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PubMed1975

The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 (P.L. 93-222) and prepaid group practice plans.

Passage of the 1973 Health Maintenance Organization Act (P.L. 93-222) represents a significant effort by the Federal government to experiment with organizational change in the structure of the health care delivery system. The history of the bill is briefly reviewed. The most important sections of the bill are analyzed from the perspective of an existing prepaid group practice plan. The author concludes that the bill contains sufficiently stringent requirements that it will not result in a major increase in the number of Health Maintenance Organizations unless similar requirements are imposed on other private insurance carriers. Furthermore, significant allowance for "phasing in" will be required for the existing prepaid group practice prototype plans to qualify for Federal certification.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1997

Diseases in the Byzantine world with special emphasis on the nephropathies.

Using medical manuscripts and texts from the Byzantine period (330-1453), this article describes various, to date little discussed, aspects of Byzantine nosology, public health and therapeutics. Many diseases in the Byzantine era were widespread and had a high morbidity such as respiratory disease, various kinds of anaemia, pestilential diseases (e.g. quartan fever, plague, dysentery and cholera), parasitic diseases, orthopaedic, rheumatic and psychiatric disorders, trachoma and alcoholism. Other very serious and relatively frequent conditions included leprosy, mania, gout, cancerous tumours and ulcers. Important elements of nephrology and various renal diseases were described and investigated, such as acute and chronic renal failure, acute and chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis, necrotic renal diseases, crush syndrome, and ulcers of the kidneys, i.e. tuberculosis or renal tumours. The microhistology and physiology of the kidneys were first studied by Oribasius, who discerned the existence of the capillaries--tau rho iota chi omicron epsilon iota delta eta--some centuries before Malpighi. He also correctly described the blood circulation, general and pulmonary, as a precursor to Harvey. The first hospitals were organised during the Byzantine period, and the practice of Byzantine medical science and its social applications were regulated by a special medical legislation and deontology. Byzantine medicine was fruitfully connected with the Christian faith and developed the supreme model of the saints unmercenary--alpha nu alpha rho gamma epsilon rho omicron iota--physicians such as Cosmas and Damian (3rd century), Panteleemon (3rd-4th centuries) and the women physicians and miracle-worker saints, Zenais and Philonilla (1st century), the 'friends of peace', and Hermione (1st-2nd centuries).

Byzantium↗
PubMed2001

The UK Human Rights Act 1998: implications for nurses.

In this article we consider some of the implications of the UK Human Rights Act 1998 for nurses in practice. The Act has implications for all aspects of social life in Britain, particularly for health care. We provide an introduction to the discourse of rights in health care and discuss some aspects of four articles from the Act. The reciprocal relationship between rights and obligations prompted us to consider also the relationship between guidelines in the United Kingdom Central Council's Code of professional conduct and the requirements of the Human Rights Act 1998. We conclude with the recommendation that the new legislation should be welcomed for its potential to support good practice and to urge critical and reflective practice rather than as yet another burdensome bureaucratic imposition.

Codes of Ethics↗