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PubMed1997

Down-regulation of CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) in the epithelia of adenovirus-infected appendices.

AIMS: Adenoviral inclusions are commonly seen in appendices from infants with intussusception. They are associated with focal epithelial budding and less frequently with epithelial shedding. These morphological changes could depend on the opposing effects of adenoviral gene products on CD95-mediated apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Appendices from intussusceptions with viral inclusions (n = 4) and normal appendices (n = 10) were studied by immunochemistry with anti-adenovirus, anti-CD95 and anti-HLA-DR antibodies. Apoptosis was studied by the TUNEL method. The mucosa of normal appendices contained no adenoviral protein. CD95 was present in all epithelial cells except Paneth cells. HLA-DR was absent in epithelial cells and apoptosis was seen only in germinal centres and in a few surface epithelial cells. The epithelium of appendices from intussusceptions contained nuclear inclusions labelled with anti-adenovirus antibody, always found in the epithelial buds. The epithelial CD95 pattern was drastically altered in adenovirus-infected appendices. CD95 was absent from the budding foci. In these foci, HLA-DR was overexpressed. There was also increased epithelial apoptosis in areas remote from those lacking CD95 antigen. CONCLUSIONS: The appearance of epithelial budding or shedding in appendices from intussusception could be due to focal in situ differences in the expression of adenoviral genes.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2005

Adenovirus infection in paediatric stem cell transplant recipients: increased risk in young children with a delayed immune recovery.

Adenovirus (HAdV) infections are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic human stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We report a retrospective single-centre study on 328 consecutive paediatric recipients of an allogeneic HSCT. During the first 6 months after HSCT, HAdV infection occurred in 37 children (cumulative incidence 12%). The highest incidence was found in young children up to 5 years of age, transplanted after 1994, with >2 log T-cell depletion of a graft of another than an HLA-genotypically identical related donor (actuarial frequency at 6 months 84%). Persistence of HAdV and spreading of the virus over multiple sites showed a trend towards the development of HAdV disease or death, but did not reach significance. Recovery of immunity after HSCT, that is, serum concentrations of IgM and peripheral blood counts of T cells and subsets, was delayed in children with an HAdV infection compared with noninfected children. In seven out of seven patients with HAdV DNA in serum and decreasing lymphocyte counts, the infection had a fatal course. Manipulation of cellular immunity either by tapering of immunosuppression, infusion of donor lymphocytes or immunotherapy using HAdV-specific T cells should be considered in graft recipients at risk for a severe HAdV infection.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enteric adenovirus infection in pediatric small bowel transplant recipients.

Three of 70 small bowel transplant recipients were diagnosed with adenovirus enteritis. The biopsies were performed for surveillance in one patient at 2.7 years after transplantation and in two symptomatic children 1.5 years and 4.5 months after transplantation. In all three patients the characteristic epithelial changes were not noted by the primary observers. Two biopsies had been called "suggestive of acute rejection" and both patients had been so treated. One biopsy had been diagnosed as "regenerative". Once the epithelial changes were recognized as being viral, confirmation was possible by stool culture in one patient, immunohistochemistry in two patients, or by lift technique of the H&E sections for electron microscopy. The immune suppression was reduced and none of the patients developed disseminated infection. As in other transplanted organs, such as lung and liver, adenovirus infection may be limited largely to the allograft but can be destructive. Early recognition of the characteristic changes that are illustrated can lead to confirmation of the virus and appropriate reduction of immune suppression. A mistaken diagnosis of rejection and augmentation of immune suppression can lead to viral dissemination and potential fatality.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1999

Dynamic redistribution of nuclear matrix proteins by adenovirus infection.

We analyzed the redistribution of nuclear proteins, PML protein, Ku70/Ku80, a putative spliceosome associated protein, pNMM102 and a nucleolar proliferating antigen, p120 after adenovirus 5 (Ad5) infection using immunofluorescent staining. These proteins remained after in situ fractionation. PML was located at irregular bars 6 h after infection from fine dots of uninfected cells. Distribution pattern of PML was not changed throughout the course of infection. Internal nuclear matrix network composed of Ku protein became much coarser in interphase cells at 12 h after infection. Ku protein was clumped at 18 h after infection, where EIA protein was colocalized. Speckles and interconnecting fibrils recognized by monoclonal antibody NMM102 disappeared early after infection, and reappeared at 18 h after infection in various patterns. The number and staining intensity of p120 containing domains increased markedly in early replication phase, and their shape became irregular with a few fine dots. A few Ad5 infected cells revealed diffuse nucleoplasmic as well as nucleolar p120 in late replication phase. Redistribution of four different nuclear matrix proteins by Ad5 infection indicates that the nuclear matrix is dynamically involved in gene expression.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2005

Clinical presentation and characteristics of pharyngeal adenovirus infections.

We describe the clinical characteristics of 209 children younger than 15 years of age with positive pharyngeal cultures for adenovirus. The mean age of the children was 37 +/- 33 months, and the mean peak temperature was 39.2 +/- 0.76 degrees C. On physical examination, tonsillitis was found for 88% of children; 52% of them had exudative tonsillitis. Forty-eight percent of the patients who had a white blood cell count performed had >15,000 leukocytes per mm, and 25% had >20,000 leukocytes per mm. C-reactive protein concentrations were >7 mg/dL for 22.5% of the patients. Adenovirus pharyngeal infections in young children mimic severe bacterial infections.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1993

Enteric adenovirus infection among infants with diarrhea in rural Bangladesh.

A total of 4,409 stool specimens from infants less than 5 years of age seeking treatment for diarrhea in Matlab, Bangladesh, were tested for the presence of adenoviruses by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). EIA-positive stool samples were serotyped with monoclonal antibodies specific for adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) and Ad41 and group antigen, inoculated into Graham G293 cells, and retested by EIA. Of adenovirus-positive cultures, 125 (2.8%) specimens were confirmed as enteric adenoviruses (EAds), of which 51 (40.8%) were typed as Ad40 and 74 (59.2%) were typed as Ad41, and 12 of 4,409 (0.3%) were identified as nonenteric adenoviruses. A slight peak of incidence of EAd infection was observed in the cool, dry months, and an outbreak of Ad40 infections occurred in March 1988, when the detection rate of EAd reached 12.3%. Information on age, gender, and symptoms was available for 80 infants infected with adenovirus only. Age distribution was similar for types 40 and 41 and nonenteric adenovirus; the median ages were 11, 12, and 12 months, respectively. The ratio of males to females for the 80 infants varied according to serotype; Ad40 had the highest male/female ratio, 2.17. The symptoms experienced by the 80 children were similar for each adenovirus type. The most common clinical features of EAd infection were watery diarrhea (87.5%), more than eight loose bowel movements per day in the 24-h period prior to presentation (68.8%), with vomiting (80.0%), abdominal pain (76.3%), and low-grade fever (95.0%); these symptoms are significantly similar to symptoms of infants infected with group A rotavirus. EAd infection generally gave rise to mild to moderate dehydration, which is significantly similar to dehydration produced by infection with rotavirus.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1969

Relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid-like ribonucleic acid synthesis and inhibition of host protein synthesis in type 5 adenovirus-infected KB cells.

Previous results have shown that infection of KB cells with type 5 adenovirus elicits the inhibition of host protein synthesis. In an attempt to determine whether inhibition is caused by a block in the transcription of host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the rate of synthesis of host DNA-like ribonucleic acid (D-RNA) was compared with the rate of host protein synthesis at various times after infection. The rate of host D-RNA synthesis was determined by measuring the rate of incorporation of (3)H-uridine into species of ribonucleic acid which could hybridize specifically with KB cell DNA. The rate of host protein synthesis was determined by measuring the rate of incorporation of (14)C-valine into species of protein which could not be precipitated by antiserum directed against viral antigens. The results obtained suggest that the primary event producing inhibition of host protein synthesis is not the inhibition of transcription of host DNA. Synthesis of viral D-RNA in type 5 adenovirus-infected KB cells was next examined. Synthesis was first detected 8 to 10 hr after infection, and it could not be detected if viral DNA synthesis was blocked. At those times when inhibition of host protein synthesis was evident, the rate of synthesis of viral D-RNA appeared to exceed that of KB cell D-RNA.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2005

Modulation of host cell gene expression during onset of the late phase of an adenovirus infection is focused on growth inhibition and cell architecture.

Microarray analysis of host cell gene expression during an adenovirus type 2 infection showed that the number of regulated genes, as well as the magnitude of change, was increased as the infection proceeded into the late phase. In contrast to the early phase of infection when the majority of differentially expressed genes were upregulated, expression of most of the regulated genes (82 out of 112) declined during the late phase. In particular, numerous TGF-beta inducible genes and several TGF-beta-independent growth-arrest-inducing genes were targeted. Of the 30 genes upregulated more than 2-fold at 20 h post-infection, nearly two-thirds of encoded proteins are involved in cell metabolism. The data indicate that adenovirus primarily targets cellular genes involved in antiviral defense, cell growth arrest and apoptosis, as well as cell metabolism, to ensure sufficient production of viral progeny.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1993

Nosocomial adenovirus infection: molecular epidemiology of an outbreak.

Nosocomial transmission of adenovirus type 3 associated with fatalities in infants has not been frequently reported. This report describes the nosocomial spread of adenovirus types 2 and 3 among infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a chronic (transitional) care facility. The index case developed pneumonia with a clinical deterioration in respiratory status 8 days after admission. Within the next 10 to 30 days 9 other infants and 2 health care personnel became ill with respiratory symptoms. Three of these 10 infants had progressive respiratory failure and 2 of them died. All of these infants had underlying chronic lung disease of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The overall attack rate was 30% (10 of 33). Further spread of adenovirus was prevented by using barrier precautions and masks while performing tracheostomy care. Adenovirus isolates were serotyped as Ad3 in 4 patients and 1 staff member, as Ad2 in 3 patients, and as a combination of Ad2 and Ad3 in 1 patient. Two fatalities were associated with Ad3 infection. Three isolates from 2 patients and 1 staff member were not available for typing. Restriction endonuclease analysis was performed on all of these isolates of Ad3 and Ad2. There was no genetic heterogeneity in the isolates, suggesting a common source.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1987

Posttranscriptional regulation of hsp70 expression in human cells: effects of heat shock, inhibition of protein synthesis, and adenovirus infection on translation and mRNA stability.

We have examined the posttranscriptional regulation of hsp70 gene expression in two human cell lines, HeLa and 293 cells, which constitutively express high levels of HSP70. HSP70 mRNA translates with high efficiency in both control and heat-shocked cells. Therefore, heat shock is not required for the efficient translation of HSP70 mRNA. Rather, the main effect of heat shock on translation is to suppress the translatability of non-heat shock mRNAs. Heat shock, however, has a marked effect on the stability of HSP70 mRNA; in non-heat-shocked cells the half-life of HSP70 mRNA is approximately 50 min, and its stability increases at least 10-fold upon heat shock. Moreover, HSP70 mRNA is more stable in cells treated with protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that a heat shock-sensitive labile protein regulates its turnover. An additional effect on posttranscriptional regulation of hsp70 expression can be found in adenovirus-infected cells, in which HSP70 mRNA levels decline precipititously late during infection although hsp70 transcription continues unabated.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2005

Discrepancies in viral gastroenteritis diagnosis: an unusual dual reovirus-adenovirus infection case.

BACKGROUND: A variable rate of false-positive results may be observed with commercial assays for the detection of rotavirus and adenovirus antigen in stool specimens, depending on the quality of the reagents and the presence of potentially interfering substances in stool samples. OBJECTIVE: The present report analyse the discrepant results that could be obtained by the commercially available diagnostic tests and that can mask the reliable viral diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: One fecal sample was collected from a hospitalized child aged 6 months with acute watery diarrhea and dehydration. The fecal specimen was processed the same day for the rotavirus and adenovirus antigen detection. RESULTS: The sample was positive for rotavirus antigen by one-step membrane test based on immunochromatographic assays (ICA) and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) monoclonal test but it was negative by an EIA polyclonal test, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and RT-PCR assays. In the other hand, the sample was positive for adenovirus antigen by ICA and EIA adenovirus type 40/41. Finally, the sample showed by PAGE an electrophoretic profile resembled that of reovirus. CONCLUSION: The use of a wide repertory of diagnosis tests allowed to reach an unusual reovirus-adenovirus type 40/41 dual infection. This case also point out the potential participation of reovirus in the ethiology of the diarrhea illness.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1979

Three serologic types of adenovirus infections of owl monkeys.

From a colony of 131 owl monkeys, adenovirus was isolated 68 times from 433 oropharyngeal and rectal swab sample pairs collected over a 2-year period. A total of 63 of 68 adenovirus isolates were grouped by neutralization into 1 of 3 types designated owl monkey adenovirus types (OMAV Ty) I, II, and III. The OMAV Ty I and Ty II were identified by neutralization with antiserum to squirrel monkey adenovirus type I and adenovirus SV-11, respectively. The OMAV Ty III was partially neutralized by antiserum to OMAV Ty II. The OMAV Ty I was isolated from 8 of 30 newly imported owl monkeys within 3 weeks of arrival. A total of 13 of 26 owl monkeys had a fourfold or greater rise in serum-neutralization (SN) titer with 25 of 27 developing SN titers of greater than or equal to 1:80. A total of 40 of 87 other owl monkeys in the colony had SN titers of greater than or equal to 1:5. The OMAV Ty II was isolated from 51 (12%) of 433 swab samples pairs. Virus was isolated from 26 owl monkeys with 13 having persistent infections. Viral isolations spanned a 10- to 17-month period for five of these owl monkeys. In 114 owl monkeys, 101 (86%) had SN titers to OMAV Ty II greater than or equal to 1:20. The OMAV Ty III was isolated from three owl monkeys. Of 114 owl monkeys, 93 (82%) had SN titers to OMAV Ty III of greater than or equal to 1:20. Although the distribution of SN titers were similar for OMAV Ty II and Ty III, 42 (37%) of 114 owl monkeys had eightfold or greater differences in SN titers between OMAV Ty II and Ty III.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1989

Fatal hepatic necrosis caused by disseminated type 5 adenovirus infection in a renal transplant recipient.

This is an unusual case of fatal hepatic necrosis caused by disseminated type 5 adenovirus in a renal transplant recipient. This adult patient may have been colonized at the time of transplantation with a kidney from a pediatric donor. The adenovirus became invasive when the host's cellular immune system was suppressed by high doses of corticosteroids given to reverse acute allograft rejection.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2001

[Experimental gene therapy using p21/WAF1 gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma--adenovirus infection and gene gun technology].

p21/WAF1 (p21) inhibits the activity of the cyclin/cdk complex and controls the G1 to S cell phase transition. In the present study, we used a recombinant adenoviral approach and gene gun technology to introduce p21 into esophageal cancer cells in order to assess the effect of p21 on cell growth. Infection with the p21 adenovirus (AdV) using gene gun technology resulted in inhibition of TE9 and KE3 cell growth. The levels of involucrin, which is a marker of squamous epithelium differentiation, markedly increased at 48 h and 72 h after p21 AdV infection in TE9 cells. These results indicate that p21 plays an important role in esophageal cancer cell proliferation. Overexpression of the p21 gene can inhibit cell growth and induce differentiation in esophageal cancer cells. p21 gene therapy may prove beneficial in the treatment of esophageal cancer.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1977

[Obtaining group-specific fluorescent immunoglobulin for diagnosis of adenovirus infection].

The authors present the results of a comparative study of several schemes of rabbit immunization with mixtures consisting of 4 and 7 (mixture No. 1) nad 2, 4, and 7 (mixture No. 2) adenovirus types for the purpose of obtaining group-specific fluorescent immunoglobulins. Since a direct correlative dependence of the activity of fluorescent immunoglobulins on the antibody level to the adenoviruses of homologous type was revealed in the immune sera a combined scheme of mixture No. 2 administration was elaborated for the immunization of animals.

Adenoviridae Infections↗