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PubMed2006

The diagnosis and treatment of infertility. One person's philosophic approach.

PURPOSE: To justify and at the same time present caveats from one reproductive endocrinologist discussing diagnoses and treatment of various aspects of infertility. METHODS: Sources of basis of knowledge revealed. RESULTS: Sources for chapter writing includes personal experience, publications (predominantly from the author with some additional sources), national and international meetings, reading of various infertility journals and textbooks. CONCLUSIONS: Hopefully, the chapters will be provocative and provide new insights into diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Only areas where the author is most experienced will be discussed. The author promises a non-conventional approach which will lead to lots of controversy.

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed2006

An epidemiological and knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices study of sexually transmitted infections in older men.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to determine the disease patterns of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in older men, as well as to gather information on their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and sexual practices. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out from January to June 2005 in men aged 50 years or older who attended the Department of STI Control clinic. RESULTS: There were 104 men enrolled. The majority (92.3 percent) were Chinese, and 62.5 percent were aged between 50 and 59 years, 25.9 percent between 60 and 69 years, and 11.5 percent aged 70 years or older. The patients were predominantly heterosexual, and had fairly low levels of education--85.6 percent of the patients had received primary or secondary school level of education. Majority (79.8 percent) of the men had been sexually active in the preceding six months, and 37.3 percent had paid sex during that time. 29.8 percent of men reported having taken drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra, Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) or similar drugs such as vardenafil (Levitra, Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany) or tadalafil (Cialis, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA). 56.7 percent of the men had active infections, with non-gonococcal urethritis (15.4 percent), genital warts (12.5 percent) and gonorrhoea (10.6 percent) being the commonest. Generally, condom usage was accepted as an effective way to prevent transmission of STI. However, many of the men surveyed felt that condom usage reduced their sexual pleasure, and 38.5 percent felt that condoms were inconvenient. There were also areas of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge that were lacking. Most patients listed the media as their main source of knowledge about STI and HIV. CONCLUSION: Older males attending the clinic remain at significant risk of STI and targeted educational efforts are warranted.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge discovery in biology and biotechnology texts: a review of techniques, evaluation strategies, and applications.

Arguably, the richest source of knowledge (as opposed to fact and data collections) about biology and biotechnology is captured in natural-language documents such as technical reports, conference proceedings and research articles. The automatic exploitation of this rich knowledge base for decision making, hypothesis management (generation and testing) and knowledge discovery constitutes a formidable challenge. Recently, a set of technologies collectively referred to as knowledge discovery in text (KDT) has been advocated as a promising approach to tackle this challenge. KDT comprises three main tasks: information retrieval, information extraction and text mining. These tasks are the focus of much recent scientific research and many algorithms have been developed and applied to documents and text in biology and biotechnology. This article introduces the basic concepts of KDT, provides an overview of some of these efforts in the field of bioscience and biotechnology, and presents a framework of commonly used techniques for evaluating KDT methods, tools and systems.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

Trends in community knowledge of the warning signs and risk factors for stroke.

CONTEXT: Poor public knowledge of stroke warning signs and risk factors limits effective stroke intervention and prevention. OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal trends in public knowledge of stroke warning signs and risk factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Population-based random-digit telephone survey conducted in July-November 2000 among individuals in the greater Cincinnati, Ohio, region. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2173 survey respondents (69% response rate) were randomly identified based on their demographic similarities to the ischemic stroke population with regard to age, race, and sex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spontaneous recall of at least 1 important stroke warning sign and 1 established stroke risk factor in comparison with findings from the same survey in 1995. RESULTS: In 2000, 70% of respondents correctly named at least 1 established stroke warning sign vs 57% in 1995 (P<.001), and 72% correctly named at least 1 established stroke risk factor vs 68% in 1995. Groups of individuals with the highest risk and incidence of stroke, such as persons at least 75 years old, blacks, and men, were the least knowledgeable about warning signs and risk factors. Television was the most frequently cited source of knowledge, 32% in 2000 vs 24% in 1995 (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Public knowledge of stroke warning signs within the greater Cincinnati region has significantly improved from 1995 to 2000, although knowledge of stroke risk factors did not improve significantly during the same time period. Public education efforts must continue and should focus on groups at the highest risk of stroke.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Predialysis education helps patients choose dialysis modality and increases disease-specific knowledge.

UNLABELLED: The aims of this study were first, to evaluate the effects of a patient-education programme for a group of 28 uraemic patients (the Experimental (EG) group) with regard to their knowledge and perceived amount of information and to relate these effects to their sense of coherence and secondly, to study the patients' perception of their dialysis treatment. The results were compared with a comparison group (the Companion (CG) group, n = 28) which had received routine information only. The education programme seemed to have covered what the EG wanted to know. Significantly more patients in the EG group stated that they had acquired sufficient knowledge to enable them to participate in choosing dialysis modality compared with the CG group. The EG patients were significantly more informed in the post-educational evaluation compared with the pre-educational evaluation. In the EG, there was a significant relationship between the scores for knowledge and perceived amount of information. Men and younger patients perceived that they had received a greater amount of information than women and older patients. After having started dialysis treatment, there were no differences in the scores for knowledge and information between the EG and the CG. This indicates that other sources of knowledge and information were available to the CG patients. There was no significant correlation between the score of the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale and the knowledge and information scores. Kidney transplantation, progression of renal failure, other patients' experiences of dialysis, dependence - independence, present and future wellbeing, how to cope with physical and psycho-social demands and continuity in their contacts with doctors and other health professionals were predominant concerns for the two groups of patients. CONCLUSION: the predialysis group education programme enabled patients to choose dialysis modality to achieve an understanding of their illness and its treatment. It also provided the possibility of informal support by fellow patients and health professionals. The study emphasizes the special needs of elderly patients and we recommend that education programmes are tailored to their requirements.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

A poison education program for primary school.

A program with which to teach children in grades 1 and 2 to identify poisons and hazard symbols, to learn where poisons should be stored and to recognize a poisoning and contact a poison control center in the event of a poisoning was developed. Each objective was taught in one 30-minute lesson by the children's school teachers. Evaluation of the approximately 400 children who received the program by pre- and post-tests demonstrated that they learned to identify poisons, to recognize hazard symbols and the telephone number of the local poison control center. The children were also asked to identify their source of knowledge about poisons and cited parents, television and school as their most important sources.

Child↗

PubMed1999

Knowledge of and attitudes to HIV/AIDS of senior secondary school pupils and trainee teachers in Udupi District, Karnataka, India.

A cross-sectional descriptive study using a questionnaire with mostly closed-ended questions was carried out on 990 pupils and 46 trainee teachers to investigate their knowledge of and attitudes to HIV/AIDS. Pupils in one school were reassessed after a health talk and distribution of a handout. Despite having had no formal sex education, most respondents were reasonably well informed about the transmission of HIV. However, there were many misconceptions about transmission and prevention and 16.9% of pupils were found to possess very little knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Mass media, teachers and health workers were quoted as the main sources of knowledge. It was found that 24.3% pupils and 6.3% of trainee teachers thought there was a cure, and 27.4% of pupils and 14% of trainee teachers thought there was a vaccine to prevent HIV infection. Schools that were rural, private and English-speaking scored better, as did male students and schools teaching science. The necessity of formal sex education was expressed by 98.5% of pupils and all the trainee teachers. The pupils who were reassessed after receiving a talk and handout showed significant improvement in their knowledge and a change in attitude (p < 0.01). The mass media are important in disseminating knowledge on HIV/AIDS in India but due to the lack of inter-personal approaches to the education system, knowledge is inadequate and misconceptions exist.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Nursing practice. Developing a philosophy.

The application of nursing models has been a recent theme in British nursing. Part of this process is the development of a nursing philosophy which underpins the model. Nurses at clinical level are often required to define their philosophy to meet clinical, educational and managerial objectives. The first part of this two-part article explores the significance of nursing philosophy to practice. In the second part, a case study is used to illustrate how clinical nurses can set about defining a philosophy of nursing for themselves. Dickoff et al (1) indicate that a philosophy is significant in the generation of theory. By identifying the nature of practice, theoretical relationships become apparent. It is also significant as Johnson (2) states in nursing's development as a profession. Johnson further asserts that nurses should use their beliefs to build a conceptual system of the person to be served and an abstract model for practice which allows such purpose to be fulfilled. However a nurse's beliefs and values about nursing may have no theoretical substance to them. They may be purely intuitive in nature. Writing a philosophy legitimates intuition. Kitson (3) considers that nurse theorists who believe that only developing a knowledge base through a scientific approach are at risk of throwing away the intuitive sources of knowledge within nursing. Yet gut reactions have been shown to be critical in the development of excellence in nursing (4). Kitson believes that intuitions can lead to developing 'grassroots standards of care' and a clearer definition of what nursing is.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗

PubMed1994

Transferring knowledge from one system to another.

Although knowledge is contained in many systems, moving it from one system to another is not an easy task because each system is tailored in its own unique way and because knowledge configurations are usually copyrighted. To populate our FRAMEMED knowledge base we turned to the NLM Metathesaurus as a readily-available open source of knowledge. We were disappointed by the greatly variable granularity of the concepts and the lack of definitions that could be borrowed. Some reference books in electronic form seem attractive but reformatting will require excessive human intervention and copyright negotiation.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2003

Sexual knowledge, attitudes, and risk behaviors of students in Turkey.

This survey produced baseline information about student knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), their sexual attitudes, and their behavior to help establish control and education programs. The study was conducted at Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, during the 1999-2000 academic year. A total of 2,217 first- and fourth-year students determined by stratified sampling constituted the study group. All students who volunteered to participate completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic and knowledge factors, sexual attitudes, behavior, and history of STDs. The rate of students having had sexual experience was 36.6%. Males were more sexually active than females. Most students (71.4%) began sexual activity at ages 15-19 without any difference by gender. Males reported significantly more sexual partners than females. Similarly, the rate of male students never using condoms was significantly higher than females. Condom was the most frequent contraception method, followed by oral contraceptives and withdrawal. Mean score on the knowledge questions was 16.29 (highest score 30). The most widely known STD was HIV infection and AIDS. Students' knowledge of transmission routes, signs and symptoms, and risk groups of STDs was insufficient. Main sources of knowledge were visual and print media, and friends. Most students (84.7%) viewed prevention from STDs as a person's own responsibility. Young people in Turkey are sexually active and tend to engage in high-risk behavior. However, their knowledge on sexual health and sexually transmitted diseases is insufficient. Study results suggest a need for implementation of STD control programs and provision of school sexuality education for adolescents and young adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

How do Finnish students prepare for their future in three school types? The relation between content of plans, information gathering and self-evaluations.

The effect of gender and school type on Swedish speaking Finnish students' information gathering for the future and self-evaluation was investigated in a study, in which 15-year-old comprehensive school students and 18-year-old upper secondary school and vocational school students (N = 460) served as samples. It was observed that girls generally reported more information gathering than boys did, about three content areas, mostly concerning future education and occupation, and less concerning family life. Girls also reported more information gathering in all contexts except formal education, than boys. Home was reported as the most used source of knowledge, next came peers and school friends; mass media and formal education were the least used source. Formal education was emphasised by comprehensive school students, and mass media by upper secondary school students. Generalisation of more reported information gathering across contexts was more typical of girls, while generalisation of less information gathering was more typical of boys. Limited relationships between self-evaluation, measured as self-esteem, certainty of goal realisation and school achievement, and information gathering were found. It is suggested that informal learning of cultural knowledge is a more powerful mediator of future preparation than formal education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Accidents among high school pupils in Israel: a recurrent disease?

Accidents are unexpected events usually producing injury. Many victims of trauma have a history of recurrent accidents. This study is a preliminary effort to verify the hypothesis that accidents may be considered as a recurrent disease in certain families; these children and families belong to a 'high risk group'. Two-hundred seventy-nine high school pupils participated in the study. Every pupil had experienced 1.7(+/- 1.7) mild to serious injuries that necessitated medical treatment during the years of elementary and high school. The geographical location of accidents was as follows: 26.4% were on the road; 23.1% occurred at school; 28.6% were associated with sport activities; and 22% occurred at home. The prevalence of injuries among boys was higher than among girls. A correlation was found between the number of accidents of the pupils and those of close family members, suggesting that these children and families are prone to accidents and form a 'high risk group'. The knowledge of accident and injury prevention did not change significantly during high school studies. The principal source of knowledge of accident and injury prevention of the pupils were the media: TV (98.8%), newspapers: (65.6%), and radio (58.1%). The contribution of physicians and nurses to this knowledge was very slight (16.5%). These families should be a target population; an educational program should be organized and transmitted by the media; family meetings with educational advisors, physicians and nurses should take place at school, especially for these target families. As a preventive measure for all, and especially to the high risk group, we would suggest that high school pupils work for 1-3 months in rehabilitation centers in which they can see the consequences of accidents and thereby gain an understanding of the effects of injury on the patient and his family.

Accident Proneness↗

PubMed1996

Postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians.

Four hundred and seventeen Canadian veterinarians were surveyed to determine their postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats following 6 surgical procedures, and to determine their opinions toward pain perception and perceived complications associated with the postoperative use of potent opioid analgesics. Three hundred and seventeen (76%) returned the questionnaire. The percentage of animals receiving analgesics postoperatively ranged from 84% of dogs and 70% of cats following orthopedic surgery to 10% of dogs and 9% of cats following castration. In general, with the exception of orthopedic surgery, roughly equal percentages of dogs and cats received postoperative analgesics. Opioids were used almost exclusively to provide postoperative analgesia, with butorphanol the most commonly administered drug to both dogs and cats. Analgesics were usually administered either once or twice postoperatively. With regard to the administration of potent opioid agonists, the 3 major concerns included respiratory depression, bradycardia, and sedation in dogs, and excitement, respiratory depression, and bradycardia in cats. Seventy-seven percent of veterinarians considered their knowledge of issues related to the recognition and control of postoperative pain to be inadequate. Experience in practice is currently the major source of knowledge, with undergraduate veterinary school and research articles in journals ranked as the least important sources. Lectures or seminars delivered at the regional level were the preferred format for continuing education.

Analgesics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing pain in people with profound learning disabilities.

People with profound learning and multiple disabilities are at risk of pain because they experience complex and severe health conditions and frequently undergo surgical procedures that cause pain. Pain assessment in this client group requires a skilled approach, although there is little evidence available to guide nursing practice. In the absence of pain assessment measures specifically designed for use with people with profound learning disabilities, the nurse will need to rely on careful observation and interpretation of the client's communicative behaviour, clinical judgement and knowledge of the person during assessment. Intuition is also an important attribute and can be a valuable source of knowledge when assessing clients who are unable to verbalize their experience of pain. These issues, along with implications for nursing practice, are explored.

Communication↗

PubMed1996

Older adults and healthy lifestyle issues: results of a community study.

AIM: To discover sources of information about, levels of understanding of, and degrees of commitment to a healthy lifestyle on the part of elderly people in the community as a preliminary to mounting health promotion and education initiatives. METHOD: In 1992 500 people aged 60 and over were surveyed anonymously using a 33 item questionnaire. This sought information on a wide range of health and lifestyle issues in older age. The material in this paper refers to only four of the questions asked, namely those relating to sources of, knowledge of, and interest in information on health and ageing. RESULTS: Doctors were perceived to be the most important sources of health information (89% of respondents rating them as "very" or "moderately" important). Relatives/friends and books/magazines were the next most important sources (56 and 55% respectively). High levels of misinformation about lifestyle issues were revealed. Whilst 85+% of respondents answered correctly that smoking was deleterious and strong social ties advantageous to good health in old age there was confusion about causes of osteoporosis, use of vitamins, likelihood of developing dementia and even the importance of exercise. This has implications for the content of health promotion programmes. Contrary to previously published research, we found no correlation between educational or socioeconomic status or gender, and knowledge about health issues and healthy lifestyles. CONCLUSION: Studies of this type clearly have the ability to provide a range of information which ought to be available to those responsible for the planning of health promotion and education initiatives for older adults.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived susceptibility to and knowledge of malignant melanoma: screening participants vs the general population.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of and mortality from melanoma are increasing and no effective treatment for disseminated disease exists. Studies of factors influencing participation in prevention and early detection of melanoma are therefore warranted. In the present study, participants in public melanoma screening were compared with a sample of the Swedish population with respect to concern for nevi, perceived risk for melanoma, knowledge about melanoma, and sources of information. Gender differences were studied. METHOD: Consecutive participants in public melanoma screening (Participants) received questionnaires at registration for skin examination; 235 (96%) responded. Questionnaires were distributed by mail to a random sample of the Swedish population (Public); 1,070 (63%) responded. RESULTS: Participants were more concerned about nevi, and a higher proportion had previously consulted physicians for suspected lesions compared with the Public. Participants were better informed in terms of the number of sources of information and knowledge of melanoma and risk factors. There were no differences regarding perceived risk and there was a mixed picture concerning knowledge of sun effects and sun protection. Gender differences were found for perceived susceptibility to, knowledge of, and number of sources of information about melanoma, favoring women. CONCLUSION: The preventive aspects of screening as well as the good prognosis of melanoma detected early should be stressed in invitations to skin cancer screening. New approaches for reaching men are warranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Factors influencing surgeons' choice of method for hernia repair technique.

Tension-free hernioplasty is performed using prosthetic material in one-half of hernia repair procedures in Poland but in 85% of those in the region of Pomerania. This questionnaire study of surgeons in Pomerania examined their sources of knowledge about and the factors influencing their choice of groin hernia surgery. The questionnaire was sent to surgeons from 19 hospitals and was answered by 109 (83% of hernia surgeons in the region). We analyzed their reported knowledge of particular operative techniques, factors important in selecting the technique (personal experience, trends in surgical center), and the available sources of information (e.g., medical literature, internet, information from teachers, sales representatives). All respondents reported being familiar with and able to perform tension-free techniques, but only 44% are influenced by their individual professional skills in selecting the technique. Another 44% base their decision on trends in their hospital, and only 22% consider the patient's preferences. The most frequently quoted sources of scientific information are articles in the medical literature and conference reports (90%). Only 8% of the respondents are governed in their professional work by information from pharmaceutical company representatives. Most surgeons (70%) would prefer to make a decision about using a new surgical technique after practical training sessions or workshops led by experienced colleagues. In contrast to common opinion, the information from sales representatives are of only minor importance compared to that of evidence-based data and attendance at workshops and courses.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1994

[Who counsels young people on contraception?].

In October 1989 a representative sample consisting of 359 women (response rate = 77.9%) and 400 women (response rate = 76.3%) aged 16-20-years old was interviewed by the professional interviewer staff of the Institute for Social Research. The purpose of the investigation was to illustrate whether AIDS and "Safe sex"-campaigns have influenced young people. This paper deals with data about contraceptive counselling. The majority (284 (79.1%) among women and 270 (67.5%) among men) would attend the general practitioner for contraceptive guidance. The public Contraceptive Guidance Clinics are considered an alternative source of service. In all, 38.2% of females and 29.3% of males knew of the existence of a clinic. This knowledge was not associated with age or education of the respondent. Among men information about the clinic was associated with sexual experience. Schools appear to be an effective channel of information. In the county of Ribe more than 80% among both sexes knew th public clinic.

Adolescent↗