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PubMed1998

Total serum sialic acid is a general disease marker rather than a specific tumour marker in dogs.

The aim of the present study was to examine the levels of total sialic acid (TSA) in serum of clinically healthy dogs and dogs with various diseases to evaluate the usefulness of TSA as a tumour marker. TSA levels in clinically healthy dogs were not different between sexes, but pregnant and lactating dogs had higher mean (+/- standard deviation (SD)) TSA levels than clinically healthy female dogs (642 +/- 78 vs. 495 +/- 73 mg/l, P < 0.001). Eighty-eight dogs with different tumours (54 malignant and 34 benign tumours of different tissues) had higher mean TSA levels than 148 clinically healthy dogs (675 +/- 143 vs. 498 +/- 75 mg/l, P < 0.01). Fifty dogs with other diseases excluding tumours (skin, urinary system, and gastrointestinal diseases, pyometra, other inflammatory diseases, and Cushing's syndrome) had slightly higher TSA levels than the tumour-bearing dogs (730 +/- 159 mg/l, P = 0.02). TSA levels in dogs with malignant tumours did not differ from dogs with benign tumours (682 +/- 144 vs. 664 +/- 142 mg/l, P = 0.73). A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plot revealed a maximum sensitivity and specificity combination of 69% and 91% (TSA cut-off concentration 595 mg/l) in distinguishing between healthy dogs and dogs with tumours. When evaluating TSA measurements to distinguish dogs with other diseases from dogs with tumours, a maximum sensitivity and specificity combination of 50% and 75% was found (cut-off concentration 761 mg/l). WHO staging of mammary tumours revealed an increase in TSA levels with increasing stage (P < 0.0001, rs, = 0.62). In conclusion, the nonspecificity of increases makes TSA determinations unsuitable as a tumour marker. TSA levels seem instead to be a general disease marker. Whether serial TSA measurements could be used in the follow-up of dogs operated for malignant tumours should be further investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Correlation of ultrasound findings and endometrial histopathology in postmenopausal women.

Comparison of ultrasound scan and histology of the endometrium was made in 90 postmenopausal women. Of these, 63 women had postmenopausal bleeding (group A) and 27 had had no bleeding (group B). Sensitivity of ultrasound to diagnose endometrial pathology was 91%, and all endometrial carcinomas, hyperplasias and pyometra were diagnosed by ultrasound. In 10 premenopausal women (group C), who had a hysterectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the ultrasound measurements of the endometrial wall thickness were within 1 mm of the actual thickness, as measured in the fresh unfixed specimen with a ruler. This preliminary study has shown that a normal ultrasound appearance of the endometrium in postmenopausal women reliably excludes significant endometrial pathology. Also, changes in the thickness and texture of the endometrium detected by ultrasound correlated with subsequent pathological findings.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Prostaglandins in pyometrial fluid from the cow, bitch and ferret.

1 Pyometra is a disorder of the uterus usually associated with bacterial infection plus obstruction. 2 Large quantities of fluid often collect in the uterus during this condition. 3 Pyometrial fluid obtained from three species was found to contain prostaglandin F2alpha, usually in large quantities. 4 Prostaglandin E2 was present in smaller quantities in five of the six samples. 5 These findings are discussed in relation to the known occurrence of prostaglandins in inflammatory fluid, and to the problem of infertility.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ovariohysterectomy in six mares.

Six mares had ovariohysterectomy performed for chronic pyometra associated with cervical abnormalities, uterine neoplasia, or removal of a macerated fetus. Ovariohysterectomy was performed through a ventral midline incision with access to the ovarian and uterine vessels aided by traction on the uterus and retraction of abdominal viscera. Abdominal pain, the most common complication after surgery, occurred in four mares but resolved within 36 hours. Peritonitis occurred in two mares; one mare was subsequently euthanatized. Other complications that resolved with treatment included infection of the uterine stump (two mares), abdominal hemorrhage (one mare), diarrhea (one mare), and incisional infection (one mare). Complications after surgery can be reduced by removing as much of the uterus as possible, minimizing peritoneal contamination with uterine contents, and providing a secure closure of the caudal reproductive tract.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical determination of preoperative and postoperative intra-abdominal pressures in dogs.

Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was indirectly measured, using a transurethral catheterization technique, in 20 client-owned dogs before and after elective ovariohysterectomy. Mean preoperative IAP was 4.50 +/- 0.44 cm H2O. Elective abdominal surgery caused significant elevations in mean postoperative IAP (mean 7.50 +/- 0.45 cm H2O, range 0 to 15 cm H2O) that persisted for at least 24 hours. However, the increase in IAP caused no clinically evident complications; thus, after elective abdominal surgery an elevation in IAP up to 15 cm H2O is to be expected. Intra-abdominal pressure was also measured in 20 consecutive clinical cases with gross abdominal distension, before or after laparotomy, or both. Included in this group were dogs with gastric dilation and volvulus, closed pyometra, hemoperitoneum, acute ascites, and diaphragmatic hernias. All dogs with gross abdominal distension had an elevated IAP (> or = 16 cm H2O) either before or after surgery. Severe elevations of IAP were associated with anuria in two dogs, necessitating surgical decompression; one with hemoperitoneum (47 cm H2O) and one after repair of a chronic diaphragmatic hernia (30 cm H2O).

Abdomen↗
PubMed2006

Lethal outcome in xanthogranulomatous endometritis.

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is rare, mainly involving the kidneys, while primary xanthogranulomatous endometritis (XE) is a very unusual finding, histologically characterized by partial or complete replacement of the mucosa by granulation tissue with an abundance of foamy histiocytes, siderophages and multinucleated giant cells. We present the case of a 69-year-old woman with a short history of abdominal pain and a palpable mass in the pouch of Douglas. Dilatation of the cervix drained a pyometra. Histological examination of the curettage rendered the diagnosis of XE. Microbiological studies revealed enterococcus spp. and Peptostreptococcus magnus. Despite antibiotic treatment the patient died of heart failure due to systemic inflammation. Autopsy confirmed the diagnosis of XE with transmural extension into the peritoneal cavity. Such a lethal course of XE is extraordinary. Proposed causes of XE include obstruction, infection and hemorrhage. Demonstration of enterococcus spp. and P. magnus supports the probable significance of bacteria in the development of XE. Because this condition may mimic malignant disease macroscopically and histologically, knowledge of XE is of major importance for both pathologists and gynecologists.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Verrucous carcinoma of the endometrium. A case report.

Curettage of a sixty-four-year-old white woman with post-menopausal metrorrhagia revealed pyometra and squamous papilloma, thought to be arising from the cervix. Presence of parakeratotic squamous epithelial cells in endometrial curettage, three years after the first clinical presentation, aroused suspicion of verrucous carcinoma of the endometrium. Uterus revealed a warty tumour with a histological picture characteristic of verrucous carcinoma. Radical surgical excision was followed by a disease-free observation period of 2 1/2 years.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiographic and ultrasonographic features of retained surgical sponge in eight dogs.

The radiographic and ultrasonographic signs in eight dogs with a surgical or pathologic diagnosis of retained surgical sponge were reviewed. The most frequent previous surgery was ovariohysterectomy, either as an elective procedure or to treat pyometra. The median elapsed time between surgery and diagnosis of retained surgical sponge was 9.5 months (range 4 days to 38 months). Five dogs had a draining sinus; four had a palpable abdominal mass. Radiologic signs included localized, speckled or whirl-like gas lucency, abdominal mass, and non-focal soft tissue swelling. Survey radiography and sinography were considered diagnostic for retained surgical sponge in 4/7 (57%) and 3/5 (60%) dogs, respectively. The combined use of survey radiography and sinography enabled detection of 6/7 (86%) sponges. In each dog that had ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was found that had an irregular hyperechoic centre. The possibility of retained surgical sponge should be considered in animals with a history of previous surgery and a sinus or abdominal mass.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1985

A microaerophilic coccus in pyogenic infections of ruminants.

Pyogenic infections of cattle, sheep and goats were examined for the presence of a Gram positive bacterium that has been designated "microaerophilic coccus" by other workers. The bacterium was found to be involved in a range of disease processes, including foot and soft tissue abscesses, mastitis, pericarditis and pyometra in cattle, joint and foot abscesses in sheep and foot abscesses in goats. The characteristic feature of the bacterium was its satellitic growth around colonies of other organisms. The microaerophilic coccus was usually part of a mixed flora, which included Corynebacterium pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Peptostreptococcus indolicus and Bacteroides sp.

Abscess↗
PubMed2001

Cytologic evaluation of primary and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes in the dog.

Myelodysplastic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of acquired primary and secondary alterations of hematopoietic stem cells that result in cytopenias in blood and cytologic features of dysplasia in blood and/or bone marrow. To better understand the cytologic features that would permit differentiation of primary and secondary forms of myelodysplasia, we reviewed 267 consecutive bone marrow reports from dogs. These reports indicated that 34 dogs (12.7%) had dysgranulopoiesis, dyserythropoiesis, and/or dysthrombopoiesis in >10% of granulopoietic cells, erythroid cells, and/or megakaryocytes, respectively. Thirteen dogs had primary myelodysplastic syndromes, and 21 had secondary myelodysplastic syndromes. Of the 13 dogs with primary myelodysplasia, 4 were subclassified as myelodysplastic syndrome with refractory anemia (MDS-RA), and 9 were subclassified as myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts (MDS-EB). Secondary conditions associated with dysplasia in the bone marrow included malignant lymphoma (n = 5), myelofibrosis (n = 3), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (n = 4), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (n = 5), multiple myeloma with melphalan administration (n = 1), pyometra with estrogen administration (n = 1), polycythemia vera (n = 1), and thrombopathia (n = 1). MDS-RA was characterized by <5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, normal granulocyte maturation ratio, increased erythroid maturation ratio, and dysplastic changes in >15% of erythroid cells. MSD-EB was characterized by >/=5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, high granulocyte maturation and erythroid maturation ratios, >/=32% dysplastic granulocytes, and the presence of small atypical immature myeloid cells. Secondary myelodysplastic syndromes were characterized by <5% myeloblasts in bone marrow, variable granulocyte maturation and erythroid maturation ratios, and variable dysplastic features. These results indicate that morphology alone cannot be used to distinguish primary and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes in dogs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

The relation of infection to infertility in the mare and stallion.

Many normally fertile stallions harbour bacteria in and on the genital organs. Many mares served by such stallions are unaffected by the bacteria to which they are thus exposed; however, some mares so exposed will become infected and diseased. Presumably, the genital defenses of such mares had been compromised. Strain differences in pathogenicity of bacteria do exist. Some mares affected with pyometra had irregular ovarian activity and some had normal ovarian cycles. In the former group, destruction of the endometrium many have prevented the production of endogenous luteolysin. The leukopenia which occurs in both groups is due to neurtropenia.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2026

The Puerperium in the Modern Dairy Cow: A Review.

The puerperium represents a critical physiological period during which the bovine reproductive tract transitions from pregnancy to renewed fertility. In the modern high-producing dairy cow, this transition is challenged by profound metabolic, endocrine, immunological, and structural demands that collectively influence uterine health, ovarian function, and subsequent reproductive performance. This review examines current understanding of the physiology of the puerperium in dairy cattle, with particular emphasis on uterine involution, immune clearance of postpartum contamination, endocrine regulation, and resumption of ovarian cyclicity. Further, it contrasts high-yielding Holsteins with fertility selected dairy populations. Normal uterine involution involves coordinated myometrial contraction, tissue remodelling, endometrial regeneration, and tightly regulated inflammatory responses. Failure of these processes predisposes cows to postpartum uterine disorders, including retained fetal membranes, metritis, endometritis (purulent vaginal discharge with cytological confirmation), and pyometra, which remain major contributors to subfertility and economic loss. Central to the pathophysiology of puerperal disease is negative energy balance, which disrupts immune competence, alters hepatic steroid metabolism, impairs ovarian signalling, and compromises oocyte and embryo quality. Emerging evidence highlights the complex interplay between metabolism, immunity, and the uterine microbiome, shifting current perspectives away from pathogen-centric models toward host resilience. Advances in biomarkers, genomic selection, and precision monitoring offer new opportunities for targeted reproductive management. Ultimately, optimisation of transition period management remains the cornerstone of supporting physiological puerperal recovery and sustaining reproductive efficiency in modern dairy systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Histological and immunocytochemical characterization of Coxiella burnetii-associated lesions in the murine uterus and placenta.

The fetoplacental units and the postgravid uterus of BALB/cJ (H-2d) mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Coxiella burnetii (Nine Mile isolate, phase I) on day 6 of pregnancy were examined histologically and immunocytochemically at 1 to 160 days postinoculation. Clinically, abortions, stillbirths, and perinatal deaths were observed. Histological lesions in the placenta were characterized by severe necrosis of the decidua basalis and the labyrinth, fibrinoid degeneration of decidual vessels, and microthrombosis. Pyometra and endometritis at the sites of previous placental attachment, characterized by ulceration, central necrosis, and moderate cellular infiltration consisting of neutrophils and macrophages, were observed postpartum. Pups sacrificed at the age of 9 days exhibited interstitial pneumonia with few granulomas and granulomatous hepatitis and splenitis. Immunocytochemically, antigen-bearing cells were first detected in the decidua 9 days postconception, and single immunopositive cells were detected in the fetal placenta 4 days later. Thereafter, until abortion or parturition, abundant accumulation of C. burnetii antigen was observed in the maternal and fetal compartments of the placenta. Up to 28 days postinoculation, many immunopositive cells were demonstrated at the sites of previous placental attachment, whereas the adjacent endometrium contained only a few antigen-positive cells. C. burnetii antigen was demonstrated in decidual cells, trophoblasts, and macrophages and extracellularly within the sinuses of the labyrinth and in the uterine lumen but not in granulated metrial gland cells. Fetuses in utero and aborted, stillborn, or perinatally dying offspring were immunocytochemically negative for C. burnetii antigen; however, pups killed 9 days after birth showed lesion-associated positive immunoreaction in the lung, liver, and spleen. The present study shows that infection with C. burnetii during pregnancy results in uncontrolled growth of the organism in the murine uteroplacental unit and that associated lesions are characterized by necrosis of placental tissues, fibrinoid degeneration of decidual vessels, and microthrombosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Significance of atrophic ovaries in livestock production in northern Nigeria.

In a study of 3000 cattle of different breeds and origin (Bos indicus and Bos taurus) in Northern Nigeria, an overall 22.7 per cent incidence of anoestrus associated with organic genital abnormalities was observed. Of this 19.3 per cent was due to ovarian atrophy. This was observed mostly during the pre-dry and dry seasons, periods of poor and inadequate feed. The average incidence of atrophic ovaries in the exotic breeds (Bos taurus) was 17.1 per cent, while an incidence of 20.4 per cent was observed in the indigenous (Bos indicus) cattle; there was no significant difference between the two groups. A relatively higher incidence of functional anoestrus (27.5 per cent) which showed no seasonal pattern and no significant difference between the breeds was observed. Inadequate nutrition was the major cause of the ovarian atrophy and subsequent anoestrus. Other clinical genital abnormalities included hypoplastic ovaries (1.9 per cent), follicular cysts (4.5 per cent), pyometra (4.5 per cent) and freemartinism (0.3 per cent). The influence of anoestrus (50 per cent total incidence) on the economic aspect of livestock production in Northern Nigeria is discussed.

Anestrus↗
PubMed1997

Sclerosing adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct in a cat.

Sclerosing adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct and pyometra were diagnosed in a 17-year-old entire female Siamese cat which had had anorexia, depression, acute icterus and abdominal distension for about a week. Clinical signs derived from he tumor were minimal and non-specific until the diffuse thickening of the bile duct obstructed bile flow and acute icterus resulted. Sclerosing adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct is a human variant of bile duct carcinomas that has not, to the authors' knowledge, previously been described in the cat, but it appears to be as invasive as other feline hepatic tumours.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Gender, age and breed pattern of diagnoses for veterinary care in insured dogs in Sweden during 1996.

More than 200,000 dogs insured for veterinary care by one Swedish company at the beginning of 1996 were included in a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data from receipts for visits to veterinarians that were part of reimbursed veterinary care events, whose cost exceeded the deductible cost, were used to calculate the risk of cause-specific morbidity, both in total and stratified by gender, age and breed. Diagnoses were described by organic system, for example, cardiovascular, and by disease process, for example, neoplastic The most commonly affected system was the integument followed by the gastrointestinal and genital systems. The genital system was the most commonly affected system in females, within which 50 per cent of the affected bitches had pyometra. Inflammatory processes were most common, followed by symptomatic conditions, traumatic injuries and neoplastic conditions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Imaging of pregnancy-related complications.

Thirty-six cases of pregnancy-related complications were studied with plain radiography, ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging alone or in combination. Among the complications diagnosed with these various techniques were venous thromboembolic disorders, deep vein thrombosis, ovarian vein thrombosis, endometritis and pyometra, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet counts), hepatic hematoma and rupture, fatty liver, uterine rupture, various hematomas and a foreign body, tubo-ovarian abscess, cerebral venous thrombosis, cerebral ischemia, and cerebral edema. Prompt detection and appropriate management of many of these complications could result in decreased maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Although US should be considered first because it can be performed bedside, does not require use of ionizing radiation, and is cost-effective, CT is superior in demonstrating the extent of the abnormality and MR imaging is best for detection of neurologic complications of pregnancy. The radiologist should select the best available method and tailor the examination according to the presumptive clinical diagnosis and the individual problem to be solved.

Adult↗