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Results for “Weight Reduction Programs”

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At least 379 records · Page 21Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Left ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents: relations to cardiovascular fitness, percent body fat, and visceral adiposity, and effects of physical training.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the relations of fitness and fatness to left ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents. This project had 2 purposes: 1) to determine the correlations of cardiovascular fitness and adiposity to left ventricular parameters in obese adolescents; and 2) to see the effect of 8 months of physical training (PT) at low and high intensities. DESIGN: Obese 13- to 16-year-olds (N = 81) were tested at baseline and then randomly assigned to lifestyle education (LSE) alone, LSE plus moderate-intensity PT, or LSE plus high-intensity PT. Follow-up testing was conducted 8 months later. Because no significant differences were found between moderate-intensity and high-intensity PT, the groups were combined to form a LSE + PT group. INTERVENTION: Eight months of PT, offered 5 days per week with the target energy expenditure for all PT participants being 250 kcal/session, and LSE every 2 weeks. Outcome Measures. Left ventricular mass divided by height to the 2.7th power (LVM/Ht(2.7)), midwall fractional shortening (MFS), and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured using M-mode echocardiography. Cardiovascular fitness was measured by a maximal multistage treadmill test; percent body fat (%BF) with dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry; and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: At baseline, high levels of VAT were associated with higher RWT (r = 0.30) and lesser MFS (r = -0.29). Compared with the LSE-alone group, the LSE + PT group significantly improved in cardiovascular fitness and decreased in %BF and VAT. However, there were no significant differences between groups on changes in LVM/Ht(2.7), MFS, or RWT. Individual changes in cardiovascular fitness, %BF, and VAT did not correlate significantly with interindividual changes in left ventricular structure and function. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of VAT were associated with unfavorable left ventricular structure and function. However, no evidence was provided that an 8-month PT program, which improved cardiovascular fitness and reduced general and visceral adiposity, improved left ventricular structure and function. Future studies consisting of longer training programs and/or greater weight reductions are needed to see whether the adverse left ventricular effects of obesity can be ameliorated by exercise training.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of type 2 diabetes in children and discuss short-term and long-term management strategies. METHODS: We review the distinction among various types of diabetes mellitus as they apply to children. In addition, we discuss determining the precise diagnosis between the two major variants--type 1 and type 2 diabetes--and clinical management of type 2 diabetes in children. RESULTS: A dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in children has been noted, which is commensurate with an overall increase in obesity. In Arizona, this trend has been similar to that reported in Ohio and Arkansas. Glucose toxicity of the pancreas, which occurs with chronic hyperglycemia and impairs insulin secretion, may lead to manifestation of florid diabetic ketoacidosis and requires insulin therapy at diagnosis. For successful long-term management of type 2 diabetes in a child, a program that includes weight reduction must be implemented. CONCLUSION: Obesity-related diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in children. Physicians responsible for the care for pediatric patients should be aware of this trend and should become familiar with management strategies for type 2 diabetes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Strategies for weight control success in adults.

Recent evidence demonstrates that only about 5% of individuals embarking on a weight loss program show lasting weight reduction. While many weight loss strategies have demonstrated poor results, some combinations of approaches have been successful. Empirical evidence demonstrates that certain conceptual approaches can contribute to the development of strategies to facilitate weight loss. This manuscript addresses three conceptual approaches that direct intervention strategies. Cognitive-behavioral strategies are directed toward modification of eating behaviors, and the social-contextual approach is directed toward the social and partnership approach to intervention. Biophysical strategies that have demonstrated success in weight loss include the effect of dietary restriction and exercise on weight loss. Using this synthesis of empirical evidence for success in weight loss, practitioners can develop individually tailored intervention strategies for their clients.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Dieting and depression: a critical review.

Investigations of affective changes during weight reduction have produced sharply conflicting results. Studies conducted through the 1950s and 1960s indicated that weight reduction was accompanied by a high incidence of affective disturbance ranging from simple dysphoria to clinical depression and psychosis. More recently, studies of behavioral programs have suggested that weight reduction may actually improve mood. A critical and systematic review of the literature revealed that the conflicting evidence is best explained by differences in mood assessment. The method of mood assessment consistently predicted the affective changes observed in previous reports. Other variables previously thought to influence affective response to weight reduction, including duration of treatment and weight loss, did not independently predict outcome.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1991

Profiling overweight patients in the U.S. Navy: health conditions and costs.

The U.S.A. has the distinction of being the "fattest" nation in the world, with an estimated 34 million obese citizens. Of grave concern is the reported finding that obesity contributes to 20% of the annual mortality rate, primarily for such conditions as diabetes mellitus, digestive diseases, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. In 1982, the Navy initiated the "Health and Physical Readiness Program" in order to establish body fat percentages and physical conditioning standards and to provide Navy personnel with weight reduction and other health promotion programs. Participation in such programs is expected to help overweight personnel solve their weight problems and reduce the risks of obesity-related conditions. The purpose of this study was (1) to identify the health conditions recorded in a sample of U.S. Navy enlisted men who had been diagnosed as obese during one or more of their admissions to a Naval hospital from 1974 through 1984, (2) to determine whether these disorders correspond with those reported in the scientific literature, and (3) to examine the obesity-related costs in terms of numbers of days hospitalized and career outcome. The patient population consisted of 518 U.S. Navy enlisted men who were given a primary diagnosis of obesity and 1,092 who received a secondary or additional diagnosis of obesity on at least one of their inpatient medical records between 1974 and 1984. A 10% sample of Navy male patients, all of whom had not been diagnosed as obese, was selected as a comparison group (n = 30,829). All diagnoses (ICD-9) for each hospitalization were included in the data compilations; however, each unique diagnosis was only counted once.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2001

New approach for weight reduction by a combination of diet, light resistance exercise and the timing of ingesting a protein supplement.

We have reported that ingesting a meal immediately after exercise increased skeletal muscle accretion and less adipose tissue accumulation in rats employed in a 10 week resistance exercise program. We hypothesized that a possible increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) as a result of the larger skeletal muscle mass might be responsible for the less adipose deposition. Therefore, the effect of the timing of a protein supplement after resistance exercise on body composition and the RMR was investigated in 17 slightly overweight men. The subjects participated in a 12-week weight reduction program consisting of mild energy restriction (17% energy intake reduction) and a light resistance exercise using a pair of dumbbells (3-5 kg). The subjects were assigned to two groups. Group S ingested a protein supplement (10 g protein, 7 g carbohydrate, 3.3 g fat and one-third of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamins and minerals) immediately after exercise. Group C did not ingest the supplement. Daily intake of both energy and protein was equal between the two groups and the protein intake met the RDA. After 12 weeks, the bodyweight, skinfold thickness, girth of waist and hip and percentage bodyfat significantly decreased in the both groups, however, no significant differences were observed between the groups. The fat-free mass significantly decreased in C, whereas its decrease in S was not significant. The RMR and post-meal total energy output significantly increased in S, while these variables did not change in C. In addition, the urinary nitrogen excretion tended to increase in C but not in S. These results suggest that the RMR increase observed in S might be associated with an increase in body protein synthesis.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

HDL-cholesterol levels in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) by the MRFIT Research Group 1,2.

Preliminary data from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) have been examined for evidence that the program has an influence on plasma HDL-cholesterol. The overall mean level of this lipoprotein in the initial cohort of 1,084 men was not altered by two years of participation in this risk factor reduction project. However, changes did occur, both upwards and downwards, in some individuals. There were significant negative associations between change in HDL-cholesterol and changes in body mass, VLDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and serum thiocyanate (a measure of cigarette smoking exposure); and there was a small positive association with change in reported alcohol intake. Multiple regression analysis revealed each of these associations to be independent of the others. The fat-controlled diet designed to lower total serum cholesterol did not decrease HDL-cholesterol levels. We conclude that conventional risk reduction programs are not likely to lower circulating HDL-cholesterol, and that program components such as weight reduction and smoking cessation may increase the levels.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2005

Web based Health Education, E-learning, for weight management.

Obesity is a major health problem across the United States and becoming a progressive world wide problem. An overweight person could access the weight management program and develop a personalized weight reduction plan. The customer enters specific data to personalize the program and in the future an artificial intelligence program can evaluate customer behavior and adjust accordingly. This is an on-line program with class room support, offered as back up when desired by the patient.

Education, Distance↗

PubMed1999

A dietitian-delivered group nutrition program leads to reductions in dietary fat, serum cholesterol, and body weight: the Worcester Area Trial for Counseling in Hyperlipidemia (WATCH).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a dietitian-based nutrition counseling and education program for patients with hyperlipidemia. DESIGN: A 4-session program implemented as a complement to a randomized physician-delivered intervention. SUBJECTS/SETTING: From 12 practice sites of the Fallon Clinic, 1,162 subjects with hyperlipidemia were recruited, 645 of whom had data sufficient for our primary analyses. INTERVENTION: Two individual and 2 group sessions conducted over 6 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total and saturated fat levels; serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels; and body weight, measured at baseline and after 1 year. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate changes in outcome measures. RESULTS: After 1 year, there were significant reductions in outcome measures for subjects attending 3 or 4 nutrition sessions vs subjects attending fewer than 3 sessions or those never referred to a nutrition session. Reductions (mean +/- standard error) in saturated fat (measured as percent of energy) were 2.7 +/- 0.5%, 2.1 +/- 0.5%, and 0.3 +/- 0.1%, respectively. These reductions correspond to roughly a 22% relative change from baseline in those attending 3 or 4 sessions. Corollary reductions were observed for total fat (measured as percent of energy): 8.2 +/- 1.4%, 5.0 +/- 1.4%, and 0.7 +/- 0.4%; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: 0.48 +/- 0.11 mmol/L, 0.13 +/- 0.11 mmol/L, and 0.02 +/- 0.03 mmol/L; and body weight: 4.5 +/- 0.9 kg, 2.1 +/- 0.8 kg, and 1.1 +/- 0.2 kg. The specified changes were additive to those of the physician-delivered intervention. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: This investigation provides empirical data demonstrating the effectiveness of a dietitian-delivered intervention in the care of patients with hyperlipidemia.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Clinical, hormonal and biochemical changes after treatment with metformin and weight reduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome].

AIM OF THE STUDY: to compare the clinical, hormonal and biochemical changes after the application of the two ways of influence upon insulin resistance in women with PCOS - reduction of weight and application of metformin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is an open, 6 months, prospective study, including 60 women with PCOS, divided in two groups. The first group (n=35) received 1700 mg metformin (M) per day. The second group (n =25) was put on a low caloric diet (1200-1400 kcal) for reduction of weight. The following anthropological and clinical parameters have been checked in the beginning and at the end of the study - weight, BMI, frequency of menstruation, waist to hip ratio, hirsutismus, defined by the Ferriman-Gallwey index. The following hormonal parameters have been studied as well - testosterone, SHBG, insulin, DHEAS, LH and FSH. FAI and HOMAIR have also been determined. RESULTS: A considerable improvement in the frequency of menstruation has been noticed in both groups, while hirsutism has been influenced positively mostly in the group, where M is applied. In group 2 the clinical improvement is directly connected with the percent of weight reduction. In group 1 the clinical changes depend on the degree of influence over insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: The higher BMI is, the more likely to expect is an effect over the menstruation cycle, due to weight reduction, than to M application or to the increase dosage of the drug. In cases of women with expressed hirsutism, it is more appropriate to apply M as a monotherapy or in combination with programs for body-weight reduction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Psychological responses of obese type II diabetic subjects to very-low-calorie diet.

OBJECTIVE: Very-low-calorie diets have been shown to produce dramatic improvements in glycemic control in obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. There have been no studies of the psychological responses of diabetic subjects to these diets. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study examined changes in hunger, depression, and anxiety in 33 obese type II diabetic subjects who were randomly assigned to behavior modification programs that used either a balanced diet of 4185-6277 J/day (1000-1500 cal/day) throughout or included an 8-wk period of a very-low-calorie diet (1674 J/day or 400 cal/day of lean meat, fish, or fowl). Subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Spielberger State Anxiety Questionnaire, and self-report measures of hunger frequently throughout the 20-wk program. RESULTS: Both groups experienced significant improvements in depressive symptomatology, anxiety, and lessening of hunger during the course of the program, with no significant differences observed between the balanced diet and the very-low-calorie diet groups. CONCLUSIONS: Very-low-calorie diets, used in the context of a behavioral weight-control program, result in reductions in hunger and improvements in mood state comparable to those observed on more moderate weight-loss regimens.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Dietary approaches to the treatment of obesity.

According to the National Institute of Health guidelines for the treatment of overweight and obesity, the most important element in a weight loss program is the reduction in energy intake. Reducing the fat content of the diet and increasing physical activity without restricting energy intake are relatively inefficient methods of weight loss. Because individuals tend to consume a constant weight of food, the decrease in energy intake on a reduced-fat diet is likely related to the lower energy density of the diet. Diets of low energy density, which are typically low in fat and rich in complex carbohydrates, allow individuals to consume satisfying portions of food while reducing their energy intake. Because a wide variety of foods can be included in a diet that is low in energy density, this type of diet encourages the adoption of life-long eating habits that are integral to the maintenance of weight loss and the prevention of weight gain.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Family versus individually oriented intervention for weight loss in Mexican American women.

Mexican Americans are more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic whites, yet little research has been conducted on the treatment of obesity in Mexican Americans. The purpose of this study was to compare a family-based intervention with a traditional program oriented to the individual for achieving weight loss by obese Mexican American women. A total of 168 obese women were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 served as a comparison group and received only printed materials on nutrition, exercise, and behavioral principles for weight loss. Subjects in the individual group (group 2) received the same printed information, but they also attended classes led by bilingual registered dietitians. Subjects in the family group (group 3) received materials and attended classes that emphasized a family-oriented approach to making changes in eating habits and exercise behavior. Spouses and children attended classes with subjects in this group. Results revealed a significant linear trend in both body mass index and weight reduction across the groups, with losses greatest in the family group, followed by the individual group, and least in the comparison group. Both the individual and the family groups lost significantly more weight than the comparison group, although the difference between these two groups was not statistically significant. The results suggest that a culturally and linguistically appropriate program can achieve significant weight reduction among Mexican Americans. More research should be conducted on the effects of family and other types of social support on weight loss by Mexican Americans.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

A review of current weight management: research and recommendations.

PURPOSE: To review current research and recommendations on weight loss and weight control and provide suggestions for health care providers who furnish weight management counseling. DATA SOURCES: Scientific publications, clinical guidelines, and government sources. CONCLUSIONS: Research reaffirms the long-held understanding that weight loss can be accomplished only through a reduction in the number of calories consumed and an increase in exercise. Weight maintenance requires life-long behavioral change combining moderate exercise, lower fat intake, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as social support. Fad diets and medications are not the answer to long-term weight maintenance. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The essential components of a weight loss or weight management program include: calorie reduction of 300-500 calories per day, appropriate exercise, variety in food choices, increased consumption of grains, fruits, and vegetables, and reduction of fat to no more than 30% of daily calories. Clients should be referred to dietitian and exercise consultants as needed.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed2002

Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on Large White turkey breeder hens: 3. Body and carcass composition.

Large White turkey breeder hens were used to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent body and carcass composition. The four feed treatments were 1) ad libitum fed throughout the study (CC), 2) feed restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), 3) feed restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), and 4) feed restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that RC and RR hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of each restriction period, hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Restricted fed hens had increased moisture levels at 16 and 30 wk and decreased fat levels at 16, 30, 39, and 54 wk (P < or = 0.05). Absolute and relative weights of the pectoralis major muscle were greater in hens fed ad libitum through 43 wk (P < or = 0.05). There were no differences in the number of maturing yellow follicles due to treatment. However, restricted fed hens had higher peak egg production during early lay but decreased subsequent and cumulative egg production. Changes in egg production were associated with changes in breast muscle weight. Prolactin levels were greater in hens in-production compared to hens out-of-production; however, there were no differences due to feed treatment. In conclusion, further research on quantitative feed-restriction programs, which result in body weight reductions as described in this study, should address specific physiological and nutritional requirements and not be implemented as general programs.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Persistence of normotension after discontinuation of lifestyle intervention in the trial of TONE. Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss and sodium reduction programs are effective in treating hypertension, but there is little information about the persistence of the benefit after discontinuation of the intervention. METHODS: The Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE) was a four-center controlled clinical trial of weight loss, reduced sodium intake, or both in maintaining normotension after withdrawal of antihypertensive drug therapy in older men and women whose hypertension was controlled with a single antihypertensive medication. Information on maintenance of normotension without need for drug therapy was obtained on 222 of 223 participants at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School clinical center on average of 48.4 months (range 45 to 54 months) after the end of TONE. RESULTS: At the end of TONE follow-up, 43% of participants in the combined intervention group were off medication compared with 25% in the usual care group (P = .011). At 48 months after the end of TONE and discontinuation of contact of the participants with the clinical center, 23% of the combined intervention group v 7% in the usual care group were off medication (P = .012). CONCLUSIONS: Some benefits of structured dietary intervention appears to persist long term in a significant number of patients after discontinuation of the intervention.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein after weight reduction in obese premenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: Several studies support the hypothesis that oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) promotes atherogenesis. Obesity is one of the risk factors of atherosclerosis, but it is not known whether obesity is related to LDL oxidation. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: We investigated the effect of weight reduction and subsequent weight maintenance program on LDL oxidation in 77 obese premenopausal women (BMI 29-46 kg/m(2)). Another group of seven obese women served as a control group. Oxidized LDL was measured as baseline concentration of conjugated dienes in LDL lipids (ox-LDL). The weight reduction was performed in 12 weeks, using a very-low-energy diet. RESULTS: The mean weight loss was 13 kg (92 vs 79 kg). During weight reduction, the concentration of LDL cholesterol decreased by 11%, the concentration of ox-LDL decreased by 40%, and the ratio of ox-LDL to LDL by 33%. The concentration of LDL antioxidant capacity (LDL-TRAP) decreased by 8%, but the decrease was caused by the decrease in LDL. The concentration of LDL, ox-LDL or LDL-TRAP did not change in the control group. The weight reduction correlated with the decrease of ox-LDL. During the subsequent 9 month weight maintenance programme, the concentrations of serum LDL (10%), ox-LDL (11%), LDL-TRAP (29%), and the ratio of LDL-TRAP to LDL (21%) decreased. CONCLUSION: This study strengthens the evidence that the risk of atherogenesis is influenced favourably by weight reduction in obese women. This risk reduction is associated with a reduced oxidation of LDL.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Community programs for obesity prevention: the Minnesota Heart Health Program.

Community intervention strategies for obesity that were developed and evaluated in the Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP) are described. The MHHP was a 13-year research and demonstration project involving 6 communities that was designed to evaluate whether a sustained multicomponent education campaign could reduce population-wide risk factors for cardiovascular disease. MHHP weight control activities included adult education classes for weight control, exercise, and cholesterol reduction, a worksite weight control program, a home correspondence course for weight loss and a weight gain prevention program. In separate component evaluation studies each of the programs was shown to facilitate favorable changes in weight among individuals choosing to participate in them. Compared to more intensive interventions, weight changes produced by these methods were modest in magnitude, but the number of individuals participating in some of them was quite large. The overall effects of the MHHP program on population levels of obesity were disappointing. Over 7 years of intervention there was a strong upward trend in weight in all communities, independent of age, demographics, smoking habits, or other potential confounding variables. This trend was not different in communities receiving education than in comparison communities. Possible reasons for these results are discussed.

Adult↗