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Results for “Trained Immunity”

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PubMed2002

Leukocyte mitochondria alterations after aerobic exercise in trained human subjects.

UNLABELLED: Exercise is associated with intensity-dependent immune disturbances. Leukocyte mitochondrial alterations and apoptosis may contribute to this phenomenon. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different intensities of aerobic exercise (AE) on leukocyte mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) and the propensity of apoptosis. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 12 subjects who performed AE for 3 consecutive days (35% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)). Leukocyte MTP and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The subjects performed two additional sessions of AE of higher intensities (60% and 85% VO2max) with an intervening 4-wk washout period. The measurements were repeated during each session. RESULTS: Leukocyte MTP declined during daily, repetitive AE at an intensity of 60% and 85% VO2max. Similar changes were not found during a more moderate AE (35% VO2max). Leukocytes increased their propensity of apoptosis a period (3-5 d) after the start of the AE. CONCLUSION: High-intensity AE has accumulative effects on the mitochondrial energization status and vitality of peripheral blood leukocytes. Leukocyte MTP is a potentially applicable indicator for monitoring immune distress due to overtraining.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Effect of a herbal yeast food supplement and long-distance running on immunological parameters.

The effect of a food supplement on immunological parameters of 16 long-distance runners was tested in a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. The supplement comprised plasmolysed herbal yeast, malt, honey, and orange juice. No statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the following variables were detected at three sessions at rest and immediately after a 21 km run: total and differential white blood cell counts, numbers of B- and T-cells and T-subpopulations, concanavalin-A-induced lymphocyte proliferation, serum levels of immunoglobulins, neopterin, IL-2 receptors, beta 2-microglobulin, complement factor b, c4 and c3c, and c1-inactivator. These findings suggest that the effects of the tested food supplement on these parameters are negligible with respect to improvements in the immunological status of long-distance runners. The changes observed immediately after the run had a transient character. In both groups, however, low lymphocyte counts, IgG subclass 2 levels and c1-inactivator levels were noted at rest, which indicate that the immune status of endurance athletes may be affected by training.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response.

There is a high incidence of infections in athletes undergoing intense, prolonged training or participating in endurance races (e.g., the marathon), in particular, upper respiratory tract infections. Prolonged, exhaustive exercise can lower the plasma level of the amino acid, glutamine, which is an important fuel for some cells of the immune system and may have specific immunostimulatory effects. This could therefore be an important factor in the event of an impaired response of immune cells to opportunistic infections. The effects of feeding glutamine to sedentary individuals and to marathon and ultramarathon runners before and after prolonged, exhaustive exercise has been investigated in a series of studies that monitored the incidence of infections and some acute-phase response markers. Oral glutamine, compared with a placebo, appeared to have a beneficial effect on the incidence of infections reported by runners after a marathon.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Active cocaine immunization attenuates the discriminative properties of cocaine.

Anticocaine antibody, resulting from immunization with the cocaine-keyhole-limpet-hemocyanin (KLH) conjugate, weakened the ability of cocaine to act as a discriminative stimulus in rats. Subjects were given extensive training to discriminate 5.0 mg/kg of cocaine from saline prior to immunization. Several weeks following immunization with cocaine-KLH, subjects failed to reliably discriminate cocaine from saline. Nonimmunized control rats retained the ability to discriminate cocaine from saline throughout the experiment. These results further demonstrate that active immunization is effective in blunting cocaine effects. Immunized subjects were able to discriminate 20 mg/kg of cocaine, however, suggesting that anticocaine antibody may be overwhelmed by large cocaine doses.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccine administration by paramedics: a model for bioterrorism and disaster response preparation.

The events of 11 September 2001 have had a profound effect on disaster planning efforts in the United States. This is true especially in the area of bioterrorism. One of the major tenets of bioterrorism response is the vaccination of at-risk populations. This paper investigates the efficacy of training emergency medical services paramedics to administer vaccines in public health settings as preparation for and response to bioterrorism events and other disaster events. The concept of vaccination administration by specially trained paramedics is not new. Various programs to provide immunizations for emergency services personnel and at-risk civilian populations have been reported. Vaccination programs by paramedics should follow the guidelines of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This paper compares the seven standards of the CDC guidelines to routine paramedic practice and education. It is concluded that paramedics are adequately trained to administer vaccines. However, specific training and protocols are needed in the areas of administrative paperwork and patient education. A proposed outline for a paramedic-training program is presented.

Bioterrorism↗

PubMed1997

A national survey to understand why physicians defer childhood immunizations.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the causes of low childhood immunization rates based on physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported practices concerning childhood immunization. DESIGN: A standardized telephone survey conducted by trained interviewers. SETTING: Primary care physicians across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: A stratified random sample of office-based family physicians, pediatricians, and general practitioners younger than 65 years was selected from the American Medical Association master file list that includes nonmembers. Physicians seeing 5 or more patients per week younger than 6 years and having 50% or more primary care patients were eligible for study. Of 1769 eligible physicians who spoke directly with the interviewers, 70% (N = 1241) completed the questionnaire. INTERVENTIONS: The interview was designed to determine physicians' likelihood of recommending vaccination in common clinical scenarios and to probe reasons behind these decisions. RESULTS: Only 4% of physicians who thought the risk for side effects was increased by upper respiratory tract infection (URI) were likely to vaccinate a child with URI vs 55% of physicians who thought there would be no increased risk (P < .001). Eighty-three percent of those who thought the efficacy of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine would not be affected by a URI recommended vaccination vs only 8% of physicians who thought efficacy would decrease (P < .001). Some respondents (11%) would not administer 3 injectable vaccines simultaneously based on beliefs about side effects, parental objections, and vaccine efficacy. Physicians' likelihood of vaccination also varied by type of visit: 47% were less likely to vaccinate a child with a URI in an acute care as opposed to a well-child setting. CONCLUSION: Physicians' beliefs and practice policies materially influence their likelihood of recommending vaccinations.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1992

[Correction by physiotherapy of immune disorders in high-grade athletes].

It is well known that during intense training and competitions athletes show a remarkable reduction of their immunological responses. As a matter of fact, during these periods athletes very frequently (five to ten times more than average) fall ill. In order to correct this situation, in the USSR immunomodulator drugs are used together with high frequency electromagnetic waves which are applied on the body surface corresponding to the adrenal glands. In this way body desensitisation is accelerated. One hundred high-level athletes received an application of electromagnetic waves on the body surface corresponding to the thyroid gland and thymus, so as to lower glucocorticoid activity and activate lymphoid tissue. Indices of immunologic reactivity and hormonal levels after electromagnetic treatment were measured in all athletes.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2006

Nutritional strategies to counter stress to the immune system in athletes, with special reference to football.

Although epidemiological data indicate that athletes are at increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection during periods of heavy training and the 1 - 2 week period following endurance race events, there is very limited information on the responses to football training and match-play. For several hours after heavy exertion, components of both the innate (e.g. natural killer cell activity and neutrophil oxidative burst activity) and adaptive (e.g. T and B cell function) immune system exhibit suppressed function. Although such responses to football training and competition do not appear to be as pronounced, variations in immune cell numbers and function are reported in professional footballers over the course of a season. Attempts have been made through nutritional means (e.g. glutamine, vitamins C and E, and carbohydrate supplementation) to attenuate immune changes following intensive exercise and thus lower the risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Carbohydrate supplementation during heavy exercise has emerged as a partial countermeasure and attenuates increases in blood neutrophil counts, stress hormones, and inflammatory cytokines, but has little effect on decrements in salivary IgA output or natural killer cell function. Animal research indicates that other nutritional components such as beta-glucan, quercetin, and curcumin warrant human investigations to determine if they are effective countermeasures to exercise-induced immune dysfunction.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chiropractors' attitudes toward training in prevention: results of a survey of 492 U.S. chiropractors.

OBJECTIVE: To assist in assessing practicing DCs' attitudes toward and expressed needs for prevention-related training, particularly those topics most relevant to a primary care practice. DESIGN: Data were obtained from a mail survey of a random sample of 753 U.S. chiropractors. Data analysis included stratification and multiple logistic regression to examine the effects of gender, years of practice and chiropractic college attended on training, reported in 23 prevention topics. Responses were compared with those from a similar published survey of MDs. SETTING: The sampling frame was stratified into eight geographic regions with approximately equal numbers of DCs. PARTICIPANTS: The sampling frame consisted of chiropractors listed in the 1993-4 edition of the National Directory of Chiropractic. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 65.3%. Although 90.4% of respondents consider themselves primary care practitioners, a significantly fewer (p = .00) 78.5% reported adequate training as such in chiropractic college. Fewer women than men reported adequate training. Respondents with fewer years in practice reported more training in chiropractic college for fourteen of twenty-three prevention topics than respondents with more years in practice. Differences in reported training were detected among graduates of different chiropractic colleges in two topics: cancer detection and immunization, con aspect. Comparing this survey to that of MDs, more primary care MDs than DCs reported training in every topic. When training in addition to that in chiropractic college was reported, DCs reported training that more closely approximated primary care MDs. CONCLUSIONS: The self-reported information in this survey may provide some insight into respondents' perception of their education in prevention and their need for additional training. These findings indicate that although prevention training seems to be increasing in the chiropractic colleges, an apparent need exists for further emphasis on preventive care, particularly in areas most relevant to a primary care practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1975

Haloperidol-induced disruption of conditioned avoidance responding: attenuation by prior training or by anticholinergic drugs.

Rats injected daily with haloperidol (0.15 mg/kg) failed to acquire a one-way avoidance response over a 9 day period (10 trails/day). When these animals were subsequently tested without haloperidol, on the first drug-free day they preformed as well as animals given saline throughout the training period and significantly better than naive saline-treated animals on the first day of training. The performance of rats which were trained for two days before receiving haloperidol was only partly blocked by the drug, while animals trained for 9 days before drug administration were immune to the disruptive effects. Three anticholinergic (muscarinic) drugs, atropine (10 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg) and benztropine (2 mg/kg) significantly reversed the effect of haloperidol on the acquisition of the nigroneostriatal projection and support the view that this system is critically involved in the acquistion of learned instrumental responses. The nature of the avoidance deficit produced by these treatments is discussed with reference to the possibility that they selectively block the initiation of boluntary motor responses. According to this hypothesis, the failure of these teratments to disrupt escape responding may be due to the fact that the unconditioned stimulus generates reflexive motor responses (flinch, jump, etc.) which are sufficient to begin the motoric sequences that cannot be initiated voluntarily in response to the conditioned stimulus.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The content of AIDS counselling workshops for nursing students.

The need to train nurses to care for people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an important one. The need, also, to help them to develop counselling skills in this field is also vital. This paper reports the responses of 21 workers in the AIDS field (including nurse educators and teachers) to the question: 'If you were setting up an AIDS counselling course for nurses, what sorts of elements would you have in it?' The responses were content analysed and grouped into 8 categories. These were: information about AIDS; psychology and sociology; attitudinal issues; sexuality; personal issues; counselling; visits from other people and the history of AIDS. The issues within these 8 categories of content for an AIDS counselling skills course for nurses are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1995

Employee health and infection control.

Hospital employees are at risk for exposure to a variety of communicable diseases, which they may transmit to patients and other workers. The employee health service plays a critical role in an effective infection control program. In this article, we outline the major responsibilities of the employee health service and summarize key current recommendations for management of exposures.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed2001

Preserving and restoring behavioral potential within the spinal cord using an instrumental training paradigm.

We have shown that spinal cord neurons can support a simple form of instrumental learning. In a typical experiment, rats are spinalized at the second thoracic vertebra (T(2)) and given shock to one hindleg. One group (master) receives shock whenever the leg is extended. This response-contingent shock causes an increase in response duration that decreases net shock exposure. This instrumental learning is not observed in yoked controls that receive the same amount of shock independent of leg position (noncontingent shock). Interestingly, rats that have received noncontingent shock also fail to learn when they are subsequently exposed to response-contingent shock on either the ipsilateral or contralateral leg. Just 6 min of noncontingent nociceptive stimulation, applied to the leg or tail, undermines behavioral potential for up to 48 h. The present experiments explore whether a behavioral therapy can prevent and/or reverse this deficit. In experiment 1, spinalized rats received 30 min of training with contingent shock, noncontingent shock, or nothing prior to noncontingent tailshock. They were then tested with contingent shock to the contralateral hindleg. Rats that had received noncontingent shock alone failed to learn. Prior exposure to contingent shock had an immunizing effect that prevented the deficit. Experiment 2 examined whether training with contingent shock after noncontingent shock exposure would restore behavioral potential. To facilitate performance during contingent shock training, subjects were given an intrathecal injection of the opioid antagonist naltrexone, a drug treatment that temporarily blocks the expression of the behavioral deficit. Twenty-four hours later subjects were tested with contingent shock on either the ipsilateral or contralateral leg. We found that naltrexone combined with contingent shock therapy restored spinal cord function. Naltrexone alone had no effect. The results suggest that noncontingent nociceptive stimulation can undermine behavioral potential after spinal cord injury and that instrumental training can help preserve, and protect, spinal cord function.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Management of drug misusers in police custody.

Police surgeons are increasingly being asked by the police to assess whether drug misusers held in police custody are fit to be detained and fit for interview. There has been little published on how they manage these questions, furthermore the management appears to vary in different parts of the country. This study sets out to determine the attitudes and practise of police surgeons to the management of drug misusers in police custody. A questionnaire was sent to the full members of the Association of Police Surgeons of Great Britain (APSGB) in March 1993. It was found that police surgeons are very aware of the increasing drug problem, indeed 76% reported that they were seeing an increasing number of drug misusers. However, they exhibit significantly negative attitudes to drug misusers and there is no common practice for prescribing controlled drugs. Fifty-two per cent said that on average they notified no drug misusers each month. Seventy-six per cent of respondents said they had received a hepatitis B immunization. The majority of respondents called for more training on drug problems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for specific guidelines for police surgeons on the management of drug misusers in police custody to address the arbitrary nature of the current practice.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Frequency and determinants of breastfeeding in the State of São Paulo, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To meet the information need of Brazilian municipalities concerning breastfeeding practices as part of health care planning, a study was carried out to describe breastfeeding and to identify weaning-related factors. METHODS: Of all municipalities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, openly called to participate in the study, 84 joined in. Personnel underwent training to collect data during the national mass immunization day in 1998. A sample strategy, proportional to the infant population, was developed for each participant. Standardized questionnaires were applied to assess infant feeding practices in the previous 24 hours. Descriptive statistic analysis on breastfeeding prevalence and logistic regression analysis of risk factors for discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding of infants aged less than 4 months and weaning of infants aged less than a year were performed. RESULTS: Exclusive breastfeeding rates in the first four months of life were under 30%. The risk factors were: lower maternal education status; lack of access to the so-called "Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative"; primiparity; and early age pregnancy. Around 50% of children under a year old were breastfed. CONCLUSIONS: Lacks of access to the "Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative", primiparity, and mother's unemployment or engagement in an informal occupation activity were risk factors for weaning. Local breastfeeding rates are extremely variable in the State of São Paulo, reinforcing the importance of local, swift, and easily feasible health care actions.

Brazil↗

PubMed1993

Hepatitis B control in China: knowledge and practices among village doctors.

OBJECTIVES: To guide development of a hepatitis B control program in China, we investigated village doctors' sterilization practices, injection use, vaccination levels, and knowledge and counseling skills. METHODS: The head doctor from each village health station in a rural county (n = 260) completed a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 94.2% reported adequate sterilization of needles; however, inadequate sterilization of syringes and acupuncture needles was common. Injections were found to be frequent and profitable. Of head doctors, 16.2% reported that most infants in their villages are vaccinated against hepatitis B. There was very high knowledge of modes of hepatitis B transmission, but it was not used to formulate advice for a hypothetical carrier. Knowledge of the consequences, prevalence, and use of condoms to prevent sexual transmission was lower. CONCLUSIONS: The sterilization of acupuncture needles, reuse of syringes, and frequent injections are practices that may transmit the hepatitis B virus. Research into issues of vaccine acceptance is needed to expand immunization. A review of treatment practices and better training in counseling for village doctors is suggested.

Acupuncture Therapy↗

PubMed2005

Telemedicine for HIV/AIDS Care in Low Resource Settings.

Telemedicine is a way to support health care delivery in remote areas. With our telemedicine project the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, intended to facilitate the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for patients affected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in developing countries, providing training, distance support and education to healthcare providers working in those settings.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1976

Victim, victimizer: interaction in the psychotherapy of borderline patients.

Borderline and narcissistic patients suffuse relationships with intense pregenital aggression to which the therapist, despite his level of training or self-understanding, is not totally immune. Aggression is considered an energetic expression of the narcissistic defense against vulnerability. The therapist is subject to a continuing siege of projections and projective identifications. Vigilance against repetitive sadomasochistic interactions is a necessary and often wearying extension of therapeutic concern. Most necessary, too, is the willingness to make second efforts at understanding the patient's vulnerability. Such understanding comes from attentiveness to countertransference feelings.

Adult↗