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PubMed1951

[Nomenclature].

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Names↗
PubMed2004

The evaluation of the results of clinical trials: surrogate end points and composite end points.

The evaluation of the clinical outcome of patients enrolled in randomised controlled studies should always be accurate and objective. The methods used to assess and report patients' results must consequently be indicated a priori in the design of the clinical experimentation. Major (hard) individual end points currently constitute the gold standard in the definition of outcome measures, yet surrogate and composite end points are spreading diffusely as alternative/complementary outcome measures. Surrogate end points are minor outcome measures that are easier to record and are being adopted instead of major end points. They may be considered acceptable substitutes of hard end points when capable of predicting major events reliably, and when it may be demonstrated that the intervention on such surrogate end points consistently modifies the incidence of the event. In other cases they cannot represent predictive elements of major clinical outcomes. Composite (combined) primary end points may contribute to improve the statistical precision of a clinical trial; moreover, since clinical trials are particularly expensive, their identification permits more limited samples of patients to be enrolled. Their limits include the possibility that the direction in which the different outcome measures composing the combined end point are modified is not the same. Biomedical researchers are called upon to design studies adopting major (hard) end points, rather than solitary surrogate end points, in order to provide really useful information for the care of patients. The selection of composite end points requires notable methodological attention so as to retrieve the most reliable estimates on the efficacy and the effectiveness of treatments.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

A protocol for the update of references to scientific literature in biological databases.

Entries in biological databases are usually linked to scientific references. To generate those links and to keep them up-to-date, database maintainers have to continuously scan the scientific literature to select references that are relevant for each single database entry. The continuous growth of both the corpus of scientific literature and the size of biological databases makes this task very hard. We present a protocol intended to assist the updating of an existing set of literature (abstract) links from a single database entry with new references. It consists of taking the set of MEDLINE neighbour references of the existing linked abstracts and evaluating their relevance according to the existing set of abstracts. To test the applicability of the algorithm, we did a simple benchmark of the system using the references associated with the entries of a protein domain database. Human experts found the references that the algorithm scored highly were more relevant to the database entry than those scored lowly, suggesting that the algorithm was useful.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Really, is medical sublanguage that different? Experimental counter-evidence from tagging medical and newspaper corpora.

We compare the performance of two part-of-speech taggers trained on a German newspaper corpus for mixed types of medical documents. TnT, a tagger based on a statistical language model, outperforms Brill's rule-based tagger, and supplied with additional lexicon resources matches state-of-the-art performance figures (close to 97% accuracy) on the medical corpus. We explain this unexpected result by focusing on the statistically significant part-of-speech type overlap between the newspaper training set and the medical test set. At least at that level, sublanguage differences seem to vanish. Thus, statistical off-the-shelf part-of-speech taggers can immediately be reused for medical language processing

Natural Language Processing↗
PubMed2004

[Professionalism: changes in nursing nomenclature].

The nursing professional received different names until 1977 when the curriculum of nursing was established in the University. Up until that time, students enrolled in three different types of professional development designations: "Orderly", "Nurse" as such, and "Technical Health Assistant". From a professional perspective, the authors have made an analysis of the assimilation process of the new name and concept. The authors have studied the announcements of nursing events published in two professional magazines and have concluded that at the start, the adoption of this new name was very confusing among nursing professionals as well as the transmission and development of nursing subject matter.

Nursing↗