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PubMed1995

Changes induced by zinc on thyroxine deiodination by rat liver in vivo and in vitro.

The effects of in vivo administration or in vitro addition of zinc on 5'-deiodination of thyroxine (T4) and the concentration of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NPSH) in rat liver were studied in 200-240 g body weight male Wistar rats. Twelve rats were injected i.p. with zinc sulphate 2 mg/kg body weight 24 h before the experiments were started. Animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the liver was immediately removed and homogenized. Dithiothreitol (DTT) (0, 2.5, 5 or 10 mM, final concentration) and 1 microCi 125I-T4 were added to homogenates. For the in vitro studies, animals were killed by cervical dislocation and the liver removed and added zinc or cadmium (2.5 or 5 mM) plus DTT and labelled T4. Homogenates were incubated for 90 min at 37 degrees C and thereafter chromatographed in Whatman 1 paper. Zinc-injected rats had a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in T4 deiodination and in the generation of iodine (P < 0.02) and T3 (P < 0.05). In the in vitro studies, both zinc and cadmium reduced (P < 0.02) the deiodination of T4, and the generation of iodine (P < 0.02) for zinc and P < 0.05 for cadmium) as well as the generation of T3 (p < 0.05). The NPSH in zinc-injected rats were within normal levels. Serum T4 and T3 in zinc-treated rats were normal, whereas in cadmium-treated rats were both significantly decreased (P < 0.01 for T4 and P < 0.02 for T3). The data indicate that zinc blocks the activity of liver 5'-deiodinase through a mechanism probably related to its binding to the sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Effects of short-term zinc supplementation on cellular immunity, respiratory symptoms, and growth of malnourished Equadorian children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of zinc supplementation on respiratory tract disease, immunity and growth in malnourished children. DESIGN: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: A day-care center in Quito, Ecuador. SUBJECTS: Fifty children (12-59 months old) recruited by height-for-age and weight-for-age deficit. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-five children (supplemented, S group) received 10 mg/day of zinc as zinc sulfate, and 25 (nonsupplemented, NS group) received a placebo during 60 days. All were also observed during a 60-day postsupplementation period. Two children of the S group dropped out. Daily the clinical presence of cough, respiratory tract secretions, and fever, was recorded. On days 0,60 and 120, the cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to multiple antigens, and anthropometric parameters were assessed. On days 0 and 60 serum zinc levels were also measured. RESULTS: On day 60, DTH was significantly larger (20.8 +/- 7.1 vs 16.1 +/- 9.7 mm), and serum zinc levels were significantly higher (118.6 +/- 47.1 vs 83.1 +/- 24.5 micrograms/dl) in the S group than in the NS group (P <0.05 for each). The incidence of fever [relative risk (RR): 0.30, c.i. = 0.08- 0.95, P =0.02], cough (RR): 0.52, c.i. = 0.32-0.84, P = 0.004) and upper respiratory tract secretions (RR):0.72, c.i. = 0.59-0.88, P = 0.001) was lower in the S group than in the NS group at day 60. At the end of the postsupplementation observation period (day 120), the incidence of fever and upper respiratory tract secretions was the same in both the S and NS groups. The incidence of cough was higher at day 120 in the S group than in the NS group (RR): 2.28, c.i. = 1.37-3.83, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports a role for zinc in immunity, and immunity to respiratory infections, while pointing out the need for larger studies.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1996

Oral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To investigate the short-term effect of oral zinc substitution on the development of age-related macular degeneration in the second eye of patients with an exudative form of the disease in the first eye. METHODS: A 2-year, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled study including 112 white patients with age-related macular degeneration and exudative lesions (choroidal neovascularization, pigment epithelial detachment, or both) in one eye and a visual acuity of better than 20/40 and macular degeneration without any exudative lesion in the second eye was performed. Patients received either 200 mg of oral zinc sulfate or placebo once daily for 24 months. The main outcome parameters were visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color discrimination, and retinal grating acuity, as well as serum levels of zinc and copper, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and morphologic changes detected by grading of monochrome fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms. RESULTS: In the treatment group, the mean zinc serum level increased significantly (P < 0.0001) from 79 +/- 10 micrograms/dl to 108 +/- 26 micrograms/dl compared to no change (82 +/- 16 micrograms/dl to 85 +/- 10 micrograms/dl) in the placebo group. Serum levels of copper, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count did not change significantly in either group. A choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) was detected in 14 patients during the treatment period (nine in the treatment group, five in the placebo group). Seven additional patients (three in the treatment group, four in the placebo group) experienced visual loss caused by CNV, and in two patients (one in each group), serous pigment epithelial detachment developed without angiographic evidence of CNV after the end of treatment, during a mean additional follow-up time of 20.8 +/- 8.2 months. In eyes in which exudative lesions did not develop, there was no significant change in any of the functional parameters during the 24-month treatment period, but there was a significant increase in the nonexudative alterations (drusen size, drusen confluence, hyperpigmentation, and focal degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium) in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oral zinc substitution has no short-term effect on the course of age-related macular degeneration in patients who have an exudative form of the disease in one eye.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

[Wilson disease with HCV infections].

In this paper we describe liver-related Wilson's disease in two sisters. The elder died of liver failure. Our patient, a 13-year old girl has hepatitis C coinfection. Gradual improvement was observed after Cuprenil, Zincteral and interferon (Intron A).

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1995

Efficacy of zinc therapy in prevention of crisis in sickle cell anemia: a double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial.

145 patients were recruited in the trial while 130 completed it. Patients were randomized to receive zinc sulphate capsules. 220 mgm three times a day or identical placebo. Major outcome variable was 'Sickle cell crisis'. After a follow up of 1.5 years, the mean number of episodes of crisis was 2.46 +/- 1.04 in the intervention group and 5.29 +/- 2.58 in the control group (p < 0.025; 95% CI for difference between groups: 1.98, 3.42). Mean duration of hospital stay was 4.3 +/- 2.2 days in the intervention group and 3.9 +/- 1.6 days in the control group. The difference was not significant (p > 0.05). There was a significant reduction of the mean number of infective episodes and associated morbidity in patients with sickle cell anaemia.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Processing of mengovirus precursor polypeptides in the presence of zinc ions and sulfhydryl compounds.

The effect of zinc ions on the post-translational cleavage of mengovirus polypeptides has been examined. The cleavage of the "A" precursor, which gives rise to the capsid proteins, was the most sensitive at concentrations of zinc chloride from 0.1 to 1.0 mM. Beta-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol antagonized the zinc-promoted inhibtion of clevage. Our results indicate that zinc ions interfere with the proper folding of the nascent polypeptide precursor rather than inhibit the proteases responsible for the cleavages. Thus, proper folding of mengovirus polypeptide "A" appears to be necessary for subsequent processing by proteases.

Dithiothreitol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of zinc on the olfactory neuroepithelium and olfactory bulbs of the Sprague-Dawley rat after oral administration of zinc-gluconate trihydrate.

BACKGROUND: The most frequent causes of upper respiratory infections are human rhinoviruses. The nasopharyngeal area, which includes the respiratory epithelium, mucosa, and the olfactory neuroepithelium (ONe), is a first-line of defense against airborne viruses and allergens, some of which manage to penetrate the nasal mucosa and invade the tissues of the nasal respiratory epithelium. Biochemical evidence from several studies suggests that zinc is an effective cold treatment and that over-the-counter (OTC) zinc-gluconate compounds may provide the high pharmacologic doses of zinc needed to act as an effective means of treating and reducing the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold. METHODS: A series of male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an oral preparation of zinc-gluconate trihydrate or received the equivalent through drinking water to investigate the potential cytotoxic and/or neurotoxic insult to the olfactory receptor cells and other tissue in the ONe and afferent neuronal pathways. RESULTS: Coronal sections of the rat ONe and corresponding olfactory bulbs showed consistent cellular and tissue damage of increasing severity that correlated with the duration of treatment with the zinc compound when compared with the control group animals. CONCLUSION: The results of this analysis indicate that the repeated oral administration of such zinc-containing compounds have neurotoxic effects on the ONe and to the mitral cells in the olfactory bulbs of treated rats. These findings point toward the need for increased investigation into the potential deleterious effects of zinc-containing compounds to humans as well.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

S-Nitroso compounds interfere with zinc probing by Zinquin.

The intracellular homeostasis of zinc is postulated to be controlled by signaling through nitric oxide (NO). Administration of the NO donor S-nitrosocysteine (SNOC) caused a rapid drop in the fluorescence of the zinc-specific fluorescence of the zinc probe zinquin in C6 glioma cells. Tentatively, a strong effect of NO on the level of mobile intracellular zinc ions was concluded. However, zinc analysis with atomic absorption spectrometry demonstrated that the total cellular zinc level was not changed under these conditions. Sodium nitrite or an NO donor devoid of sulfhydryl groups (diethylamine NONOate) exerted no degrading effect on the Zn/zinquin fluorescence, but cysteine alone evoked a similar decline as SNOC. Hence, the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine seem to compete for zinc from the Zn/zinquin complex. Analysis of the reaction products by mass spectrometry demonstrated that cysteine caused a depletion of zinc from the Zn/zinquin complex, whereas an NO donor without sulfhydryl groups (diethylamine NONOate) did not. It is concluded that great caution should be employed when using S-nitroso compounds together with zinquin in investigations of intracellular zinc homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of zinc-carnosine chelate compound on muscle function in mdx mouse.

The effect of antioxidant Z-103, catena-(S)-[mu-[N(alpha)-(3-aminopropinyl)histidinnato-(2-)N(1),N(2),O:N(tau)]-zinc], on muscle function in the muscular dystrophy (mdx) mouse was examined by repetitive intraperitoneal administration in subjects aged 4 to 12 weeks. Z-103 administration at a dose of 150 mg/kg increased the load resistant time (LRT), during which the animal with a load holds itself upright on a wire net. The Z-103 administration reduced hypertrophy, the ratio of centronucleated myofibers, and the rate of decay for magnitude of twitch force elicited by 0.5 Hz of electricity to the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of 12-week-old mdx mice, with little effect on the magnitude of twitch force. The administration of Z-103 (100 mg/kg) had a lesser effect on LRT and the other characteristics examined for EDL muscles. The constituent of Z-103, Zn(2+) applied in the form of ZnSO(4) (5 mg/kg), carnosine (100 mg/kg), and the combination of the two had no beneficial effect on mdx mice. Z-103 (150 mg/kg) administered to normal mice increased LRT with little effect on the contractile properties of EDL muscles. These results suggest that the administration of Z-103 ameliorates muscle function in the mdx mouse.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The influence of antiseptic solutions used against AIDS on dental waxes, shellac bases, impression compound and zinc-oxide eugenol paste].

The influence of four antiseptic solutions on some dental materials was examined in this study. The antiseptic solutions were sodium chloride 10%, alcohol 75%, Cidex and Sterile pack fluid, whereas the dental materials were dental modelling wax, impression compound, shellac base plate and zinc-oxide eugenol paste. The change of weight and the change of length which were observed in 40 minutes were measured. According to our results the modelling waxes, as well as the impression paste are not influenced by the antiseptic solutions. The impression compound must not be sterilised in Sterile pack fluid, which dissolves it, but it can be floated in the rest of the solutions. The shellac base plates are influenced by all the antiseptic solutions studied, especially by alcohol 75% and Sterile pack fluid.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Aqueous leaching properties and environmental implications of cadmium, lead and zinc trimercaptotriazine (TMT) compounds.

2,4,6-Trimercaptotriazine, trisodium salt nonahydrate (TMT-55) is a commercial product that is widely used to chemically precipitate cadmium, lead, zinc and other heavy metals from wastewaters and contaminated natural waters. When mixed with aqueous solutions of TMT-55, aqueous solutions of either reagent-grade zinc, cadmium, or lead salts precipitate crystalline "Zn-TMT", amorphous or crystalline "Cd-TMT" or amorphous "Pb-TMT" (M3[S3C3N3]2.nH2O, where M=Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and n> or = 0) that may eventually crystallize if stored in air. Laboratory aqueous leaching studies over 78-106 days using pH 3 HCl, distilled water (pH 6) and pH 9-10 NaOH evaluated the stability of the Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-TMT precipitates. Under pH 3 conditions, the amorphous Cd- and Pb-TMT compounds converted to their crystalline forms and amorphous Cd-TMT also crystallized in distilled water. Otherwise, no decomposition products were detected in the leached solid residues. When compared with the aqueous solubilities of corresponding sulfides and most hydroxides, the TMT compounds were significantly more soluble in distilled water and pH 3 HCl.

Cadmium↗