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PubMed1953

Recent studies on the immunity response to administration of different plague vaccines.

Evaluation of the immunity produced by plague vaccines was made by measurement of the reactions in the body fluids of man and different animals to demonstrate altered refractoriness. Four serological methods were used: the agglutination test, the complement-fixation test, the passive mouse-protection test, and the haemagglutination test. Results showed that the majority of animal and human hosts, in response to injections of Pasteurella pestis, vigorously develop antibodies which may persist in the peripheral blood serum for several months.Critical tests to establish the correlation between antibody response following inoculation with plague antigens or vaccines and resistance to infection showed that inoculation of 30mug of Fraction I antigen consistently protected mice against P. pestis infection and that there is a definite correlation between the appearance of serum antibodies and the immunity state of the mice. There is a similar correlation in guinea-pigs, although the immunogenicity of antigens and vaccines for these animals is very variable. Primates are rendered resistant to massive infection with 1,000,000,000 to 2,000,000,000 viable P. pestis by suspensions of formalin-killed bacilli and by heat- or chemically-killed broth vaccine administered in the customary human dose; basic immunization with Fraction I renders approximately 60% of monkeys immune.Evidence from experiments carried out on groups of human volunteers points to the conclusion that any plague vaccine containing 2-3 mg of Fraction I or capable of producing that amount when inoculated into the body will favourably alter the susceptibility of 50% of inoculated persons. But, to alter favourably the responsiveness of a greater percentage and to enhance the moderately effective immunity, re-inoculation at intervals of 3-6 months is essential.

Animals↗
PubMed1953

Treatment of bubonic plague with sulfonamides and antibiotics.

To assess the curative value of different drugs in bubonic plague infection, white mice were infected in the laboratory with living Pasteurella pestis, and the treatment with the drug to be tested was begun either 48 or 72 hours after infection, it taking 48-72 hours for the development in mice of septicaemia-the decisive factor in plague infection. Sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, antiplague serum, penicillin, streptomycin, aureomycin, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracycline were tested. Sulfapyridine and penicillin gave no protection, but the remainder had a curative effect in 50% or more of the animals. The antibiotics, in particular, with the exception of penicillin, protected 90%-100%.Trials were then carried out on humans under controlled conditions in the field-antiplague serum, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, sulfadiazine, and streptomycin being tested. While there were no statistically significant differences between the results obtained with the various drugs, the clinical effect of streptomycin was striking. In all cases treated with this substance the temperature reverted to normal earlier than with sulfadiazine or sulfamerazine, and in septicaemic cases it became normal in 50 hours, on the average, against 85 hours and 89 hours for sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1953

Plague in Africa from 1935 to 1949; a survey of wild rodents in African territories.

The history of plague in Africa during the period 1935-49 is reviewed. Much of the information derives from a questionnaire sent to all African territories in 1950. The annual incidence of plague in Africa declined, particularly from 1946 onwards. In 1949, under 400 cases were reported, as compared with over 6,000 in 1935. By the end of 1949, plague was still active in the Belgian Congo, Kenya and Tanganyika, Madagascar, and southern Africa. No cases were reported from Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, or Uganda during 1949. A comparison of the seasonal incidence of plague with prevailing atmospheric conditions (temperature and rainfall) in African territories shows that human plague is more frequent in warm moist weather-60 degrees -80 degrees F (15 degrees -27 degrees C)-than in hot dry, or cold, weather-over 80 degrees F (27 degrees C) or under 60 degrees F (15 degrees C). The highlands of equatorial Africa and of Madagascar appear to provide the optimum environment for the persistence of plague on the domestic (murine) plane and the high-veld and Kalahari of southern Africa on the sylvatic plane. The rat (Rattus rattus) and the multimammate mouse (R. (Mastomys) natalensis) and their fleas Xenopsylla brasiliensis and X. cheopis appear to be mainly responsible for the persistence of the reservoir in the East African highlands; R. rattus and X. cheopis play this role in Madagascar. The gerbils (Tatera and Desmodillus) and their burrow fleas X. philoxera and X. piriei are the main reservoirs of plague in southern Africa. Within these areas, Pasteurella pestis finds an environment suitable for its continued survival; the conditions seem to be comparable to those defined as obtaining in endemic centres in India. Elsewhere in Africa such endemic centres do not appear to exist.

Africa↗
PubMed1952

PLAGUE bacillus.

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Bacillus↗
PubMed1985

[Heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody affinity].

In experiments with Pasteurella pestis monovalent capsular antigen and hybridoma monoclonal antibodies obtained after cloning and recloning the heterogeneity of the active centers of antibodies with respect to their affinity was revealed. In ascitic fluids obtained from the animals inoculated with different hybridoma clones 5 groups of antibodies, differing in their affinity, were determined in each fluid sample.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Effectiveness of live or killed plague vaccines in man.

While the safety of the available live plague vaccine EV 76 (Paris) continues to be the subject of further study, the USP formol-killed, virulent Pasteurella pestis (Yersinia pestis) suspension capable of protecting 60% of non-human primates, particularly Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus), warrants further clinical tests and field trials. Inoculated in a dosage of 2x10(9) killed plague bacilli (1 ml), followed by a booster of 400 million organisms (0.2 ml) in 1-3 months, this vaccine stimulates the appearance of passive mouse-protection antibodies (below an index of 10) and passive haemagglutinins in 60%-65% of human subjects. Recent experiences in Viet-Nam demonstrate that personnel vaccinated with the USP vaccine, although frequently exposed, enjoy almost complete freedom from the disease. One of the 4 known and confirmed cases of bubonic plague in North Americans occurred in an unvaccinated individual. Among individuals inoculated with the USP vaccine, 2 confirmed cases of pneumonic plague and 1 case of asymptomatic pharyngeal plague have been recorded. The incidence of plague in the Republic of Viet-Nam during the past 3 years is estimated at 13 263 cases in a population in part vaccinated with a live plague which exhibited inadequate immunogenic efficacy in experimental tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Comparison of serological and bacteriological methods in the confirmation of plague infections.

A recent, defined outbreak of bubonic plague in a remote area of the central highlands of Viet-Nam provided an opportunity to undertake studies of antibody production during the course of infections with Pasteurella pestis (Yersinia pestis). The haemagglutination (HA) test of Chen & Meyer, modified to a microtechnique, was used in studies of patients with clinical plague, and in studies of unvaccinated, asymptomatic contacts of plague patients.HA antibody was demonstrated in the sera of nearly 45% of the unvaccinated, asymptomatic contacts of plague patients, and a large proportion of these exhibited 4-fold or greater rises in titre during the outbreak. In 6 of the 16 clinical plague cases, the diagnosis could not be confirmed by bacteriological methods; however, 5 of the 6 exhibited HA antibody in sera collected on admission or in second sera collected 9-14 days later or in both. Of the 5 with positive sera, 4 had very mild clinical illnesses (pestis minor). These findings were in sharp contrast to those among the 8 surviving, bacteriologically confirmed cases, most of whom had clinically very severe illnesses. Only 1 of the 8 had demonstrable plague HA antibody in acute and early convalescent sera; however, all of the latter on whom follow-up studies could be obtained exhibited HA antibody in sera collected 1-1(1/2) months later.These findings indicate that natural active immunization with P. pestis was occurring during the outbreak, and further, that developing immunity from earlier subclinical infections may have accounted for amelioration of clinical signs and symptoms, as well as for failure to isolate P. pestis in patients with pestis minor.HA tests may be particularly useful in confirming the diagnosis of plague if employed with sera collected 3-6 weeks after the onset of illness. The HA test would appear also to provide a highly reliable tool in surveys for plague in areas of unknown endemicity.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Change in the glycogen level in the liver, heart and skeletal muscles of rodents during exposure to plague toxin].

Three-hours intoxication induced by sublethal doses of autolysate or of fraction II of Pasteurella pestis EV in albino rats, guinea pigs and Meriones meridianus nogaiorum Heptn. resulted in a decrease of glycogen content in liver and calf muscles. In albino rats which are highly sensitive to plague toxin, this decrease was more significant compared to more resistant guinea pigs. Under the action of plague toxin on myocardium of Meriones and guinea pigs, glycogen content decreased while in albino rats increased. Plaque intoxication resulted in a statistically significant decrease of ascorbic acid concentration in adrenal gland and in liver in all rodent species studied.

Animals↗