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PubMed2006

Screening and applying wheat microsatellite markers to trace individual Haynaldia villosa chromosomes.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) microsatellite markers were screened for detecting Haynaldia villosa L. chromosomes introduced into wheat background. Two hundred and seventy six primer pairs mapped on 7 homeologous groups of wheat were used to amplify the gDNA of T. aestivum and H. villosa. The results showed that 148 of 276 microsatellite primers amplified polymorphic bands between common wheat cv. Chinese Spring and H. villosa. Primers wmc49 (1BS), wmc25 (2BS), gdm36 (3DS), gdm145 (4AL), wmc233 (5DS), wmc256 (6AL) and gwm344 (7BL) produced a specific polymorphic DNA fragment on chromosome 1V to 7V of H. villosa, respectively. In addition, gwm469 (6DS) detected a specific band on 2V; gdm107 (2DS) amplified a specific band on 6V. These microsatellite markers were effective in identifying individual H. villosa chromosomes in other T. aestivum-H. villosa chromosome addition, substitution and translocation lines involved in different H. villosa accessions and wheat backgrounds. Therefore, these chromosome-specific microsatellite markers could be used as molecular markers for detection of chromosomes of H. villosa in common wheat.

Agropyron↗

PubMed2006

Mortality from ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus (type 2) in four U.S. wheat-producing states: a hypothesis-generating study.

In this ecologic study I examined ischemic heart disease (IHD) and diabetes mortality in rural agricultural counties of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, in association with environmental exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides, using wheat acreage as a surrogate exposure. I collected data on agricultural land use and 1979-1998 mortality from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites, respectively. Counties were grouped based on percentage of land area dedicated to wheat farming. Poisson relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), comparing high- and medium- with low-wheat counties, were obtained for IHD, the subcategories acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and coronary atherosclerosis (CAS), and diabetes, adjusting for sex, age, mortality cohort, and poverty index. Mortality from IHD was modestly increased (RR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.12). Analyses of its two major forms were more revealing. Compared with low-wheat counties, mortality in high-wheat counties from AMI increased (RR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14-1.26), and mortality from CAS decreased (RR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96). Mortality from AMI was more pronounced for those < 65 years of age (RR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.22-1.39). Mortality from type 2 diabetes increased (RR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24). These results suggest that the underlying cause of mortality from AMI and type 2 diabetes increased and the underlying cause of mortality from CAS decreased in counties where a large proportion of the land area is dedicated to spring and durum wheat farming. Firm conclusions on causal inference cannot be reached until more definitive studies have been conducted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Analysis and validation of genome-specific DNA variations in 5' flanking conserved sequences of wheat low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene.

The thirty-three 5' flanking conserved sequences of the known low-molecular-weight subunit (LMW-GS) genes have been divided into eight clusters, which was in agreement with the classification based on the deduced N-terminal protein sequences. The DNA polymorphism between the eight clusters was obtained by sequence alignment, and a total of 34 polymorphic positions were observed in the approximately 200 bp regions, among which 18 polymorphic positions were candidate SNPs. Seven cluster-specific primer sets were designed for seven out of eight clusters containing cluster-specific bases, with which the genomic DNA of the ditelosomic lines of group 1 chromosomes of a wheat variety 'Chinese Spring' was employed to carry out chromosome assignment. The subsequent cloning and DNA sequencing of PCR fragments validated the sequences specificity of the 5' flanking conserved sequences between LMW-GS gene groups in different genomes. These results suggested that the coding and 5' flanking regions of LMW-GS genes are likely to have evolved in concerted fashion. The seven primer sets developed in this study could be used to isolate the complete ORFs of seven groups of LMW-GS genes, respectively, and therefore possess great value for further research in the contributions of a single LMW-GS gene to wheat quality in the complex genetic background and the efficient selections of quality-related components in breeding programs.

5' Flanking Region↗

PubMed2001

Genotypic variation in tetraploid wheat affecting homoeologous pairing in hybrids with Aegilops peregrina.

The Ph1 gene has long been considered the main factor responsible for the diploid-like meiotic behavior of polyploid wheat. This dominant gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 5B (5BL), suppresses pairing of homoeologous chromosomes in polyploid wheat and in their hybrids with related species. Here we report on the discovery of genotypic variation among tetraploid wheats in the control of homoeologous pairing. Compared with the level of homoeologous pairing in hybrids between Aegilops peregrina and the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS), significantly higher levels of homoeologous pairing were obtained in hybrids between Ae. peregrina and CS substitution lines in which chromosome 5B of CS was replaced by either 5B of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides line 09 (TTD09) or 5G of Triticum timopheevii ssp. timopheevii line 01 (TIMO1). Similarly, a higher level of homoeologous pairing was found in the hybrid between Ae. peregrina and a substitution line of CS in which chromosome arm 5BL of line TTD140 substituted for 5BL of CS. It appears that the observed effect on the level of pairing is exerted by chromosome arm 5BL of T turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, most probably by an allele of Ph1. Searching for variation in the control of homoeologous pairing among lines of wild tetraploid wheat, either T turgidum ssp. dicoccoides or T timopheevii ssp. armeniacum, showed that hybrids between Ae. peregrina and lines of these two wild wheats exhibited three different levels of homoeologous pairing: low, low intermediate, and high intermediate. The low-intermediate and high-intermediate genotypes may possess weak alleles of Ph1. The three different T turgidum ssp. dicoccoides pairing genotypes were collected from different geographical regions in Israel, indicating that this trait may have an adaptive value. The availability of allelic variation at the Ph1 locus may facilitate the mapping, tagging, and eventually the isolation of this important gene.

Crosses, Genetic↗

PubMed2002

[Identification, mapping, and application of a chromosome-specific RAPD marker from Haynaldia villosa].

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on common wheat of Chinese Spring, addition lines of H. villosa chromosome in CS and H. villosum from different accessions with 100 random 10-base primers. A chromosome-specific polymorphic DNA segment for H. villosa, OPF02(750), was obtained from all addition lines of H. villosa chromosome in CS and H. villosum which belong to different accessions. The result amplified by primer OPF02 of all addition lines of H. villosa chromosome in CS indicated that all the seven pairs of H. villosa chromosomes contain OPF02(750) segment. There was no OPF02(750) in all Triticum aestivum and T. durum tested. Using OPF02, We confirmed that NAU302, an addition line of H. villosa chromosome 3V, had lost its chromosome 3V of H. villosa. Therefore, OPF02(750) is specific to chromosomes of H. villosa, and could be used as a molecular marker for detection of chromosome of H. villosa in wheat.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2002

Pistillody, homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures, caused by nuclear-cytoplasm interaction in wheat.

Homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures (pistillody) has been observed in a cytoplasmic substitution (alloplasmic) line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Norin 26, which has the cytoplasm of a wild relative species, Aegilops crassa L. On the other hand, an alloplasmic line of wheat cv. Chinese Spring (CS) with Ae. crassa cytoplasm has normal flowers. This is due to the presence in the CS nucleus of a fertility-restoring gene, Rfd1. Deletion mapping analysis revealed that Rfd1 is located on the middle part of the long arm of chromosome 7B. To investigate the function of the Rfd1 gene by a loss-of-function strategy, we produced alloplasmic lines of CS ditelosomic 7BS [(cr)-CSdt7BS] and CS monotelodisomic 7BS [(cr)-CSmd7BS] with the Ae. crassa cytoplasm, and characterized their phenotypes. The line (cr)-CSdt7BS without Rfd1 exhibited pistillody in all florets, and also female sterility. Scanning electron microscopy of the young spikes revealed that the pistillody was induced at an early stage of stamen development. The pistillate stamens often developed incomplete ovule-like structures with integuments instead of tapetum and pollen grains. It is possible that MADS box genes are associated with the induction of pistillody, because the expression of wheat APETALA3 homologue (WAP3) was reduced in the young spikes of (cr)-CSdt7BS. In addition, a histological study indicated that the female sterility in (cr)-CSdt7BS is due to the abnormality of the ovule, which fails to form an inner epidermis and integuments in the chalaza region. The line (cr)-CSmd7BS, hemizygous for Rfd1, showed partial pistillody (51%) and restored female fertility up to 72%. These results suggest that the induction of both pistillody and ovule deficiency caused by the Ae. crassa cytoplasm is inhibited by the Rfd1 gene in a dose-dependent manner.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ph1 gene derived from Aegilops speltoides induces homoeologous chromosome pairing in wide crosses of Triticum aestivum.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the PhI gene transferred from Aegilops speltoides into bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS) in inducing homoeologous chromosome pairing in interspecific crosses using the Chinese Spring line, CS(PhI), carrying the gene. Chinese Spring, as well as CS(PhI), were crossed as female parents with three accessions of Ae. kotschyi (UUSS), one accession of Secale cereale (RR), two amphiploids of Triticum durum-Ae. caudata (AABBCC), and one amphiploid of Triticum durum-Ae. umbellulata (AABBUU). Meiotic metaphase I chromosome pairing was studied in all the interspecific crosses with CS as well as CS(PhI). There was significant increase in chiasma frequency in all the crosses with CS(PhI) over those with CS. The extent of induced homoeologous chromosome pairing by PhI in crosses of CS(PhI) with S. cereale was higher than with those of Ae. kotschyi, as indicated by higher chiasma frequency per pollen mother cell. Significant reduction in frequency of univalents and increase in bivalents (>14), multivalents, and chiasma frequency in crosses of amphiploids with CS(PhI) as compared to those of CS indicated induced homoeologous pairing between C and D, D and U, and C, D, and U genomes with AB genomes in the presence of PhI. The results of the present study unequivocally demonstrate the effectiveness of PhI gene transferred from Ae. speltoides in hexaploid wheat in inducing homoeologous chromosome pairing and suggest that the line CS(PhI) can be effectively used for precise transfer of useful alien genetic variations with least linkage drag.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Characterization of B- and C-type low molecular weight glutenin subunits by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) are typically subdivided into three groups, according to their molecular weights and isoelectric points, namely the B-, C-, and D groups. Enriched B- and C-type LMW-GS fractions extracted from the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) directly interfaced with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and HPLC coupled off-line with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, in order to ascertain the number and relative molecular masses of the components present in each fraction and determine the number of cysteine residues. About 70 components were detected in each of the fractions examined by the combined use of these two techniques, with 18 components common to both fractions. Analysis of the fractions after alkylation with 4-vinylpyridine allowed determination of the number of the cysteines present in about 40 subunits. The proteins detected were tentatively classified based on the relative molecular masses and number of cysteine residues. Cross-contamination was found in both B- and C- fractions, along with the presence of D-type LMW-GS. The two fractions also contained unexpected components, probably lipid transfer proteins and omega-gliadins. The presence of extensive microheterogeneity was suggested by the detection of several co-eluting proteins with minor differences in their molecular masses.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2005

Development and characterization of wheat- Leymus racemosus translocation lines with resistance to Fusarium Head Blight.

Wheat scab (Fusarium Head Blight, FHB) is a destructive disease in the warm and humid wheat-growing areas of the world. Finding diverse sources of FHB resistance is critical for genetic diversity of resistance for wheat breeding programs. Leymus racemosus is a wild perennial relative of wheat and is highly resistant to FHB. Three wheat- L. racemosus disomic addition (DA) lines DA 5 Lr#1, DA 7 Lr#1 and DALr.7 resistant to FHB were used to develop wheat- L.racemosus translocation lines through irradiation and gametocidal gene-induced chromosome breakage. A total of nine wheat-alien translocation lines with wheat scab resistance were identified by chromosome C-banding, GISH, telosomic pairing and RFLP analyses. In line NAU 614, the long arm of 5 Lr#1 was translocated to wheat chromosome 6B. Four lines, NAU 601, NAU 615, NAU 617, and NAU 635, had a part of the short arm of 7 Lr#1 transferred to different wheat chromosomes. Four other lines, NAU 611, NAU 634, NAU 633, and NAU 618, contained translocations involving Leymus chromosome Lr.7 and different wheat chromosomes. The resistance level of the translocation lines with a single alien chromosome segment was higher than the susceptible wheat parent Chinese Spring but lower than the alien resistant parent L. racemosus. At least three resistance genes in L. racemosus were identified. One was located on chromosome Lr.7, and two could be assigned to the long arm of 5 Lr#1 and the short arm of 7 Lr#1.

Chromosome Banding↗

PubMed2000

RFLP-based analysis of three RbcS subfamilies in diploid and polyploid species of wheat.

The RbcS multigene family of hexaploid (bread) wheat, Triticum aestivum (genome BBAADD), which encodes the small subunit of Rubisco, comprises at least 22 genes. Based on their 3' non-coding sequences, these genes have been classified into four subfamilies (SFs), of which three (SF-2, SF-3 and SF-4) are located on chromosomes of homoeologous group 2 and one (SF-1) on homoeologous group 5. In the present study we hybridized three RbcS subfamily-specific probes (for SF-1, SF-2 and SF-3) to total DNA digested with four restriction enzymes and analyzed the RFLP patterns of these subfamilies in eight diploid species of Aegilops and Triticum, and in two tetraploid and one hexaploid species of wheat (the diploid species are the putative progenitors of the polyploid wheats). The three subfamilies varied in their level of polymorphism, with SF-2 being the most polymorphic in all species. In the diploids, the order of polymorphism was SF-2 > SF-3 > SF-1, and in the polyploids SF-2 > SF-1 > SF-3. The RbcS genes of the conserved SF-1 were previously reported to have the highest expression levels in all the wheat tissues studied, indicating a negative correlation between polymorphism and gene expression. Among the diploids, the species with the D and the S genomes were the most polymorphic and the A-genome species were the least polymorphic. The polyploids were less polymorphic than the diploids. Within the polyploids, the A genome was somewhat more polymorphic than the B genome, while the D genome was the most conserved. Among the diploid species with the A genome, the RFLP pattern of T. urartu was closer to that of the A genome of the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS) than to that of T. monococcum. The pattern in Ae. tauschii was similar to that of the D genome of CS. Only partial resemblance was found between the RFLP patterns of the species with the S genome and the B genome of CS.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1988

Linked sucrose synthase genes in group-7 chromosomes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

A cDNA library from developing wheat endosperm was screened for sucrose-synthase clones using a maize cDNA probe corresponding to the Sh1 locus under non-stringent conditions. Five positive clones were isolated and initially classified into two types on the basis of their relative ability to hybridize with the probe and of their partial restriction maps. Determination of the nucleotide sequences indicated homology between the two types of wheat clones, with type 1 showing higher homology to the maize Sh1 locus than to type-2 sequences. The inserts cloned in plasmids pST8 (type 1) and pST3 (type 2) were used as probes to determine the chromosomal locations of the two types of genes. DNAs from compensated nulli-tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines of wheat cultivar Chinese Spring were cleaved with EcoRI and analysed in Southern blots. DNA segments of the two types were thus identified in the short arms of chromosomes 7A, 7D, and, possibly, 7B. The two types of linked loci have been designated Ss1 and Ss2, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1978

[Nutrient composition of some newly bred high protein and/or high lysine grains and their digestibility determined on growing pigs].

With the view to complementing the feedstuff data store and, consequently, to further improving the GDR Feed Evaluation System, some newly bred high-protein and/or high-lysine cereal varieties and strains (spring barley, winter wheat, maize) were studied for their nutrient composition and digestibility. Apart from from WEENDER's feed analysis technique, more recent methods were applied to determine total fat (after HCl treatment), carbohydrates (enzymatic method), lignin and amino acids. The digestibility of the nutrients was determined using growing pigs of different live weight, the test rations being made up of the cereals under and supplementations of limiting amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals. In comparison with the values from currently applied tables, the newly bred strains and varieties proved to have markedly higher contents of crude protein, digestible crude protein, lysine and energetic feed equivalents. Compared to crude fat, the total fat values proved markedly higher in the barley and wheat samples. The readily soluble and easily hydrolizable carbohydrates found with the new analysis procedure suggested, were 100% digestible in all cereal samples used. Lignin proved the constituent most difficult to digest and must be regarded as virtually undigestible in the case of pigs.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1995

Detection of maize DNA sequences amplified in wheat.

Genomic in situ hybridization to somatic metaphase chromosomes of hexaploid wheat cv. Chinese Spring using biotinylated maize genomic DNA as a probe revealed the existence of amplified maize DNA sequences in five pairs of chromosomes. The in situ hybridization sites were located on chromosomes 1A, 7A, 2B, 3B, and 7B. One pair of in situ hybridization sites was also observed in hexaploid oat. The locations and sizes of in situ hybridization sites varied among progenitor species.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2001

Barley chromosome addition lines of wheat for screening of AFLP markers on barley chromosomes.

We conducted AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis with the six wheat-barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring. We analyzed the AFLP fingerprints generated by 36 combinations of selective-amplification primers to find 103 markers specific to the barley chromosomes (2.9 markers per combination on average). The numbers of AFLP markers mapped to the barley chromosomes varied (one to 16) depending of the primer combinations. Each barley chromosome had 10 to 27 AFLP markers (17.2 markers on average). We identified the chromosome arms in which these markers are located using the barley telocentric addition lines (one to 20 markers per chromosome arm). The AFLP markers were not distributed evenly among chromosomes and chromosome arms. We could not determine the chromosome-arm locations for some of the barley-specific markers, either because such markers were found in both the short- and long-arm telocentric lines, or in neither line.

Chromosomes↗

PubMed2002

Effectiveness of spinosad on four classes of wheat against five stored-product insects.

Spinosad is a commercial reduced-risk pesticide that is naturally derived. Spinosad's performance was evaluated on four classes of wheat (hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red winter, and durum wheats) against adults of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.); rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); and larvae of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Beetle adults (25) or P. interpunctella eggs (50) were exposed to untreated wheat and wheat treated with spinosad at 0.1 and 1 mg (AI)/kg of grain. On all untreated wheat classes, adult beetle mortality ranged from 0 to 6%, and P. interpunctella larval mortality ranged from 10 to 19%. The effects of spinosad on R. dominica and P. interpunctella were consistent across all wheat classes. Spinosad killed all exposed R. dominica adults and significantly suppressed progeny production (84-100%) and kernel damage (66-100%) at both rates compared with untreated wheat. Spinosad was extremely effective against P. interpunctella on all wheat classes at 1 mg/kg, based on larval mortality (97.6-99.6%), suppression of egg-to-adult emergence (93-100%), and kernel damage (95-100%), relative to similar effects on untreated wheats. The effects of spinosad on S. oryzae varied among wheat classes and between spinosad rates. Spinosad was effective against S. oryzae, O. surinamensis and T. castaneun only on durum wheat at 1 mg/kg. Our results suggest spinosad to be a potential grain protectant for R. dominica and P. interpunctella management in stored wheat.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Identification of microsatellite markers in the rye genome.

The rye genomic library, which consists of DNA fragments in the range of 0.5-1.1 kb, was screened for the presence of tri-and tetranucleotide and compound microsatellites. Of the 1,600,000 clones analysed, 102 clones were positive and 41 were suitable for SSR primer pair design. Twenty-six primer pairs amplified specific products, and six of them were capable of detecting polymorphism among 30 rye accessions of different genetic backgrounds. Using a set of Chinese Spring-Imperial wheat-rye addition lines, it was possible to locate 3 newly identified microsatellites on chromosomes 3R, 4R and 7R.

Chromosomes, Plant↗

PubMed2000

[Dynamics of soil P pool in a long-term fertilizing experiment of wheat-maize rotation. II. Dynamics of soil Olsen-P and inorganic P].

Studies on the dynamics of soil Olsen-P and different form inorganic P in the long-term fertilizing experiment of winter wheat-summer maize-->spring maize rotation showed that the contents of Olsen-P and inorganic P were changed by the accumulation and consumption of P in soil. In P0 treatments, Olsen-P decreased gradually, and then, trended to the critical level. When fertilizing amount was basically equal to the intake by crops, the balance of Olsen-P was dynamically maintained. The contents of Olsen-P and inorganic P were enhanced, when applied P was larger than the P intake by crops. The major contents of residual inorganic P were Ca2-P and Ca8-P, both accounting for 52.3% of total inorganic P in average, and Ca8-P accounting for 78.3%. Al-P and Fe-P accounted for 26.1%, and O-P and Ca10-P accounted for 20.4% of total inorganic P. The availability of fertilizer P was obviously increased by long-term applying fertilizer P together with manure, compared with applying fertilizer P alone.

China↗

PubMed2003

[The effect of genotypes of parental rye lines on the development of quantitative traits in primary octoploid Triticale: spike fertility].

The number of seeds and seed setting in the main spike were studied in primary octoploid triticale obtained from crosses between the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and 66 inbred rye lines. In some rye lines, the mutations of self-fertility were identified in the S, Z, or T incompatibility loci. The number of seeds was determined under controlled self-pollination of the main spike. In the set of triticale examined, each trait exhibited high variation. Hence, the rye lines were suggested to carry gene alleles both increasing and decreasing these traits in triticale. All the traits studied were significantly influenced by environmental conditions. Ten triticale lines were identified, which had the largest seed setting under self-pollination. Seven out of ten samples with the high number of seeds carried mutations in the T locus and in the three samples, the unidentified self-fertility mutations were present. The triticale lines with mutations in the S and Z loci displayed much lower self-fertility on average. The ways and means of identifying and mapping the rye gene responsible for distinctions between the triticale quantitative traits are discussed.

Crosses, Genetic↗