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PubMed1982

Metabolism and molecular mechanism of action of vitamin D: 1981.

Cholecalciferol must be regarded as a pro-hormone rather than a vitamin, since it is normally produced in skin under the influence of ultraviolet light. Cholecalciferol must be metabolized in liver to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and subsequently to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol before it can act on intestine, bone and kidney to provide calcium and phosphorus for bone mineralization and neuromuscular activity. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized in liver and intestine to a C-23-carboxylic acid that is inactive, 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol is metabolized to a variety of metabolic products, including 23S,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 23S,25R-25-hydroxycholecalciferol-26,23-lactone, 24R,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25,26-dihydroxycholecalciferol. These metabolites are not involved in the known actions of vitamin D. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol localizes in the nuclei of target organs through a receptor mechanism. It is believed to initiate transcription of DNA that codes for calcium and phosphorus transport proteins, the nature of which is undetermined. Production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is stimulated by low plasma calcium through parathyrin and by low plasma phosphorus. During pregnancy and lactation, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels are greatly increased to meet calcium demands. However, vitamin D is not absolutely essential for reproduction. It is likely that some other hormone, possibly prolactin, functions at these periods to mobilize calcium. The clinical application of the vitamin D hormone and its analogues to the treatment of bone disease is presented to illustrate the application of basic science to medical practice. Evidence for each of these points is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Methylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acids toxicity and total arsenic accumulation in edible bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris.

The main objective was to evaluate whether arsenic accumulated in the edible pods and seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. F15 above the Spanish maximum recommended concentration for food crops, 1 mg kg(-1) on a fresh weight basis. Only organic arsenicals, methylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acids were used because they were: (1) the only arsenic species allowed for agricultural applications and (2) more mobile than inorganic species. Selection of French beans, a sensitive plant to arsenic, was based on the fact that arsenic-upward translocation is higher in sensitive than in tolerant plants. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted with two organic arsenic species (methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid) and three arsenic concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mg l(-1)). Experimental results showed that the low bean plant tolerance to arsenic was possibly due to the high arsenic-upward transport to shoots, which could result in profound negative metabolic consequences. Even under extreme adverse conditions, arsenic residues in edible beans were below the maximum statutory limit set by the Spanish legislation. It is concluded that the major drawback of organic arsenical herbicides is that of decreased productivity rather than high arsenic intake by consumers of edible products from sensitive plant species.

Arsenicals↗
PubMed2002

Wireless and Web-based medical monitoring in the home.

A remote medical monitoring system is described, which continuously monitors patients' state of health. The system uses the services provided by intranets and the Internet to allow remote supervision of patients, who may be domiciled in their own home. A hardware/software prototype system has been constructed to demonstrate the use of non-invasive and minimally intrusive sensors attached to patients. Continuous real-time data is acquired, stored and processed. A wireless system or wires connect these monitor devices to the World Wide Web and, on request, information is delivered to authorized medical staff via a web browser or Wireless Application Protocol-enabled mobile telephones. Medical staff may examine real-time data or graphical information and make comparisons with historical data. Parameters may be set to select and control the data acquisition devices. The potential exists for augmentation of patient health by development of novel sensors and low-power electronic circuitry, and this research continues.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Temporal and spatial organization of doctors' computer usage in a UK hospital department.

This paper describes the use of an application accessible via distributed desktop computing and wireless mobile devices in a specialist department of a UK acute hospital. Data (application logs, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic observation) were simultaneously collected to study doctors' work via this application, when and where they accessed different areas of it, and from what computing devices. These show that the application is widely used, but in significantly different ways over time and space. For example, physicians and surgeons differ in how they use the application and in their choice of mobile or desktop computing. Consultants and junior doctors in the same teams also seem to access different sources of patient information, at different times, and from different locations. Mobile technology was used almost exclusively during the morning by groups of clinicians, predominantly for ward rounds.

Computers↗
PubMed2001

Total arsenic accumulation in edible pods and seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether arsenic accumulated in the edible pods and seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Helda, above the Spanish maximum recommended concentration for food crops, 1 mg kg(-1) on a fresh weight basis. Only organic arsenicals were used because they are: a) the only arsenic species allowed for agricultural applications and b) more mobile than inorganic species. Selection of French beans, a sensitive plant to arsenic, was based on the fact that arsenic upward translocation is higher in sensitive than in tolerant plants. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted with two organic arsenic species: methylarsonic acid (MAA) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) and three arsenic concentrations: 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0 mg L(-1). Arsenic phytotoxicity was primarily determined by soluble arsenic concentration. Experimental results showed that the low bean plant tolerance to arsenic is possibly due to the high arsenic upward transport to shoots, which could result in profound negative metabolic consequences. Even under extremely adverse conditions, arsenic residues in edible beans were below the maximum statutory limit set by the Spanish legislation. It can be concluded that the major danger of organic arsenical herbicides is that of decreased productivity rather than high arsenic uptake by consumers.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Research in nondomestic species: experiences in reproductive physiology research for conservation of endangered felids.

Tremendous strides have been made in recent years to broaden our understanding of reproductive processes in nondomestic felid species and further our capacity to use this basic knowledge to control and manipulate reproduction of endangered cats. Much of that progress has culminated from detailed scientific studies conducted in nontraditional laboratory settings, frequently at collaborating zoological parks but also under more primitive conditions, including in the field. A mobile laboratory approach is described, which incorporates a diverse array of disciplines and research techniques. This approach has been extremely useful, especially for conducting gamete characterization and function studies as well as reproductive surveys, and for facilitating the development of assisted reproductive technology. With continuing advances in assisted reproduction in rare felids, more procedures are being conducted primarily as service-related activities, targeted to increase effectiveness of species propagation and population management. It can be a challenge for both investigators and institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) to differentiate these service-based procedures from traditional research studies (that require IACUC oversight). For research with rare cat species, multi-institutional collaboration frequently is necessary to gain access to scientifically meaningful numbers of study subjects. Similarly, for service-based efforts, the ability to perform reproductive procedures across institutions under nonstandard laboratory conditions is critical to applying reproductive sciences for managing and preserving threatened cat populations. Reproductive sciences can most effectively assist population management programs (e.g., Species Survival Plans) in addressing conservation priorities if these research and service-related procedures can be conducted "on the road" at distant national and international locales. This mobile laboratory approach has applications beyond endangered species research, notably for other scientific fields (e.g., studies of hereditary disease in domestic cat models) in which bringing the laboratory to the subject is of value.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Redox changes accompanying the degradation of seed storage proteins in germinating rice.

The mobilization of storage proteins (glutelins) in germinating rice seeds was accompanied by an ordered sequential combination of proteolysis and reduction of disulfide groups. Mobilization was followed by application of non-reducing/reducing two dimensional-PAGE after monobromobimane labeling of the sulfhydryl groups of the proteins in intact seeds.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional↗
PubMed1999

Conservative management of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the occipitocervical junction.

STUDY DESIGN: A report of three cases of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the occipitocervical junction. OBJECTIVE: To describe the conservative management of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the occipitocervical junction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The therapeutic approach to inflammation of the upper cervical spine is controversial. METHODS: Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the occipitocervical junction is rare. In the orthopedic literature, only a few case reports with variable treatment methods are available. Three patients with pyogenic osteomyelitis of the occipitocervical junction were treated nonoperatively. Intravenous antibiotic therapy was begun after direct cultures or blood cultures were obtained. Early mobilization was accomplished by application of a halo vest. RESULTS: Two patients recovered by spontaneous fusion of the occipitocervical junction. Instability developed in the spine of one patient, but she refused further treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the upper cervical spine is difficult. In cases with absence of neurologic symptoms or spinal abscess formation, treatment can be nonoperative.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Health care informatics.

The health care industry is currently experiencing a fundamental change. Health care organizations are reorganizing their processes to reduce costs, be more competitive, and provide better and more personalized customer care. This new business strategy requires health care organizations to implement new technologies, such as Internet applications, enterprise systems, and mobile technologies in order to achieve their desired business changes. This article offers a conceptual model for implementing new information systems, integrating internal data, and linking suppliers and patients.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1977

Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic assay for murine oncornavirus p30: noncovalent facilitation by sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Treatment of Rauscher murine leukemia virus lysates with the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations between 0.2 to 2.0% SDS per mg of viral protein greatly increased the anodal electrophoretic mobility of p30, the major internal polypeptide. SDS treatment did not reduce p30 antigenicity or cause nonspecific precipitation of normal serum proteins during subsequent immunoanalysis. The increased anodal electrophoretic mobility allowed assay of Rauscher murine leukemia virus p30 by Laurell rocket immunoelectrophoresis. An SDS-facilitated rocket immunoelectrophoresis assay is described that was highly reproducible (coefficient of variability, less than 3.0%) and capable of detecting 125 ng of viral protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a quantitative immunoelectrophoretic assay for an oncornavirus antigen. Since SDS binding is a general property of proteins, this method of noncovalently altering electrophoretic mobility appears to be applicable to other antigen-antibody systems.

Carbamates↗
PubMed2004

Lysophosphatidic acid triggers calcium entry through a non-store-operated pathway in human neutrophils.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid, which is structurally similar to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and which can mobilize Ca2+ in multiple cell types. We recently showed that S1P induces Ca2+ entry directly through store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channels in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). We therefore examined the mechanisms by which LPA induces intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in PMN. External application of low micromolar LPA caused dose-dependent Ca2+ influx without releasing Ca2+ stores, whereas G-protein-coupled (GPC) LPA receptors respond to nanomolar LPA. Additive Ca2+ influx by LPA compared with 100 nM ionomycin-induced Ca2+ influx suggests that LPA-induced Ca2+ influx does not pass through SOCE channels. Ca2+ influx was resistant to inhibition of Gi/o by pertussis toxin, of phospholipase C by U73122, and of G12/13/Rho by Y27632, all demonstrating GPC receptor independence. This Ca2+ influx was inhibited by Gd3+, La3+, Zn2+, or MRS1845 but not by Ni2+ or the sphingosine kinase inhibitor dimethylsphingosine. In addition, we found that LPA has no effect on neutrophil chemotaxis; however, it has stimulatory effects on neutrophil respiratory burst in a dose-response manner. These findings suggest that LPA-induced Ca2+ influx in PMN occurs through a mechanism other than SOCE channels, independent of Ca2+ store-depletion and S1P synthesis, and that the characteristics of LPA-induced Ca2+ influx are similar to those of S1P-induced influx in terms of sensitivity to inorganic inhibitors. Unlike S1P, LPA has stimulatory effects on neutrophil respiratory burst.

Calcium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Organic manure and urea effect on metolachlor transport through packed soil columns.

Application of organic manure (OM) amendments and nitrogen fertilizers can affect the sorption and movement of pesticides in soil. This study summarizes the sorption and leaching of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylphenyl) acetamide] in soils after cow (Bos taurus) manure (2.5 and 5.0%) and urea (60 and 120 kg N ha(-1)) amendments in batch and column experiments. Both cow manure and urea applications increased metolachlor sorption in soils. The values of the Freundlich adsorption parameter K(r)(1/n) for treatments T0, T1 (OM), and T2 (OM) were 2.31, 3.32, and 3.96 in Soil 1; 2.02, 2.77, and 3.32 in Soil 2; and 1.10, 1.46, and 2.02 in Soil 3, respectively. Similarly, K(f)(1/n) values for treatment T1 (urea) and T2 (urea) were 2.37 and 2.84 in Soil 1; 2.16 and 2.83 in Soil 2; and 1.50 and 1.70 in Soil 3, respectively. Column leaching studies using Soil 1 indicated that OM application drastically reduced the metolachlor leaching losses from 50% (natural soil) to < 1.0% (5.0% OM amendment). Likewise, urea application also decreased metolachlor mobility and leaching losses in columns treated with 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1) urea were 33 and 20%, respectively. The reduction in the metolachlor leaching losses was achieved through the increase in the sorption capability of the OM- and urea-amended soil. Therefore, coapplication of metolachlor with cow manure or urea fertilizers will not enhance metolachlor mobility and reduces metolachlor leaching losses in low-organic-matter soil.

Acetamides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Don't be an accidental physician executive.

How can physicians begin crafting a career with intention and careful thought? Before you go leafing through The Physician Executive or the New England Journal of Medicine's Positions sections, you'll need to conduct a thorough career evaluation of where you are and where you want to go. There are more career tracks in more types of organizations available to you as a physician executive than ever before. There is also considerable turbulence, creating unexpected opportunities. The times have never been better for aggressive, energetic physician executives who want to move up and out.

Career Choice↗