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Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Reforming deaf education. A paradigm shift from how to teach to what to teach.

The 1980s and 1990s have witnessed increased public attention to the quality of the education provided to America's students. Much of this attention has focused on the quality of the school curriculum and the teacher's knowledge and ability to teach this curriculum. This article reviews curriculum reform in regular education and the need for this field, the education of students who are deaf and hard of hearing, to address similar concerns. Education of deaf and hard of hearing students has long focused on the question of how we teach deaf students. Reforms in education demand that the question of what we teach deaf students should also be addressed. As in regular education, a major issue is whether teachers are knowledgeable of the subject matter and related pedagogy in the subjects they teach. This article reports on the results of a survey of school administrator's views on teacher's subject matter competencies. Implications for certification, standards in teacher education, and inservice strategies are discussed. Recommendations are made for curriculum reform and strategies for improving teachers' subject matter competencies.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for coronary disease: the time for a paradigm shift?

Risk stratification is a key element of clinical management not only in the primary and secondary prevention, but also during the acute stages of cardiovascular disease. The current risk assessment algorithms in primary prevention are based on established risk factors: gender and age, cigarette smoking, the presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. However, many individuals who are assessed as "low risk" on the basis of traditional risk factors, still develop cardiac events. This article addresses current issues relevant to the assessment of cardiovascular risk. It emphasizes the potential importance of disturbed energy supply for atherogenesis, by introducing the concept of fuel transport (chylomicron, VLDL, and remnants) and overflow (LDL) pathways of lipid metabolism. It highlights the present lack of routine methods to monitor the fuel transport pathway. It considers the measurements of serum C-reactive protein and plasma fibrinogen as new additions to the cardiovascular risk factor profiles. Finally, risk stratification based on the traditional and the new risk factors is linked to that based on the markers of acute myocardial damage such as cardiac troponin I or troponin T. It is concluded that the combined use of the markers of myocardial damage and the "new" cardiovascular risk factors is the way ahead for the assessment of cardiovascular risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Antigens onto bare skin: a 'painless' paradigm shift in vaccine delivery.

The skin is an attractive route for delivery of vaccines because it is accessible and contains immunocompetent cells. This opens up the possibility that, in the future, vaccines could be administered in a simple, safe and practical way without requiring the use of needles and syringes. This review focuses on the methods developed to deliver vaccines via the intact skin. Candidate vaccine antigens can be delivered topically using particulate delivery systems and patch formulations containing the antigen with an ADP-ribosylating exotoxin as an adjuvant. The duration and type of elicited immune responses depend on the antigen, the adjuvant and the method of delivery. Already, the first clinical trial of transcutaneous delivery of vaccines has demonstrated the proof of the principle. However, despite these successes, there are several challenges ahead to be addressed before vaccines administered with a patch will be available over the counter.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2004

Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the origin of Type 2 diabetes--a paradigm shift.

In Type 2 diabetes the body either produces too little insulin, or does not respond well to it. Current pharmacological treatments, which are less than optimal, either target defective insulin secretion (sulfonylureas, glinides) or insulin resistance (metformin, thiazolidinediones). Exciting new research is now helping us to understand novel pathways that may contribute to defective insulin secretion as well as decreased response to insulin. Such pathways may explain the development of diabetes and associated complications (atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy). Understanding the way a cell metabolises glucose may be the key to understanding how cells secrete insulin and respond to it.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed2005

Paradigm shift in NMDA receptor drug development.

Low-affinity, uncompetitive antagonists with rapid 'off-rates', such as memantine offer protection from dementia and other neurological disorders, but break all the old rules of screening for new drugs by high-affinity binding.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗
PubMed2007

Denileukin diftitox: a biotherapeutic paradigm shift in the treatment of lymphoid-derived disorders.

Denileukin diftitox (Ontak) represents an example of a fused molecule that targets cells bearing high affinity interleukin-2 receptors internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis in an acidified vesicle. Denileukin diftitox is proteolytically cleaved within the endosome liberating the enzymatically active portion of the diphtheria toxin, the A fragment. Diphtheria toxin fragment A is released into the cytosol inhibiting the protein synthesis through the ADP-ribosylation of the elongation factor-2, and leading to cell death. This review focuses on the clinical trials that led to the FDA approval of the drug for cutaneous T cell lymphoma in the US, and investigational studies demonstrating drug-activity against B and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma and acute graft versus disease within allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2002

Combination therapy with inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids: a paradigm shift in asthma management.

Long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids are classes of drugs with different mechanisms of action that are commonly used to provide effective long-term control of persistent asthma. Scientific and clinical data support the complementary mechanisms of action of the inhaled corticosteroids and the long-acting beta2-agonists in achieving a superior level of asthma control. In addition, evidence supports significant reductions in exacerbations and effective control of airway inflammation with an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta2-agonist versus higher dosages of inhaled corticosteroids or combinations of other therapeutic agents with an inhaled corticosteroid. Finally, there are distinct economic advantages to combining an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta2-agonist in the treatment of asthma relative to other treatment regimens.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2002

Paradigm shift in zinc: metal pathology.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential, common metal in animal tissues. Zn levels were elevated in only four tissues after Zn administration, the highest increase being in the pancreas. Zn concentration was increased by metallothionein induction. Metallothionein-bound Zn significantly reduced the toxicity of the metals Cd, Cu and Hg. It should be noted that tissue Zn levels are different in experimental animals and humans. Acute pancreatitis was observed following the injection of a large dose of Zn. Different metals have different target organs. Using metal pathology, treatments may be developed to save patients suffering from hepatic and renal diseases because Zn is used to a model animal of hepatic or renal disease.

Amylases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantification of functional behavior in humans and animals: time for a paradigm shift.

Measuring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at restoring motor function will be critical in deciding which animal trials should be translated to human studies. While various methods of quantifying motor behavior exist, many of these rely on observation and interpretation. Kinematic analysis is an objective means of quantifying temporal relationships and coordination within and between limbs during motor performance. These relationships offer valuable information on the condition and organization of the underlying neural circuitry. Kinematic data can drive a number of powerful analyses. These analyses can help detect nuances in motor performance and answer questions about the effectiveness of interventions designed to restore motor function.

Animals↗