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Results for “Social Control, Informal”

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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The substance use system: social and neighborhood environments associated with substance use and misuse.

Substance use theory and practice have traditionally focused on individuals who misuse substances or who are at risk for substance misuse, but this emphasis is shifting. The present study views both substance use and misuse systematically, assessing the relationships between the physical and social environments and substance use and misuse in dynamic interplay. This substance use system was examined through a survey of approximately 10,000 persons, aged 22-44, from primarily inner-city neighborhoods in the United States. Individual indicators such as race, sex, age, socioeconomic status, education, and religious service attendance relate to both the physical and interpersonal environments, even when each is controlled for the others. Qualities of both environments are strongly associated with substance dependency, even after individual indicators are controlled. These findings suggest the difficulty of bringing about change in drug and alcohol use without fundamental change in the environments where use takes place.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A contextual model of adolescent alcohol use across the rural-urban continuum.

In the research presented here, we develop and test with respondents from a broad range of contexts a multilevel social control model of adolescent substance use, integrating macro- and microsociological and criminological perspectives. Specifically, this research examines the individual-level social control processes or mechanisms thought to lead to alcohol use embedded in school contexts in different community settings along the rural-urban continuum. In this way we determine 1) the main effects of individual- and contextual school-level variables and 2) the conditioning or moderating influences of school climate on individual alcohol use and on individual-level processes leading to alcohol use. Furthermore, given that our sample contains students from a broad range of settings along the rural-urban continuum, our findings address the appropriateness of conceptualizing rural and urban drug use and their respective etiologies as dichotomous. In this respect our findings suggest that heterogeneity in drug use exists within rural school settings as well as within urban school settings, and that examining rural drug use as separate from urban drug use is not justified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Managing manipulation.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Dependent Personality Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Woman dancing dreaming: Psychosocial benefits of the aboriginal outstation movement.

The establishment of an Aboriginal outstation, or small autonomous community, is described. Some of the beneficial psychosocial changes observed during an eighteen-month period are described, and some possible reasons for them outlined. The outstation movement is presented as a viable, Aboriginal-initiated solution to some of the dilemmas facing present-day Australian Aborigines.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting vigorous physical activity using social cognitive theory.

OBJECTIVE: To test Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) in predicting future vigorous physical activity among college students. METHODS: College students (n=350) completed a set of instruments measuring SCT constructs. Their vigorous physical activity was tracked for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Exercise role identity, self-regulation, outcome expectancy value, social support, self-efficacy, and positive exercise experience accounted for 27% of the variance in days of vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSION: The results supported the use of SCT in understanding factors associated with vigorous physical activity rates among college students.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing theoretical and environmental policy for underage drinking.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate concern/support for policy for underage drinkers and formulate policy-specific communication strategies. METHODS: An environmentally based approach to policy formulation used concepts from the transtheoretical, decision-balance, and social-norms models. Interviews were conducted with community stakeholders, and surveys were collected on community residents as part of the evaluation effort. RESULTS: The triangulated evaluation revealed specific policies for underage drinking and techniques for facilitating policy implementation. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate techniques for using multiple models and evaluation techniques for formulating public policy in the promotion of community health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pseudoaccountability.

The public has long entrusted the medical profession to regulate its own practices, but our efforts to do so have been uneven. In place of rigorous, enforceable standards, we have sometimes reverted to pseudoaccountability: weak regulations that only give the appearance that we have been responsible in setting and enforcing high standards. We have failed to deal effectively with substandard practitioners, lagged in preventing medical errors, inadequately documented patient care in the medical record, slipped up in protecting patients in clinical research projects, and accepted financial arrangements with industry that may affect our judgment. In response, government has intervened, and threatens to intervene further with regulations that sometimes are excessively intrusive and cumbersome. To preserve our remaining autonomy, we must show that we are serious about protecting the public. Professional membership organizations must stop promulgating weak guidelines and offering evaluative methods to assess and regulate their own coveted members. Instead, they must turn over assessment of their members to arm's-length, disinterested groups. Regulatory programs must have provisions with impeccable standards, surveillance processes, and methods to deal with infractions. In planning new self-regulatory approaches, we should invite open discussion and genuine involvement by independent members of the public or the government to help ensure that our decisions about standard setting are not self-serving. Our profession has already lost much authority. We can ill afford to lose more.

Documentation↗