PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Introversion, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

The interactive effect of personality, time of day, and caffeine: a test of the arousal model.

The personality dimension of introversion/extraversion is one of the few personality dimensions that can be reliably identified from study to study and investigator to investigator. The importance of this demension within personality theory is due both to the stability of the trait and the influential theory of H. J. Eysenck. The basic assumption in Eysenck's theory of introversion/extraversion is that the personality differences between introverts and extraverts reflect some basic difference in the resting level of cortical arousal or activation. Assuming that there is a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U) between levels of stress and performance leads to a test of this arousal theory. That is, moderate increases in stress should hinder the performance of introverts who are presumably already highly aroused. However, the same moderate increase in stress might help the performance of the presumably underaroused extraverts. Revelle, Amaral, and Turriff reported that the administration of moderate doses of caffeine hindered the performance of introverts and helped the performance of extraverts on a cognitive task similar to the verbal test of the Graduate Record Examination. Assuming that caffeine increases arousal, this interaction between introversion/extraversion and drug condition supports Eysenck's theory. This interaction was explored in a series of experiments designed to replicate, extend, and test the generality of the original finding. The interaction between personality and drug condition was replicated and extended to additional cognitive performance tasks. However, these interactions were affected by time of day and stage of practice, and the subscales of introversion/extraversion, impulsivity, and sociability, were differentially affected. In the morning of the first day, low impulsives were hindered and high impulsives helped by caffeine. This pattern reversed in the evening of the first day, and it reversed again in the evening of Day 2. We concluded that the results from the first day of testing require a revision of Eysenck's theory. Instead of a stable difference in arousal between low and high impulsives, it appeared that these groups differed in the phase of their diurnal arousal rhythms. The result is that low impulsives are more aroused in the morning and less aroused in the evening than are the high impulsives. A variety of peripheral or strategic explanations (differences in caffeine consumption, guessing strategies, distraction, etc.) for the observed performance increments and decrements were proposed and tentatively rejected. It seems probable that some fundamental change in the efficiency with which information is processes is responsible for these performance changes.

Arousal↗
PubMed1997

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and dental school performance.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was administered to 256 dental students, representing four classes, at the University of Florida College of Dentistry. The results of this psychological instrument were then correlated with overall dental school performance based on results from the National Dental Board Examinations Part I and II (NB-I, NB-II), yearly class rank, and specific academic difficulties as measured by the Student Performance Evaluation Committee. Introverted students were found to display a significantly increased performance on NB-I (p = .038) and NB-II (p = .044). They were also found, however, to demonstrate a progressively lower class rank over the four-year period than extroverted students and were more likely to experience major academic difficulties as well. Judging and sensing individuals were found to earn a higher class rank over the four-year period than perceiving and intuitive students, respectively. Perceiving students were found to exhibit major difficulties or were placed on probation more often than judging individuals. These results may prove useful in counseling students to recognize potential problems before they commence their dental education or to anticipate and address specific weaknesses during the course of their education.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Sex-role orientation as a predictor of preferential cognitive response style.

This study investigated the relationship between sex-role orientation and cognitive preferential response style (N = 60). It attempted to use scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) to predict the Erlebnistypus (EB) ratio of the Rorschach. Although masculine and androgynous individuals were expected to demonstrate extratensive and intraversive cognitive styles, respectively, no such distinction was apparent. However, feminine individuals did demonstrate significantly an ambitent response style in which neither human movement nor weighted color was dominant. Results were discussed in terms of increased construct validity for both of the measures utilized.

Cognition↗
PubMed1984

Performance and circadian rhythms.

Physiological studies frequently neglect effects due to individual differences, thus inflating the error variance term. Psychological determinants of endogenous arousal are examined in association with somatic functioning and circadian rhythms. Frontalis EMG and heart rate did not appear to display clear phasic circadian rhythms. The subjective perception of activation displayed a cubic trend, independent of sex, exhibiting two peaks, at 08.00-11.00 and 17.00-20.00. Peak performance on a choice reaction time task depended very much on whether it was executed in a free response or experimenter determined tempo condition, indicating the importance of stipulating the task demand characteristics. There was a certain stability in extraverts (cortically less aroused) across periods throughout the day with respect to physiological measures; the same was not true for introverts, who exhibited a complex interaction with time of day - stable introverts possessing higher cardiac rates than unstables in the earlier part of the day, the position reversing itself in the late evening. Personality variables can exercise moderating influences on physiological activity associated with performance.

Adolescent↗