SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Behavior, Addictive”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Genetic studies of pathological gambling: a review of methodology and analyses of data from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry.

Twin studies represent an important and powerful approach to estimating the relative contributions of environmental and genetic factors to the expression of psychiatric illnesses. In this article, we first explain the rationale for using large populations of monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to a disorder and the statistical modeling associated with this approach. We then review results from studies of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry that use this methodology to examine the etiology of pathological gambling (PG) behaviors. The results provide strong evidence for genetic contributions to the development of PG in men and set the foundation for future studies aimed at identifying the manner in which specific genes and environmental factors individually and in conjunction contribute to PG.

Behavior, Addictive↗

PubMed2002

Alcohol: lipid metabolism and cardioprotection.

The decision to consume alcohol is associated with risks and benefits that vary according to family history (genes) and environment. The risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) is reduced in populations that regularly consume moderate amounts of alcohol. The risk reduction is associated with increased plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Predisposing factors may make some individuals more vulnerable to alcohol-related risks than others. For example, individuals with hypertriglyceridemia and a personal or family history of pancreatitis might consider the benefits of alcohol consumption not worth the health risks. The risks might be more acceptable to someone with a family history of CHD, normal plasma triglyceride levels, low HDL cholesterol, and no personal or family history of addictive behavior or pancreatitis. An understanding of the metabolic effects of alcohol and a careful study of personal and family histories should permit physicians and their patients to make informed decisions about the risks and benefits of alcohol consumption.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2001

Pain management in the opioid-dependent patient.

The opioid-dependent patient presents great challenges for pain management. These challenges are not limited to potential addictive behaviors. In contrast to the profound pain relieving effects of acute opioid intake, chronic opioid intake can promote a counterintuitive state of enhanced pain sensitivity. Multiple biologic mechanisms inducing opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia have recently been elucidated. The potential hyperalgesic state accompanying opioid dependence complicates pain management somewhat for acute pain and cancer pain, but it especially does so for chronic pain. Guidelines for treatment of opioid dependence in the pain patient are proposed. Treatment oriented toward the long term requires limit setting and psychologic support that go beyond simple medication management.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1976

Cognitive conditioning therapy in the treatment of stuttering.

A therapy is described in which clients vividly imagine the cognitions that usually trigger their stuttering, and then contingently experience a painful shock. With the cessation of shock, alternate desirable cognitions are imagined that are designed to facilitate fluent speech. A case study illustrating the treatment is presented. Stuttering is compared with addictive behaviors such as smoking, and it is concluded that cognitive commonalities exist among seemingly disparate behaviors. The cognitive conditioning framework provides an integrative model that can be usefully applied in a variety of situations.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A practical approach to clients who are survivors of childhood sexual abuse.

Approximately 30% of all women have experienced some form of sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence. This abuse may result in serious long-term sequelae for the survivor, such as depression, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addictive behaviors. Nurse-midwives are uniquely equipped to provide health care to survivors of childhood sexual abuse because of their commitment to thorough, sensitive health education. This article draws on current literature and the clinical experience of a nurse-midwife who has cared for many survivors of sexual abuse. It offers suggestions for incorporating identification of survivors into the initial health assessment. Interventions are reviewed including how to approach the physical examination of a survivor and how to provide appropriate care in the intrapartum and postpartum period. Emphasis is given to the development of a referral network.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Relationship between schedule-induced polydipsia and amphetamine intravenous self-administration. Individual differences and role of experience.

It has been suggested that drug abuse belongs to a larger class of addictive behaviors, including smoking, eating or gambling, which are mediated by common processes. Since laboratory animals can be induced to develop drug self-administration as well as indulge in compulsive eating or drinking, the present experiments were designed to find out if the same animals were susceptible to both behaviors. Only certain rats develop amphetamine intravenous self-administration (SA), and this susceptibility can be predicted from their enhanced locomotor response in a novel environment. Furthermore, excessive, non-regulatory drinking, referred to as schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), in response to the periodic delivery of small amounts of food is only observed in certain rats. Since the propensity to SA has been shown to be influenced by experimental factors and testing for SIP was found to modify behavioral and biological parameters related to the propensity for drug-seeking, we also investigated whether experience of SIP influenced the subsequent development of SA. In Expt. 1, the rats that developed SA also acquired SIP, and had a higher locomotor response to novelty. The results of Expt. 2 showed that testing for SIP influenced the predisposition to develop amphetamine SA. When animals were tested for SIP first, the polydipsic rats subsequently failed to acquire SA, and had a reduced locomotor response to novelty. These changes seemed to be specific to the experience of SIP, as individual differences in the locomotor response to novelty were unchanged when animals were housed in standard laboratory conditions over a period of one month between the two tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Genetic polymorphisms at the rat and murine loci coding for dopamine D2-like receptors.

Southern blot hybridization techniques have been used to identify genetic polymorphisms at the D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptor loci in mice and rats. Genomic DNA from a panel of outbred and inbred strains of rats and inbred strains of mice was digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases. After separation of the restriction digests on the basis of size using agarose gel electrophoresis, 32P-labeled DNA probes coding for the rat D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptors were used to identify a series of genetic polymorphisms at each of these receptor loci. Genetic polymorphisms were found for the rat and murine D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptor loci. It is anticipated that these genetic polymorphisms will be useful in pharmacogenetic studies to determine the influence of the D2-like receptors in reward and addictive behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Clinical relevance of endorphins in psychiatry.

1. 13 years after the discovery of endorphins, the relationships between these peptides and mental illness remain unclear. 2. Current concepts are controversial and convincing hypotheses have not been elaborated yet. 3. Endorphin measurements in CSF or serum of psychiatric patients did not strongly support that schizophrenia or depression is related to a deficit or an excess of these peptides. Moreover, treatment with endorphins or opiate antagonists did not result in a distinct change of psychiatric symptoms. Recently, research focused on the relationship between endorphins and addictive behavior, but substantial evidence for clinical relevance is still missing. 4. The physiological relevance of many newly discovered endorphins is barely known and several subtypes of the opiate receptor have been found. Thus, it will still require a substantial effort in basic and clinical studies before, if at all, endorphins turn out to be helpful in the treatment of mental illness.

Brain Chemistry↗

PubMed1993

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons from postnatal rat in long-term primary culture.

Midbrain dopamine neurons project extensively throughout the vertebrate forebrain and influence a wide variety of brain functions. These neurons, which are believed to form a major brain reward system, are involved in initiation and control of motor programs, addictive behaviors, and determination of mood. Given their critical role in behavioral function, relatively little is known about their fundamental cellular physiological and pharmacological properties. A long-term dissociated culture system for postnatal rat dopamine neurons was developed to permit both acute and chronic studies of these cells. Dopamine neurons were dissociated from slices of ventral midbrain from neonatal rat pups and maintained in cell culture for several months. The dopaminergic phenotype was confirmed by catecholamine fluorescence and by tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. After four weeks in culture, dopamine neurons had cell bodies 10-40 microns in diameter, displayed either fusiform or multipolar morphology, and had processes with varicosities of 0.5-2 microns in diameter. Electrophysiological recordings were made from 71 dopamine neurons identified by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine fluorescence after six to 67 days in culture. The neurons had resting potentials of -51 +/- 5 mV, broad action potentials with durations of 2.9 +/- 1.3 ms, and the majority of the neurons (65%) displayed anomalous rectification. Most dopamine neurons in culture fired spontaneously in a pacemaker-like manner with a frequency of 2.3 +/- 1.3 Hz, or in a bursting pattern, typically having two to seven action potentials per burst. All neurons tested had glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors, and 90% of neurons responded to dopamine or quinpirole with inhibition of firing, suggesting the presence of dopamine autoreceptors. Some neurons were inhibited by concentrations of quinpirole as low as 10 nM. The results show that midbrain dopamine neurons can be maintained in dissociated cell culture for periods of several months. These neurons can be identified prior to electrophysiological recording, and they express many of the physiological characteristics that have been reported for midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗

PubMed1984

Winners revisited: an 18-month follow-up of our successful weight losers.

In Addictive Behaviors, Volume 8, Number 3, the authors described 54 men and women who were defined as successful weight losers by stringent criteria. Eighteen months later, 42 subjects were recontacted. Body weights have remained very stable (+/- 3.5 lb., on the average) through a variety of life stresses. Subjects' perceptions of reasons for their success are given. Authors conclude that the original criteria for defining success are a useful standard for future research.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1985

Predicting change in smoking status for self-changers.

Fourteen different measures were investigated as predictors of change in smoking status for self-change efforts at smoking cessation. Adult subjects (N = 866) were classified into five stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, and relapse. Subjects were assessed on 10 change processes, self-efficacy, temptations to smoke, and their decisions weighing the advantages and disadvantages of smoking; and these 14 variables were used as predictors of change in smoking status 6 months later. Six significant functions were found which predicted movement for each of the stages. These predictors are of both theoretical interest and practical significance because they may be modified in self-change efforts to overcome addictive behaviors. Overall, the change processes of self-reevaluation and the helping relationship and the self-efficacy and decisional balance variables were the most efficacious predictor variables. A general pattern emerged in which processes oriented more toward environmental events, such as dramatic relief and social liberation, tended to predict failure or no progress whereas more experientially oriented processes predicted progress.

Decision Making↗

PubMed1990

The role of drinking restraint success in subsequent alcohol consumption.

Intentional self-restraint may play an important role in the control of potentially addictive behavior. Unfortunately, for some individuals, efforts to reduce substance use may prove not only temporary but to increase the likelihood of a later "binge." An experimental study examined the relationship between prior self-restraint efforts and drinking. Results indicated that successfully restrained drinkers (i.e., those individuals who reported exerting considerable effort toward drinking self-control, and who were normatively successful, that is, light drinkers) responded to the sudden availability of alcohol with increased levels of consumption, relative to unrestrained drinkers at a similar level of habitual drinking. There was no such effect among unsuccessfully restraining (i.e., heavy) drinkers. These results suggest that a period of successful drinking restraint which is initiated by the individual, may lead to heightened subsequent alcohol consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Relapse situations and self-efficacy: an integrative model.

Researchers studying relapse for an addictive behavior have employed two different conceptual models. Researchers concerned with typologies of relapse situations have developed a variety of discrete classes of high risk situations. Researchers who have employed a Self-efficacy approach have typically assessed different situations but scored the measure as a single general construct. Using structural modeling, this paper evaluates five alternative measurement models, representing alternative conceptualizations. A hierarchical model which integrates the previously competing models provided the best fit to the data and serves to explain a large body of previous findings. The model includes three first order constructs (Positive/Social; Negative/Affective; and Habit/Addictive) and one general second-order factor. The results were replicated across two different response formats and two different subject samples.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Barriers to help-seeking for change in drinking: a gender-focused review of the literature.

Women with drinking problems are less likely than men to utilize alcohol-specific treatment services; they are comparatively more likely to seek help in general health and mental health care settings. These patterns in service utilization may be attributable, in part, to gender differences in barriers or disincentives to seeking and receiving care for alcohol abuse. In this paper we provide a gender-focused review of research on barriers to help-seeking for addictions behavior change. Two major categories of barrier, involving client and treatment program characteristics, appear to have a greater impact on service utilization of women than men. Insights gained from barriers literature provide valuable direction for future research and suggest applications in clinical service provision and treatment planning.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1989

The diagnosis of marijuana (cannabis) dependence.

The definition of marijuana (Cannabis) dependence (addiction) contains three critical elements. These are (a) preoccupation with the acquisition of marijuana, (b) compulsive use of marijuana, (c) relapse to or recurrent use of the marijuana. The manifestations of abnormal marijuana use may assume many forms. Medical, psychiatric, neurological, traumatic, and sociological sequelae occur commonly in acute and chronic marijuana use. Marijuana dependence must be diagnosed primarily as the etiological or precipitating agent to adequately prevent and treat these conditions. The central role of marijuana addiction can be identified. The consequences of the marijuana addiction should be separated from the marijuana addict's actual motivation or craving to use marijuana. Marijuana addicts use abnormally because of what marijuana does to them and not for them. Marijuana reinforces its own use. Psychosocial stressors are not required to produce a marijuana addiction in biologically susceptible individuals. Consequences that result from an addiction to marijuana do not produce the abnormal use. A presumptive diagnosis of marijuana dependence (addiction) can be established by detecting significant consequences associated with marijuana use. A definitive diagnosis entails confirming the presence of addictive behavior by identifying a preoccupation, compulsivity and relapse relative to the drug, marijuana.

Cannabis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancing addiction treatment through psychoeducational groups.

Clients with an addiction disorder generally present with an ego deficit in the area of self-care. This deficiency manifests itself in an inability to suffer and struggle with day-to-day problem solving. Outpatient addiction treatment today places significant resources in psychotherapy and psychodynamic group therapy often at the expense of teaching basic life skills our clients need to negotiate day-to-day living. To address both issues of ego and life skills deficits, the use of a psychoeducational group is presented. This specialized, task-oriented didactic group experience is a necessary component of a comprehensive addiction treatment program. A psychoeducational group in the treatment of addictions can serve as a synthesis for problem-solving skills training used in mental health and the psychodynamic theory of addictive behavior. Cases are presented to illustrate the efficacy of psychoeducational groups.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Smoking expectancy associates among college smokers.

Although it has been suggested that implicit expectancies influence smoking and other addictive behaviors, there is little direct evidence to support this notion. This study offers the first step in exploring implicit expectancy operation in cigarette smoking. Ninety-nine college smokers completed the sentence, "Smoking makes one_____." with as many words as possible within 30 s, developing a list of expectancy associates. The results of the sentence completion task were positively correlated with an explicit measure of smoking-related expectancies. Future studies will be able to use the expectancy associates developed by this study to employ implicit memory tasks and further the understanding of the role of smoking-related expectancies.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The effect of individual cocaine withdrawal symptoms on outcomes in cocaine users.

Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that individual drug withdrawal symptoms may have differential effects on addictive behaviors. The goals of this study were (1) to explore the dimensions of DSM-IV cocaine withdrawal symptoms and (2) to examine the association of these dimension and individual withdrawal symptoms with problems related to drug dependence in male and female cocaine users. The results of the principal components analyses of withdrawal symptoms supported a two factor model. The first one is labeled the depressive symptoms factor and included symptoms of depressed mood, psychomotor agitation, psychomotor retardation, craving for cocaine, insomnia, and vivid, unpleasant dreams. The second factor labeled the somatic symptoms factor included symptoms of increased appetite, hypersomnia, and fatigue. The depressive symptoms factor, in comparison to the somatic symptoms factor, was associated with more frequent reporting of having chemical dependency treatment, having depressed mood for longer than 2 weeks, and trading cocaine for sex. When the individual withdrawal symptoms were examined, depressed mood, psychomotor agitation, vivid, unpleasant dreams, and fatigue were associated with more frequent reporting of some of these outcomes. Our findings support two dimensions in cocaine withdrawal symptoms with differential effects on cocaine dependence outcomes.

Adult↗