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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1966

Behavioral control by an imprinted stimulus.

Newly hatched ducklings were exposed to imprinting procedures and subsequently trained to peck a key by presenting the imprinting stimulus as the reinforcing (response contingent) event. It was found that the key peck was learned only when imprinting procedures were initiated during the first 6 to 8 hr after hatch. Additional studies revealed that: (1) the duckling's distress vocalizations were reduced in the presence of the imprinting stimulus and enhanced in its absence; (2) when the ducklings had constant access to the imprinted stimulus (via a key peck), pecking responses occurred in bursts and relatively few distress vocalizations occurred; (3) the initial effect of extinction procedures was an increase in key peck rate. When, however, repeated key pecks failed to produce the imprinted stimulus, distress vocalization ensued and peck rate declined; (4) both the presentation of an unfamiliar mechanical figure and delivery of electrical shock enhanced distress vocalization and key pecks; (5) for some ducklings, certain familiar objects in the environment influenced distress calls in a manner comparable to the imprinted stimulus in that distress calls increased when these objects were removed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Maintenance of behavior controlling the duration of discriminative stimuli.

THE MAINTENANCE OF A RESPONSE CONTROLLING THE DURATION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULI IN A MULTIPLE SCHEDULE WAS EXAMINED WITH RESPECT TO THE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF THE RESPONSE: none, escape from the negative stimulus, production of the positive stimulus, and initiation of the reinforcement schedule associated with the latter. The last two seemed to be the major factors in producing and maintaining the response. Escape from the negative stimulus maintained it in most subjects, but only at a much lower level.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Instructions, multiple schedules, and extinction: Distinguishing rule-governed from schedule-controlled behavior.

Schedule sensitivity has usually been examined either through a multiple schedule or through changes in schedules after steady-state responding has been established. This study compared the effects of these two procedures when various instructions were given. Fifty-five college students responded in two 32-min sessions under a multiple fixed-ratio 18/differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 6-s schedule, followed by one session of extinction. Some subjects received no instructions regarding the appropriate rates of responding, whereas others received instructions to respond slowly, rapidly, or both. Relative to the schedule in operation, the instructions were minimal, partially inaccurate, or accurate. When there was little schedule sensitivity in the multiple schedule, there was little in extinction. When apparently schedule-sensitive responding occurred in the multiple schedule, however, sensitivity in extinction occurred only if differential responding in the multiple schedule could not be due to rules supplied by the experimenter. This evidence shows that rule-governed behavior that occurs in the form of schedule-sensitive behavior may not in fact become schedule-sensitive even though it makes contact with the scheduled reinforcers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Dynamics in the fine structure of schedule-controlled behavior.

The variability in the behavioral equilibrium established by six basic schedules was characterized. The measures were the pause preceding the first response in each interreinforcement interval; the mean rate of responding in each interreinforcement interval; and the relative frequency of each interresponse time. The temporal windows ranged across the 780-session exposure, across a session, and across the interreinforcement interval. A display of individual interresponse times as a function of time in the interreinforcement interval indicated clear recurrent responding at somewhat less than 3 Hz in every bird, even after extended exposure to a schedule and regardless of the contingency. No strong sequential dependencies in the interresponse-time distributions were identified. A simulator, based on a simple recurrent pulser, was presented that produced output similar to the obtained data. An archival data base of the behavior chronically maintained by the simple schedules was also generated.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Management of out-of-control behavior: the role of the security officer.

Security personnel must be able to work together with others on the hospital staff to make the hospital environment as emotionally and physically safe as possible. To do this they must understand the causes of aggression as well as techniques that must be applied to defuse or contain it.

Hospitals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of continuous cocaine administration on schedule-controlled behavior in rhesus monkeys.

The behavioral effects of continuous infusion of cocaine for prolonged periods were examined in rhesus monkeys responding under fixed-ratio (FR) or fixed-interval (FI) schedules of food presentation. Operant behavior was examined every 6h for 30min (FR) or 60min (FI) while saline or increasing doses of cocaine (4.0-32mg/kg/day) were continuously (24h/day) infused through an intravenous catheter. Cocaine initially reduced FR responding and tolerance developed to doses as high as 32mg/kg/day over periods of 10 to 35 days. When continuous infusion of cocaine (32mg/kg/day) was terminated after 50-80 total days of cocaine exposure, behavior was disrupted for several days in three of four monkeys. These behavioral disruptions were reversed when cocaine (0.062-0.25mg/kg) was administered i.v. 10min before sessions in which responding was typically suppressed, suggesting that behavioral dependence on cocaine had developed. Continuous infusion of cocaine also initially decreased the rate of FI 60s responding and tolerance developed to doses of 4.0 and 8.0mg/kg/day. Behavioral disruptions were not consistently observed when infusion of cocaine (8.0mg/kg/day) was terminated after up to 110 total days of cocaine exposure. Although reinforcement loss was comparable under the two schedules of reinforcement, the rate and extent of tolerance development varied between the two schedules of reinforcement. Therefore, behavioral factors in addition to reinforcement loss contribute to the development of cocaine tolerance. In addition, the data suggest that behavioral dependence upon cocaine can develop, but only under extreme exposure conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Punishment of schedule-controlled behavior with beta-carboline injections: antagonism and comparisons with other compounds.

Squirrel monkeys were trained to press a key under a multiple schedule of food presentation. In the presence of either green or red stimulus lights, the 30th response produced a food pellet (fixed-ratio schedule). In the presence of the red stimulus lights (punishment component), the first response of each fixed-ratio produced either an i.v. injection of histamine [30.0-100.0 micrograms/kg/injection (inj)] or saline, accompanied by a 200-msec presentation of amber stimulus lights. Sessions in which histamine was injected alternated with sessions in which saline was injected. Another group of subjects was studied under identical schedule conditions except that electric shock was scheduled with the 200-msec stimulus light. During alternate sessions, electric shock at a high or low intensity with the stimulus, or the stimulus alone was scheduled. When performances stabilized, histamine or high intensity electric shock selectively suppressed responding in the punishment component; saline, low intensity electric shock or the stimulus light alone had no effects. Subsequently, different doses of histamine, I-nicotine, cocaine or beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (beta-CCE) were substituted for histamine during single sessions. Histamine (17.8-100 micrograms/kg/inj), I-nicotine (32 micrograms/kg/inj) and beta-CCE (10-56 micrograms/kg/inj), but not cocaine (10.0-100.0 micrograms/kg/inj), produced a dose-related selective suppression of responding similar to that obtained with electric shock, suggesting that the drugs were functioning as punishers. Punishment by beta-CCE was antagonized with the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of kappa opioids on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys.

The behavioral effects of U50,488 [( trans]-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide), bremazocine, Mr2266 [(-)-5,9-diethyl-2-(3-furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan] and morphine were compared in squirrel monkeys responding under multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval (FR FI) schedules of food presentation or stimulus-shock termination. Doses of bremazocine (0.001-0.003 mg/kg), U50,488 (0.03-0.1 mg/kg) and Mr2266 (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) that markedly increased overall rates of FI responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination had little effect on or only decreased overall rates of FI responding maintained by food presentation. Each of the kappa opioids decreased FR responding maintained by either consequence. Morphine (0.03-1.7 mg/kg) only decreased responding under all conditions. Pretreatment with Mr2266 (0.1 mg/kg) produced a 10-fold or more rightward shift in the dose-effect functions for morphine under the two multiple schedules and U50,488 under the multiple schedule of food presentation. A 3-fold higher dose of Mr2266 produced an approximately 10-fold rightward shift in the descending portion of the dose-effect functions for U50,488 and bremazocine under the schedule of stimulus-shock termination but did not appreciably alter their rate-increasing effects. Naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of selected doses of morphine or bremazocine on overall rates of responding under the schedule of stimulus-shock termination. In contrast to its effects in combination with morphine, however, naltrexone (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) did not block alterations in patterns of FI responding produced by bremazocine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗