conditions.

Items located within an array were presented to alcoholic Korsakoff and nonalcoholic mixed-etiology amnesics and to alcoholic and normal controls. Recognition memory for the locations of items was tested after incidental and intentional encoding. When equated on item recognition, neither Korsakoff amnesics nor alcoholic controls benefited from intentional, relative to incidental, encoding instructions. Furthermore, Korsakoff amnesics showed neither disproportionately impaired incidental nor intentional location recognition memory relative to alcoholic controls. In contrast, mixed-etiology amnesics profited significantly from intentional location acquisition relative to incidental instructions, and were impaired somewhat in incidental, but not intentional, location memory relative to normal controls. We discuss these data in relation to Mayes' (1992) contextual memory deficit hypothesis and Hirst's (1982) automatic encoding deficit account, and propose an alternative framework in which the location memory deficit observed in mixed-etiology amnesics is interpreted as a disruption to the ability to bind item and location information.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗

PubMed2006

Understanding interrelationships among HIV-related stigma, concern about HIV infection, and intent to disclose HIV serostatus: a pretest-posttest study in a rural area of eastern China.

The objective of the study was to examine the interrelationships among HIV-related public and felt stigma, worry of HIV infection, HIV/AIDS knowledge and intention to disclose HIV testing results in a rural area of China, where HIV spread among former commercial blood donors. A one-group pretest-posttest study was conducted among 605 marriage license applicants. The following relationships showed statistical significance in path analysis: (1) HIV/AIDS knowledge --> worry [beta (Standardized coefficient) = -0.39]; (2) worry --> public stigma (beta = 0.27); (3) public stigma --> felt stigma (beta = 0.22); and (4) felt stigma --> intention to disclosure (beta = -0.20). Separate path analyses for males and females generated similar association patterns. HIV counseling reduced perceived worry but exerted little impact on HIV-related stigma and the intention. The pathway from a lack of HIV/AIDS knowledge to increased stigma and to decreased intention to disclose one's serostatus is particularly policy relevant as decreased intention to disclosure may be related to continuing practice of HIV risk behaviors. The findings demonstrate interventions aiming at the reduction of stigma should be targeted at both the individual and community levels.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The intent and practice of condom use among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Japan.

To evaluate the intent and practice of condom use among Japanese HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), a survey using anonymous questionnaires was carried out and 117 respondents were investigated. For anal sex and oral sex, respectively, 58.1% and 15.2% intended to use condoms and 47.2% and 12.4% used condoms all of the time. The intent of condom use decisively affected the practice of condom use and was closely related to the perceived risk level of HIV/sexually transmitted (STI) transmission. In anal sex, willingness to protect sexual partners from HIV infection was strongly related not only to the intent but also to the practice. Enhancement of willingness to protect oneself from STI was suggested to enhance willingness to protect his/her sexual partners from HIV infection with secondary enhancement of the intent or the practice of condom use. Specific support of MSM with HIV for improving the intent and practice of condom use is urgently needed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Weight change, weight change intention, and the incidence of mobility limitation in well-functioning community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Obesity increases the risk for functional decline in later years, but the functional consequences of weight change in older adults are currently unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether weight, weight change, and weight change intention are associated with risk for mobility limitation in elderly persons. METHODS: This study included 2,932 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70 to 79 years, participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, who were followed for 30 months. At baseline, reported weight change of 5 or more pounds during the previous year and weight change intention were assessed. Mobility limitation was defined as reported difficulty or inability to walk one-quarter mile or to climb 10 steps during two consecutive semiannual assessments during a period of 30 months. RESULTS: Approximately 30% of participants developed mobility limitation. Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased risk for mobility limitation. Unintentional weight loss in the previous year was associated with increased risk for mobility limitation in the extremely obese, which was defined as BMI >or= 35 (hazard ratios [HR], =3.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.84--7.79), and the normal BMI, which was defined as BMI<25 (HR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.80--3.60). In persons with BMI 25 to 29.9, intentional weight loss (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.12--2.25) and weight fluctuation with any intention (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.10--2.28) increased the risk for mobility limitation. Unintentional weight gain or fluctuation did not confer additional risk for mobility limitation compared with weight stability, regardless of the level of body weight. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of well-functioning elderly persons, functional consequences of past weight change depended on the type of weight change, intentionality, and current measured body weight.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Testicular self-examination (TSE) among Dutch young men aged 15-19: determinants of the intention to practice TSE.

The present study analyzed what determinants are important to describe and explain the intention of testicular self-examination (TSE) for young men aged 15-19 attending senior high school (response rate 80%, n = 274). The questionnaire assessed determinants, including knowledge, attitude (positive and negative consequences, anticipated regret, and moral obligation), social influence (social norm, social support and modeling) and self-efficacy. Knowledge of testicular cancer and TSE was very low. Only 2% of the subjects reported regularly performing TSE. After hearing of TSE (through the questionnaire), 41% of all young men had a positive intention to start performing TSE regularly. The various intention groups (positive, neutral and negative) differed significantly on almost all of the determinants. Multiple regression analysis showed that young men who where anxious about TSE and those who were not anxious had different determinants explaining the variance in the intention to perform TSE regularly (R2 = 41-57%). Differences in determinants of intention between young men who are anxious about TSE and young men who are not can be used to design health education interventions that may therefore be more effective for these different subgroups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

The relevance of cultural factors in predicting condom-use intentions among immigrants from the Netherlands Antilles.

A study into the relevance of cultural factors in predicting condom-use intentions among Antillean migrants in the Netherlands is described in this article. The association between the intention to use condoms with a new sexual partner and a perceived taboo on discussing sex, beliefs about sex education and machismo beliefs on gender and power relationships is addressed. The study was conducted among 346 Dutch Antilleans from a random sample of an Antillean population aged 15-50 years. The response rate was 37.8%. The results showed that condom-use intentions were primarily determined by perceived subjective norms, the perceived taboo on discussing sex, machismo attitudes, gender, age and educational background. Moreover, the respondent's opinion regarding machismo was an effect modificator for the association between condom-use intentions and subjective social norm. It is concluded that, in predicting condom-use intentions, factors specific to the culture of a population contribute significantly to the determinants drawn from the general social-cognition models. It is recommended that future research should use measurement instruments that are adapted to culture-specific beliefs, and should explore the influence of cultural factors on actual condom use. Moreover, interventions promoting condom use among migrant populations should target the cultural correlates of condom use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Male heterosexual crack smokers with multiple sex partners: between- and within-person predictors of condom use intention.

Little research has examined predictors of condom intention within concurrent partnerships. This study examined predictors of intention among 259 male African-American crack smokers with multiple partners. Each participant reported personal condom intention at next sex, condom use self-efficacy, responsibility and outcome expectances for himself and his perceptions for his last two sex partners. Stepwise logistic regressions showed that for both partners one and two, condom use at last sex and personal responsibility for condom use were predictors of intention to use condoms at next sex. Perceived partner responsibility was an additional positive predictor with Partner 2. Hierarchical generalized linear model analyses showed that positive intention was associated negatively with perceived partner responsibility and intimacy, while positively related to situational self-efficacy. Personal responsibility interacted with intimacy such that only men who indicated the highest levels of intimacy were more likely to intend to use condoms. Overall, the findings in this study support the need for examining additional social cognitive constructs that capture the interpersonal aspects of sexual relationships such as personal and perceived responsibility, intimacy and how beliefs may change between multiple partners and across time. Finally, the differences in the valence of perceived partner responsibility across analyses and the interaction of personal responsibility with intimacy suggest the need for studies that include measure of power within the relationship.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Prospective study of intentionality of weight loss and mortality in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Several epidemiologic investigations have suggested that weight loss is associated with increased mortality risk but have not examined whether the weight loss was intentional or unintentional. The authors examined whether the association between weight loss and mortality differs by whether the weight loss was intentional or unintentional as part of the Iowa Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study of health risk factors in postmenopausal women. Women aged 55-69 years completed questions about intentional and unintentional weight losses since age 18 years via mail survey in 1992 and were followed through 1995. One or more intentional weight loss episodes of 20 or more pounds (> or =9.1 kg) during adulthood was not significantly associated with higher total or cardiovascular disease mortality risk compared with never losing > or =20 pounds. One or more unintentional weight loss episodes of 20 or more pounds was associated with a 26-57% higher total mortality risk and a 51-114% higher cardiovascular disease mortality risk, compared with never losing 20 or more pounds. Associations between unintentional weight loss and increased mortality risk were confined mostly to women with prevalent disease, hypertension, or diabetes. Patterns of association did not vary by overweight status. These findings suggest that the association between weight loss and increased mortality risk observed in epidemiologic studies may be due to unintentional weight loss that reflects existing disease and not due to intentional weight loss.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Characteristics of older men who lose weight intentionally or unintentionally.

In most prospective studies involving older subjects, weight loss is associated with increased mortality. The authors examined the characteristics and health status of middle-aged men from 24 towns (the British Regional Heart Study), who reported that they had lost weight intentionally or unintentionally as they aged. Questionnaires were completed at screening (1978-1980), 5 years later, and in 1992 and 1996. This paper concerns the 4,713 men who reported their weight in 1992 and 1996 and their perceived weight change over this period. Weight loss was reported by 847 men (18%), of whom 39% stated that it was intentional. Compared with intentional weight loss, unintentional weight loss was associated with lower social class, more smoking, less obesity, and less physical activity and with the highest rates of "poor health,"long-standing disability, cancer, and respiratory diseases. The rates of recalled heart attack, stroke, diabetes, and cardiovascular hospitalization were higher than among men whose weight was stable. Men who lost weight intentionally had been more obese than those who lost weight unintentionally and had high rates of obesity-related conditions. Thus, both intentional and unintentional weight loss may follow the development of disease. These findings probably account for the lack of benefit and the increased mortality associated with weight loss observed in most large-scale prospective studies.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1995

Relation of weight variability and intentionality of weight loss to disease history and health-related variables in a population-based sample of women aged 55-69 years.

The authors examined the relation of recalled weight variability and history of intentional and unintentional weight loss with disease history in 41,837 older women. Lifetime history of disease, current medication use, health-related behaviors, body weight, and intentional and unintentional weight loss episodes of at least 20 lbs (9.1 kg) were assessed by means of two surveys, completed 6 years apart. Weight variability, as measured by the root mean square error around the linear regression line of weight on age at ages 18, 30, and 40 years, was positively related to disease history. Women who reported losing > or = 20 lbs (> or = 9.1 kg) unintentionally between the ages 18 and 39 years were more likely to report a history of disease than were women who had never lost > or = 20 lbs (> or = 9.1 kg) during this age period. Intentional weight loss episodes of > or = 20 lbs (> or = 9.1 kg) between ages 18 and 39 years were also associated with higher cumulative disease prevalence. These results suggest that both unintentional and, to a lesser degree, intentional weight loss may contribute to the observed positive relation between weight loss or variability and disease. Prospective studies are needed to confirm whether weight variability is a risk factor for disease only when unintentional, or whether intentional weight loss also increases risk.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Do fifth graders' attitudes and intentions toward alcohol use predict seventh-grade use?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship among children's perceptions of peer and parental attitudes toward alcohol use, fifth graders' attitudes toward alcohol use and intentions to use alcohol in junior high school, and alcohol use of these same children as seventh graders. METHODS: Subjects completed questionnaires as fifth graders that assessed their perception of parents' and peers' attitudes toward alcohol use, children's attitudes toward alcohol use, and intentions to use alcohol in junior high school. They completed a survey in the seventh grade that assessed alcohol use. RESULTS: Path analyses indicated that perceived peer and parental attitudes were directly related to children's fifth-grade attitudes toward alcohol use. Attitudes, in tum, were related to fifth-grade intentions, which were related to seventh-grade alcohol use. Peer and parental attitudes, and children's attitudes as fifth graders, were not directly related to later alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Peer and parental attitudes toward alcohol use among fifth graders exert an indirect, rather than direct, influence on later alcohol use. Similarly, attitudes of fifth graders influence later alcohol use through their influence on intentions to use alcohol. Prevention programs should be targeted toward younger children prior to initiation of alcohol use and should address both peer and parental influences on attitudes and intentions to use alcohol.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Intentionality and caring-healing consciousness: a practice of transpersonal nursing.

This article explicates some theoretical and scientific dimensions of intentionality and consciousness as a framework for transpersonal nursing. New connections are made between noetic sciences and transpersonal caring theory, both of which cultivate intentionality as a form of focused consciousness as a formal field of study. What emerges is Intentional Transpersonal Caring, whereby intentionality, consciousness, and universal energy-field are posited as the foundation of a caring moment, potentiating healing for both practitioner and patient. The theoretical and scientific are translated into the practical by a series of practice guidelines that activate intentionality into a living theory of transpersonal caring-healing praxis.

Consciousness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Role of intentional abuse in children 1 to 5 years old with isolated femoral shaft fractures.

We reviewed 42 children, aged 1-5 years, with isolated femoral shaft fractures to investigate the possible role of intentional injury in these children. Those children with documented motor vehicle accidents or pathologic fractures were excluded. Follow-up from the Department of Social Services regarding the potential for the fractures being inflicted was obtained. The average age of the children was 3.1 +/- 1.2 years; the fracture was spiral in 28. oblique in six, and transverse in eight; history of a fall was present in 34 and absent in eight. The history was considered suspicious for intentional injury in 14 children. In all 42 children, only one fracture was documented to be inflicted; one other child had prior documentation of intentional injury. From this review, the likelihood of intentional injury to the femoral shaft appears to be low; unfortunately, there were no discriminating clinical parameters to help to determine which injuries were intentional. The clinician should continue to have a high index of suspicion and have the circumstances investigated if concern exists regarding the fracture.

Age of Onset↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting intentions to obtain a Pap smear among African American and Latina women: testing the theory of planned behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the empirical adequacy of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain Pap smear use intentions in African American and Latina women. METHOD: A correlational design was used, and a convenience sample of 108 African American and 96 Latina adult women were recruited from urban community-based agencies located in a large mid-Atlantic metropolitan area. The Pap Smear Questionnaire (PSQ) was designed and used. The Demographic Assessment Survey collected demographic information (age and socioeconomic status for both groups; and level of acculturation for the Latinas). RESULTS: Direct relationships between attitude and perceived behavioral control and intention to obtain an annual Pap smear were found for African American and Latina women. The subjective norm did not significantly predict intention. Attitude (beta = .58; p < .001) provided the best explanation of intention among African American women to obtain an annual Pap smear, followed by perceived behavioral control (beta = .30; p < .001). Among Latinas, the findings reflected those of the African American sample. However, attitude (beta = .40; p < .001) and perceived behavioral control (beta = .35; p < .001) were weighted similarly. The external variables of age and income had indirect effects on intention for African American and Latina women, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study findings did not support the empirical adequacy of the TPB for either of the ethnic groups. Future studies should test a modified version of the TPB that includes measures of both social support and subjective norms. Direct measure items of subjective norm, group-specific measures of perceptions of control, and other measures of acculturation should be added to the PSQ and further tested.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Testing the theory of planned behavior to predict mammography intention.

BACKGROUND: Louisiana ranks 50th as the least healthy state in the United States. Although limited healthcare access may explain part of the health disparity related to mammography utilization, there is no research to elucidate mammography intention among rural Southeastern Louisiana women. OBJECTIVE: To test the Theory of Planned Behavior to predict mammography intention among rural women in Southeastern Louisiana. METHODS: A correlation study design with multiple regression and path analysis was used. The sample consisted of 302 women, between the ages of 40-74 who were without a prior history of breast cancer, able to read English, and able to respond to a written questionnaire. RESULTS: Path analysis confirmed the direct and indirect relationships of mammography intention (chi2 = 26.2, p > .10, Comparative Fit Index =.968). Regression analysis computed the model path coefficients ranging from beta .176 to .640. Overall, the Theory of Planned Behavior explained 24% of the variance. DISCUSSION: Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of mammography intention. A woman's attitude towards mammography and referent motivation needs further explanation prior to the development of an intervention to increase mammography intention and use.

Adult↗