[Effect of antiglial and antineuronal immunoglobulins on short-term and long-term memory in rats].
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Animals↗
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Results for “Memory, Short-Term”
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Counteractive effects of norepinephrine and amphetamine on quabain-induced amnesia.
Ouabain, administered 5 min prior to learning induces amnesia for a single-trial passive avoidance task in day-old chickens by inhibiting memory formation during the labile sodium-pump dependent phase. Amphetamine and norepinephrine (NE) successfully counteract ouabain-induced amnesia when administered immediately after learning. The actions of these drugs on ouabain-induced amnesia parallel that of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and within similar time constraints. It is concluded that amphetamine (through release of NE) and norepinephrine exert their effects through stimulation of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. This conclusion is supported by the observation that these drugs do not overcome potassium chloride (KCl) inhibition of memory formation in the short-term phase prior to formation of labile sodium-pump dependent memory, and the fact that the noradrenergic blockers, propranolol and piperoxane do not alter the couteractive influence of DPH on cycloheximide (CXM) inhibition of the protein synthesis dependent long term memory phase which follows the labile phase.
Amnesia↗
Precocious aging and dementia in patients with Down's syndrome.
Fifty unselected institutionalized patients with Down's syndrome were studied to determine the clinical course of precocious aging and mental and neurological deterioration. In our studies we establish statistically significant differences in neurological and psychiatric abnormalities and mental deterioration in patients below and above age 35, indicating progressive changes in the central nervous system. We demonstrate higher incidence of recent memory loss, impairment of short-term visual retention, frontal release signs, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, long-tract signs, and psychiatric problems. We also note the presence of external features of precocious aging. Down's syndrome appears to be a human chromosomal abnormality in which genetically determined biochemical defects leading to precocious aging and dementia can be studied.
Adolescent↗
Delayed RNA changes in various neuron-neuroglia units of rat hypothalamus after short-term intermittent deep cooling with special reference to a concept of vegetative memory.
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Adaptation, Physiological↗
Use of concanavalin A to analyse the mechanism of memory cell differentiation into killer cells.
The renewing by ConA of the cytolytic activity evaluated in a short-term chromium release assay in a population of memory cells obtained in a long-term mixed lymphocyte culture is shown to be largely dependent upon the dose of ConA used; a three staged phenomenon in terms of dose response and kinetics is analysed and suggests that at least for low concentration of ConA (0.5 micrograms/ml) the lectin acts on the same subpopulation and through the same mechanism as the specific antigen, as shown by DNA-synthesis inhibition experiments. Preincubation with ConA at doses giving the best secondary-like response strongly inhibits further response to the primary alloantigen. Experiments using mixtures of ConA and alloantigens as stimulators show that both agents can compete in differentiating memory cells into killer cells. All these data suggest an important overlap of the structures on memory cells which are triggered by ConA or specific antigen.
Animals↗
The effects and interactions of scopolamine, physostigmine and methamphetamine on human memory.
Seventy college age subjects learned and recalled a series of word lists prior to being injected with methamphetamine (0.2 mg/kg or 0.3 mg/kg), scopolamine (8 microgram/kg), or a placebo. Following the injection subjects were tested for their free recall and recognition of the words and they completed a short-term digit recall task. Subjects who had previously received scopolamine were next injected with either methamphetamine (0.2 mg/kg or 0.3 mg/kg), physostigmine (32 microgram/kg), or placebo, while other subjects received a placebo injection. The above memory procedure was then repeated with a second series of word lists. In addition, subjective feelings were measured with a questionnaire. Scopolamine and methamphetamine did not affect recall of information learned prior to injection. Scopolamine did, however, impair performance in both the digit recall task and in the second series of memory tests. Physostigmine and methamphetamine alleviated most of the memory deficits and sedation produced by scopolamine. Methamphetamine alone produced subjective arousal and a small improvement in recall of words learned after injection and a large increase in incorrect responding.
Adolescent↗
Individual differences in reported visual imagery and memory performance.
Seventy high school students completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ). Two months later, the 16 highest scores (low visualizers) and the 16 lowest scores (high visualizers) took part in a memory experiment involving abstract words, concrete words and pictures. Analyses of variance showed that high visualizers were superior to low visualizers on all three kinds of item in short-term recall, whereas they were only superior on the concrete words and pictures in long-term recall. Finally, both groups performed equally well on a subsequent recognition test. The results were interpreted as providing support for the validity of the VVIQ.
Adolescent↗
Memory formation for an appetitive visual discrimination task in young chicks.
The three-phase model of memory formation in young chicks proposed by Gibbs and Ng [7] was based on a single trial passive avoidance task. Some methodological and interpretative problems associated with this task are not encountered in appetitive visual discrimination tasks. Using such a task, it is shown that 2 mM KCl induces amnesia at 10 min, ouabain at 30 min and cycloheximide at 60 min after learning. These findings are consistent with those for the single trail passive avoidance task and confirm the generality of a model of memory formation in young chicks entailing a short-term phase, a sodium pumo-dependent labile phase, and a long-term, protein synthesis-dependent phase.
Animals↗
Electromagnetic Radiation Stimulated Learning in Perovskite Nickelates.
Biological plasticity refers to the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time. These adaptive properties play a fundamental role in learning and memory, spanning many orders of magnitude in timescales. Short-term plasticity (STP) arises from rapid correlative activity, while long-term plasticity (LTP) is governed by slower biochemical processes. Here, we investigate electromagnetically driven relaxation dynamics in perovskite nickelate thin films as an analogue of biological learning behaviors. By comparing radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), visible, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation as stimuli, we find that RF excitation primarily induces STP, while visible and IR illumination lead to reversible relaxation on behavioral timescales. In contrast, UV illumination results in persistent, non-thermal changes in conductivity over extended timescales. Notably, UV-exposed nickelate films exhibit glass-like dynamics, characterized by stretched exponential relaxation and aging phenomena. The films display habituation to repeated stimuli, along with sensitization and spontaneous recovery under controlled environments. A minimal dynamical systems model captures key qualitative features of the UV-induced resistance changes. Our results demonstrate that electromagnetic frequency enables multi-timescale relaxation spanning nearly nine orders of magnitude, suggesting perovskite nickelates as promising platforms for adaptive optoelectronic hardware and for linking computational neuroscience with emerging quantum technologies.
electromagnetic radiation↗
Behavioral role of the mammillary efferent system.
The present study examined the effects of lesions of the mammillary system on spatial memory and arousal. Destruction of the medial mammillary nucleus or the mammillotegmental tract produces impairments on a delayed alternation task and greatly increases activity in the open-field. Lesions of the mammillothalamic tract produce a differential effect in that the spatial alternation deficit is accompanied by a general lethargy and unresponsiveness. It is suggested that the mammillary system plays a crucial role in the short-term storage of proprioceptive information necessary for the successive execution of maze choices. It also appears to play a role in the arousal state of the animal.
Animals↗
Secondary cytotoxic response in vitro against Moloney lymphoma cells antigenically altered by drug treatment in vivo.
Cell-mediated cytotoxic response in vitro to a Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus-induced tumor (LSTRA) altered by 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) was investigated with the use of mixed-leukocyte tumor cell cultures (MLTC). As assessed by means of a short-term 51Cr-release assay, minimal or no cytolytic activity was generated in primary MLTC. In contrast, high specific cytotoxic response against the altered tumor was obtained in secondary MLTC. Partial cross reactivity was found between the LSTRA and LSTRA/DTIC tumor lines.
Animals↗
Impact of Chewing Behavior Change on Cognition and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
BACKGROUND: Impaired chewing ability is a recognized risk factor for cognitive decline in older adults, potentially due to reduced neural stimulation in cognition-related brain regions. While short-term studies have demonstrated transient increases in neural activity from chewing, the sustained cognitive and neurophysiological effects of encouraging thorough chewing habits in daily life remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial investigated whether promoting thorough chewing during meals could improve cognitive function and cerebral hemodynamics in older adults. METHODS: Fifty participants aged 65 y or older were randomly assigned to either a 1-mo intervention group, which used a wearable device to monitor and increase chewing strokes during meals, or a control group that maintained usual chewing habits. Chewing behavior, cognitive performance (including memory and executive function via the color Stroop test), and cerebral hemodynamics in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were measured at baseline and after 1 mo. Statistical analyses included t tests, chi-square tests, 2-way analysis of variance with post hoc tests, Pearson correlations, and generalized linear models to evaluate group differences and associations between chewing and cognitive outcomes. RESULTS: Significant time-by-group interactions were observed for memory, F(1, 48) = 6.24, P = 0.043, and hemodynamic responses in the left DLPFC, F(1, 48) = 6.19, P = 0.013. The intervention group showed increased chewing frequency (P = 0.017), improved memory performance, and reduced left DLPFC responses compared with controls. Chewing frequency was positively correlated with Stroop test scores (r = 0.53, P = 0.010) and negatively with hemodynamic changes in the left DLPFC (r = -0.30, P = 0.040). Although improvements in other cognitive outcomes and hemodynamic measures favored the intervention group, these differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Promoting intentional chewing habits for 1 mo may enhance memory-related cognitive performance and neural efficiency in the DLPFC during working memory tasks in older adults. This nonpharmacologic, low-burden strategy warrants further research with longer interventions to support cognitive health and dementia prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ID: UMIN000044280Knowledge Transfer Statement:This study demonstrates that promoting thorough chewing habits in older adults can improve memory and enhance neural efficiency in the brain. Encouraging intentional mastication is a simple, nonpharmacologic approach that may help maintain cognitive health and prevent dementia, providing a practical strategy for clinicians and policymakers to support healthy aging.
Humans↗
Primary and secondary in vitro generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in the murine sarcoma virus system.
Cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in vitro to surface antigens associated with murine sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced tumors were investigated using mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures (MLTC). The source of responding cells was either spleens from normal C57BL/6 mice (primary MLTC) or spleens of C57BL/6 mice carrying or having rejected a MSV-induced tumor (secondary MLTC). Graffi virus-induced GiL-4 leukemia cells, Rauscher virus-induced RB1-5 leukemia cells, and MSV-induced MSV-B16 sarcoma cells were used as stimulating syngeneic tumor cells and/or target cells. Under appropriate culture conditions, cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in both primary and secondary MLTC. As assessed by a quantitative short-term 51Cr release assay system, CTL activity in secondary MLTC populations was at least 10-fold higher than that in primary MLTC populations, and 100-fold higher than that in spleen cells taken at the peak of the in vivo response of MSV-infected mice. The ability of spleen cells to mount a secondary CTL response in vitro could be observed as early as 5 days after virus injection, increased up to the time of maximum tumor size and persisted long after tumor regression. This suggests the development of increased numbers of CTL progenitors and/or the formation of "memory" CTL in spleens of MSV-injected mice.
Animals↗
Choice reaction-time of natural speech as affected by adaptation.
Ss judged a pair of consonants as "same" or "different." There were 15 consonant pairs each judged by a separate group of 10 college students. For 5 of the pairs, judgments were preceded by an adaptation exposure to one of the consonants in the pair, at the rate of 1/sec for 2 min. The choice reaction time (CRT) was noted in msec for every response of each S. "Same" judgments were uniformly faster. Some support was given for a differential mediation of transient and steady-state acoustic speech cues in short-term storage, as demonstrated by a tendency for fricative consonants to yield faster CRTs than stop consonants. A post-adaptation increase in CRT was demonstrated; however, this effect was general and not selective for the repeated consonant. The implications of this research for theories of speech perception and for further investigation are (1) that the CRT procedure is appropriate for making inferences about the temporal aspects of the acoustic speech storage mechanism, (2) that the CRT and adaptation procedures can be combined to make judgments regarding the neural mechanisms of speech perception, and (3) that there are different memory storage modes for different types of speech information.
Adult↗
Memory: modification of anisomycin-induced amnesia by stimulants and depressants.
Mice were trained in a passive (foot shock)avoidance task. When administered after training, the stimulants caffeine or nicotine blocked amnesia for the task that had been produced by injections of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin given prior to training. With foot shock at a higher intensity, anisomycin did not produce amnesia by itself, but the administration of the depressants chloral hydrate or sodium phenobarbital after training did cause amnesia. Stimulants and depressants did not have an appreciable influence on the overall degree of protein synthesis inhibition produced by anisomycin. The results support the hypothesis that arousal after training is an important factor in the conversion of short-term to long-term memory.
Animals↗
Comparing trajectories of cognitive functioning in treatment-resistant and non-resistant depression: a multicentre linear mixed-effects analysis.
BACKGROUND: Impaired cognitive functioning is a severe symptom in major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent evidence suggests it may be a central characteristic in its treatment resistant form (TRD), potentially constituting a clinical marker for treatment resistance and a target amenable to intervention. To date, cognitive functioning in TRD remains poorly understood and longitudinal investigations are scarce. METHODS: This observational prospective cohort study, including 320 patients diagnosed with MDD from the multicentre PROMPT study, examined differences in cognitive functioning between 118 TRD and 202 non-TRD patients over a period of twelve weeks in a real-world setting, using linear mixed modelling. Patients that failed to respond to at least two prior antidepressants trials at baseline were classified as TRD. RESULTS: TRD patients showed significantly poorer baseline performances than non-TRD patients in attention/processing speed (β = -0.45; 95%CI[-0.70, -0.19]; FDR-p = 0.003) and verbal memory (β = -0.45; 95%CI[-0.72, -0.18]; FDR-p = 0.003). Significant time × group interactions were observed in motor speed and verbal fluency tasks. Post-hoc-analyses revealed stagnation in TRD patients and significant improvement in non-TRD patients. Across all other tasks improvement was observed in both groups, and random effects showed large heterogeneity between patients, indicating notable individual differences in cognitive performances. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest distinct recovery patters between non-TRD and TRD patients, and diminished functioning in TRD patients at the domain level. However, intact and diminished performances likely occur in both groups, warranting further investigation of cognitive heterogeneity. These short-term findings highlight the need for more comprehensive longitudinal research on cognition in TRD.
Humans↗
[Trace changes in the quantity of RNA in neurons and neuroglia of the hypothalamic nuclei of the brain following short-term intermittent exposure to cold].
Adult albino rats were kept for 2 minutes at --20 degrees C, then for 5 minutes at 25 degrees C, this intermittent cooling being repeated 15 times. One hour after the end of the cooling, the RNA quantity per cell was determined by means of visible cytospectrophotometry to find the increase in the cytoplasm of medial preoptic area neurons and in the nuclei of their glial satellite cells as well as in the nuclei of the perineuronal glial cells of mammillary bodies. Two days after the rats had stayed at the room temperature, these RNA changey bodies the RNA content decreased. 3 days later, the RNA content in the whole neuron--neuroglia unit of the preoptic area returned to normal, while in the neurons and neuroglia of mammillary bodies augmented markedly: this augmentation was found as late as 15 days after the cessation of the cooling. 30 days after the end of the cooling, the RNA quantity in the mammillary body neurons returned to normal, whiel in the neuroglia of this hypothalamic nucleus decreased even lower than the normal level. The authors discuss the problem of a so-called "vegetative memory" and of the involvement of hypothalamic neuron--neuroglia units in the metabolism tranformation dealing with a consolidation of this memory.
Adaptation, Physiological↗