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Tandem repeats in complete bacterial genome sequences: sequence and structural analyses for comparative studies.

A series of complete bacterial genome sequences have recently become available and powerful methods have been developed for the identification of tandem repeats on a very large scale. It is thus possible to derive extensive comparative descriptions of such repeats at the level of complete genomes, as illustrated here for three different bacterial genomes: Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Such sequence analyses can be usefully complemented by structural characterisations of the repeats.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2026

The complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Amorphophallus gigas.

We sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of Amorphophallus gigas, a perennial monocotyledonous herb in Araceae, using HiFi technology. The genome is 173,034 bp in length with a GC content of 34.96%. It exhibits a typical quadripartite structure: a large single-copy (LSC) region of 95,283 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 15,675 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 31,038 bp each. It encodes 130 genes (85 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. gigas is closely related to A. titanum, forming a distinct clade. This study provides valuable genomic resources for understanding the evolution of Amorphophallus and Araceae.

Complete chloroplast genome↗
PubMed2003

Further variability within the genus Crinivirus, as revealed by determination of the complete RNA genome sequence of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus.

The complete nucleotide (nt) sequences of genomic RNAs 1 and 2 of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) were determined for the Spanish isolate CYSDV-AlLM. RNA1 is 9123 nt long and contains at least five open reading frames (ORFs). Computer-assisted analyses identified papain-like protease, methyltransferase, RNA helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains in the first two ORFs of RNA1. This is the first study on the sequences of RNA1 from CYSDV. RNA2 is 7976 nt long and contains the hallmark gene array of the family Closteroviridae, characterized by ORFs encoding a heat shock protein 70 homologue, a 59 kDa protein, the major coat protein and a divergent copy of the coat protein. This genome organization resembles that of Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV), Cucumber yellows virus (CuYV) and Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV), the other three criniviruses sequenced completely to date. However, several differences were observed. The most striking novel features of CYSDV compared to SPCSV, CuYV and LIYV are a unique gene arrangement in the 3'-terminal region of RNA1, the identification in this region of an ORF potentially encoding a protein which has no homologues in any databases, and the prediction of an unusually long 5' non-coding region in RNA2. Additionally, the CYSDV genome resembles that of SPCSV in having very similar 3' regions in RNAs 1 and 2, although for CYSDV similarity in primary structures did not result in predictions of equivalent secondary structures. Overall, these data reinforce the view that the genus Crinivirus contains considerable genetic variation. Additionally, several subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) were detected in CYSDV-infected plants, suggesting that generation of sgRNAs is a strategy used by CYSDV for the expression of internal ORFs.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2006

The complete plastid genome sequence of the parasitic green alga Helicosporidium sp. is highly reduced and structured.

BACKGROUND: Loss of photosynthesis has occurred independently in several plant and algal lineages, and represents a major metabolic shift with potential consequences for the content and structure of plastid genomes. To investigate such changes, we sequenced the complete plastid genome of the parasitic, non-photosynthetic green alga, Helicosporidium. RESULTS: The Helicosporidium plastid genome is among the smallest known (37.5 kb), and like other plastids from non-photosynthetic organisms it lacks all genes for proteins that function in photosynthesis. Its reduced size results from more than just loss of genes, however; it has little non-coding DNA, with only one intron and tiny intergenic spaces, and no inverted repeat (no duplicated genes at all). It encodes precisely the minimal complement of tRNAs needed to translate the universal genetic code, and has eliminated all redundant isoacceptors. The Helicosporidium plastid genome is also highly structured, with each half of the circular genome containing nearly all genes on one strand. Helicosporidium is known to be related to trebouxiophyte green algae, but the genome is structured and compacted in a manner more reminiscent of the non-photosynthetic plastids of apicomplexan parasites. CONCLUSION: Helicosporidium contributes significantly to our understanding of the evolution of plastid DNA because it illustrates the highly ordered reduction that occurred following the loss of a major metabolic function. The convergence of plastid genome structure in Helicosporidium and the Apicomplexa raises the interesting possibility that there are common forces that shape plastid genomes, subsequent to the loss of photosynthesis in an organism.

Chlorophyta↗
PubMed2003

Multifractal and correlation analyses of protein sequences from complete genomes.

A measure representation of protein sequences similar to the measure representation of DNA sequences proposed in our previous paper [Yu et al., Phys. Rev. E 64, 031903 (2001)] and another induced measure are introduced. Multifractal analysis is then performed on these two kinds of measures of a large number of protein sequences derived from corresponding complete genomes. From the values of the D(q) (generalized dimensions) spectra and related C(q) (analogous specific heat) curves, it is concluded that these protein sequences are not completely random sequences. For substrings with length K=5, the D(q) spectra of all organisms studied are multifractal-like and sufficiently smooth for the C(q) curves to be meaningful. The C(q) curves of all bacteria resemble a classical phase transition at a critical point. But the "analogous" phase transitions of higher organisms studied exhibit the shape of double-peaked specific heat function. But for the classification problem, the multifractal property is not sufficient. When the measure representations of protein sequences from complete genomes are considered as time series, a method based on correlation analysis after removing some memory from the time series is proposed to construct a phylogenetic tree. This construction is shown to be reasonably satisfactory.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Molecular variability analysis of five new complete cacao swollen shoot virus genomic sequences.

Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), a member of the family Caulimovi-ridae, genus Badnavirus occurs in all the main cacao-growing areas of West Africa. We amplified, cloned and sequenced complete genomes of five new isolates, two originating from Togo and three originating from Ghana. The genome of these five newly sequenced isolates all contain the five putative open reading frames I, II, III, X and Y described for the first sequenced CSSV isolate, Agou1 originating from Togo. Their genomes have been aligned with the genome of Agou1. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities between isolates have been calculated and a phylogenetic analysis has been made including other pararetroviruses. Maximum nucleotide sequence variability between complete genomes of CSSV isolates was 29.4%. Geographical differentiation between isolates appears more important than differentiation between mild and severe isolates. ORF X differs greatly in size and sequence between the Togolese isolates Nyongbo2 and Agou1, and the four other isolates, its functional role is therefore clearly questionable.

Badnavirus↗
PubMed2001

[New strategy on medical research after completion of genome sequencing].

Real advances in biotechnology made it possible to complete human whole genome sequencing within a short duration. Although the genome includes a huge amount of information about biological functions and the interest is now directed to the study using genomic information, the genomic strategy is not clearly understood. The following 4 studies were therefore presented and discussed about the strategy after the completion of the genomic sequence in the 74th Annual Meeting of Japanese Pharmacological Society: 1) Asthma and atopic dermatitis: models for genetic and genomic investigations of complex genetic diseases, by W.C.O. Cookson (University of Oxford, Asthma Genetics Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics); 2) Molecular classification by global gene expression profiling: application on oncogenomic research, by H. Aburatani (Genome Science Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo); 3) Functional genomic search of disease-related genes using microarrays with normalized rat cDNA library, by G. Tsujimoto, et al. (Department of Molecular, Cell Pharmacology, National Children's Medical Research Center: and 4) Acute ischemic change of mRNA expression in the hippocampus by GeneChip array analysis: a starting point for post-genome strategy, by S. Asai, et al.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genome data: what do we learn?

Genome sequence information has continued to accumulate at a spectacular pace during the past year. Details of the sequence and gene content of human chromosome 22 were published. The sequencing and annotation of the first two Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes was completed. The sequence of chromosome 3 from Plasmodium falciparum, the second sequenced malaria chromosome, was reported, as was that of chromosome 1 from Leishmania major. The complete genomic sequences of five microbes were reported. Approaches to using data from completely sequenced microbial genomes in phylogenetic studies are being explored, as is the application of microarrays to whole genome expression analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A computer simulation analysis of the accuracy of partial genome sequencing and restriction fragment analysis in estimating genetic relationships: an application to papillomavirus DNA sequences.

BACKGROUND: Determination of genetic relatedness among microorganisms provides information necessary for making inferences regarding phylogeny. However, there is little information available on how well the genetic relationships inferred from different genotyping methods agree with true genetic relationships. In this report, two genotyping methods - restriction fragment analysis (RFA) and partial genome DNA sequencing - were each compared to complete DNA sequencing as the definitive standard for classification. RESULTS: Using the Genbank database, 16 different types or subtypes of papillomavirus were selected as study samples, because numerous complete genome sequences were available. RFA was achieved by computer-simulated digestion. The genetic similarity of samples, based on RFA, was determined from the proportion of fragments that matched in size. DNA sequences of four specific genes (E1, E6, E7, and L1), representing partial genome sequencing, were also selected for comparison to complete genome sequencing. Laboratory error was not taken into account. Evaluation of the correlation between genetic similarity matrices (Mantel's r) and comparisons of the structure of the derived dendrograms (partition metric) indicated that partial genome sequencing (for single genes) had higher agreement with complete genome sequencing, achieving a maximum Mantel's r = 0.97 and a minimum partition metric = 10. RFA had lower agreement, with a maximum Mantel's r = 0.60 and a minimum partition metric = 18. CONCLUSIONS: This simulation indicated that for smaller genomes, such as papillomavirus, partial genome sequencing is superior to restriction fragment analysis in representing genetic relatedness among isolates. The generalizability of these results to larger genomes, as well as the impact of laboratory error, remains to be demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of galinsoga mosaic virus genomic RNA.

The complete genomic sequence of galinsoga mosaic virus (GaMV) was determined. The genome consists of 3,803 nucleotides and has five open reading frames (ORFs). The 5' ORF (ORF 1) encodes a protein with predicted molecular mass of 23 kDa and readthrough of its amber stop codon probably yields a 82 kDa protein (ORF 2). ORFs 3 and 4 encode two polypeptides with molecular masses of 8 and 7 kDa, respectively. ORF 5 encodes the 36 kDa capsid protein. Amino acid sequence comparisons revealed that the nonstructural proteins encoded by ORFs 1, 3, and 4 were more similar to the corresponding gene products of tobacco necrosis virus, strain A, than to those of carmoviruses. Conversely, the coat protein was more similar to that of tombusviruses. The readthrough region of the viral replicase (ORF 2) had high sequence homology with that of carmo-, tombus-, and necroviruses. Computer analysis of the protein encoded by ORF 1 as well as of the corresponding product of turnip crinkle (TCV) and melon necrotic spot (MNSV) carmoviruses revealed the presence of a sequence with local hydrophobicity and hydrophobic moment characteristic of mitochondrial targeting sequence which may explain the origin of the carmovirus-induced multivesicular bodies from mitochondria.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Findings emerging from complete microbial genome sequences.

Sixteen microorganisms, including one eukaryote, four archaeons, and 11 eubacteria, have been completely sequenced and published. More than 50 genomes are scheduled to be completed by the year 2000. This explosive growth of information is forcing change in many scientific disciplines (e.g. bioinformatics and molecular genetics), spawning new fields, and even changing the way scientific information is used and shared. Novel, global genome sequence comparisons seem slow to appear but the infrastructure for these projects is being built, and we expect exciting developments in the near future.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2025

Discovery of diverse anellovirus sequences in Thai human sequencing data.

UNLABELLED: Anelloviruses are part of the normal human viral flora. Although their diversity in humans has been investigated in many countries, and despite their initial detection in Thailand in 1999, knowledge of Thai anelloviruses remains very limited. This study analyzed 1,175 whole-genome sequencing data sets from Thai individuals to mine for potential anellovirus sequences. Our analyses detected anellovirus sequences in 149 data sets (12.68%), uncovering 434 partial anellovirus sequences and 77 complete genome sequences, characterized by the presence of terminal redundancy, complete orf1, and the conserved untranslated region upstream of the orf1 gene. Sequence analyses indicated that these viruses belong to seven genera, including Alphatorquevirus, Betatorquevirus, Gammatorquevirus, Hetorquevirus, Lamedtorquevirus, Samektorquevirus, and Yodtorquevirus. Notably, Hetorquevirus, Lamedtorquevirus, Samektorquevirus, and Yodtorquevirus had not previously been reported in Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1 protein sequences showed that Thai anelloviruses form multiple phylogenetic clusters with non-Thai anelloviruses, indicating frequent cross-country transmission and multiple origins of the virus in Thailand. Furthermore, sequence similarity network analysis identified 33 potentially novel anellovirus species in our data set. Our findings greatly expand the knowledge of anellovirus diversity in Thailand and demonstrate the potential of human whole-genome sequencing data as a valuable resource for viral discovery. Lastly, we highlight and discuss some challenges with the use of the current pairwise sequence similarity-based classification scheme, in particular, how gaps can influence similarity calculation and potentially lead to inconsistencies with a phylogenetic-based classification scheme. IMPORTANCE: Anelloviruses are widespread in humans, yet their diversity remains poorly characterized in many regions, including Thailand. Here, we demonstrate that human sequencing data sets, originally generated without the intention for virome research, can be effectively mined for anellovirus sequences, including complete genomes. Our findings reveal a substantial number of previously unreported anelloviruses in Thailand, significantly expanding the known diversity of the virus. We also highlight potential limitations of the current anellovirus species classification scheme, which is based on pairwise orf1 sequence similarity analysis with a hard threshold cutoff at 69%. Our results reveal that the current scheme can sometimes yield taxonomic groupings that are inconsistent with phylogenetic relationships, particularly when significant alignment gaps are present. Overall, our results show that existing human sequencing data can be effectively repurposed for virus discovery research and suggest the need for more robust and phylogenetically informed classification frameworks as viral sequence databases continue to expand.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Phylogenetic analyses of Vitis (Vitaceae) based on complete chloroplast genome sequences: effects of taxon sampling and phylogenetic methods on resolving relationships among rosids.

BACKGROUND: The Vitaceae (grape) is an economically important family of angiosperms whose phylogenetic placement is currently unresolved. Recent phylogenetic analyses based on one to several genes have suggested several alternative placements of this family, including sister to Caryophyllales, asterids, Saxifragales, Dilleniaceae or to rest of rosids, though support for these different results has been weak. There has been a recent interest in using complete chloroplast genome sequences for resolving phylogenetic relationships among angiosperms. These studies have clarified relationships among several major lineages but they have also emphasized the importance of taxon sampling and the effects of different phylogenetic methods for obtaining accurate phylogenies. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of Vitis vinifera and used these data to assess relationships among 27 angiosperms, including nine taxa of rosids. RESULTS: The Vitis vinifera chloroplast genome is 160,928 bp in length, including a pair of inverted repeats of 26,358 bp that are separated by small and large single copy regions of 19,065 bp and 89,147 bp, respectively. The gene content and order of Vitis is identical to many other unrearranged angiosperm chloroplast genomes, including tobacco. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood were performed on DNA sequences of 61 protein-coding genes for two datasets with 28 or 29 taxa, including eight or nine taxa from four of the seven currently recognized major clades of rosids. Parsimony and likelihood phylogenies of both data sets provide strong support for the placement of Vitaceae as sister to the remaining rosids. However, the position of the Myrtales and support for the monophyly of the eurosid I clade differs between the two data sets and the two methods of analysis. In parsimony analyses, the inclusion of Gossypium is necessary to obtain trees that support the monophyly of the eurosid I clade. However, maximum likelihood analyses place Cucumis as sister to the Myrtales and therefore do not support the monophyly of the eurosid I clade. CONCLUSION: Phylogenies based on DNA sequences from complete chloroplast genome sequences provide strong support for the position of the Vitaceae as the earliest diverging lineage of rosids. Our phylogenetic analyses support recent assertions that inadequate taxon sampling and incorrect model specification for concatenated multi-gene data sets can mislead phylogenetic inferences when using whole chloroplast genomes for phylogeny reconstruction.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1996

The complete code for a eukaryotic cell. Genome sequencing.

The complete sequencing of the genome of a simple eukaryotic organism - the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - is a milestone for biology, and sets the stage for a complete understanding of how a eukaryotic cell functions.

Chromosomes, Fungal↗
PubMed1999

Evolutionary instability of operon structures disclosed by sequence comparisons of complete microbial genomes.

Gene orders have been shown to be generally unstable by comprehensive analyses in several complete genomes. In this study, we examined instability of genome structures within operons, where functionally related genes are clustered. We compared gene orders of known operons obtained from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis with corresponding those of operons in 11 complete genome sequences. We found that in many cases, gene orders within operons could be shuffled frequently during evolution, although several operon structures, such as ribosomal protein operons, were well conserved. This suggests that shuffling of a genome structure is virtually neutral in long-term evolution. Moreover, degrees of instability of the operon structures depended on the genomes examined. Variation in degrees of instability of the genome structures was likely to be related to differences in amounts of insertion sequences. Effects on transcription regulation are also discussed in association with operon destruction.

Bacillus subtilis↗