SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Body Fluids”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

DNA alterations in body fluids as molecular tumor markers for urological malignancies.

OBJECTIVES: DNA-based tumor markers are characterized by unique specificity rendering them an attractive target for molecular diagnosis of cancer in body fluids like blood serum/plasma and urine. Both cell-free tumor DNA circulating in plasma/serum and cellular tumor DNA are detectable by minimally invasive measures. METHODS: Three main detection methods, microsatellite analysis, mutation analysis in genomic or mitochondrial DNA and gene promoter hypermethylation analysis are applied. Detection of gene promoter hypermethylation by methylation-specific PCR enables the best methodical sensitivity requiring a ratio of tumor DNA within normal DNA of less than 1:1000. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Tumor DNA derived from renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer or prostate cancer is detectable in considerably more than 50% of plasma/serum samples and more than 70% of urine samples from these patients. Because the targeted DNA alterations are absent or very rare in controls, the specificity of DNA-based tumor detection methods reaches almost 100%. Although the methodology currently is experimental, automatization will make it easier and less expensive. This review is focused on the potential clinical value of DNA-based analysis of body fluids for the initial diagnosis and the follow-up of urologic cancer patients.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2003

TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, participates in the control of body fluid homeostasis by regulating angiotensinogen gene transcription in the rat subfornical organ.

In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that angiotensins synthesized in the brain contribute to regulating body fluid homeostasis. Although angiotensinogen, the unique angiotensin precursor, is produced in the brain, the factors that regulate its gene expression remain unknown. We recently found that TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor essential for the development of the fetal diencephalon, is postnatally expressed in discrete areas of the hypothalamus. We now report that the subfornical organ, an important site of angiotensinogen synthesis, is an extra-hypothalamic site of TTF-1 expression. Double in situ hybridization histochemistry demonstrated the presence of TTF-1 mRNA in angiotensinogen-producing cells of the rat subfornical organ. RNase protection assays showed that TTF-1 and angiotensinogen mRNA levels are simultaneously increased in the subfornical organ by water deprivation. The angiotensinogen promoter contains seven presumptive TTF-1 binding motifs, four of which are recognized by the TTF-1 homeodomain. In the C6 glioma cell line, TTF-1 transactivates the angiotensinogen promoter in a dose-dependent manner. This transactivation is abolished by deletion of the TTF-1 binding motif at -125. Intracranial administration of an antisense TTF-1 oligodeoxynucleotide decreased angiotensinogen mRNA in the subfornical organ and dramatically reduced the animal's water intake while increasing urine excretion. Moreover, plasma arginine vasopressin content was decreased by the same treatment. These results demonstrate a novel role for TTF-1 in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis, exerted via the transactivational control of angiotensinogen synthesis in the subfornical organ.

Angiotensinogen↗

PubMed1983

Effects of guanabenz therapy on renal function and body fluid composition.

Guanabenz acetate is a new centrally acting alpha 2-adrenergic agonist. Seventeen hypertensive men, in whom BP was normalized with guanabenz, underwent assessment of renal function, renal hemodynamics, and body fluid composition following short-term (three to six weeks), long-term (five to six months), and withdrawal (two weeks) therapy. Guanabenz therapy caused a modest but reversible reduction in glomerular filtration rate (12% to 18%), effective renal plasma flow (9% to 17%), and renal blood flow (12% to 20%). Renal vascular resistance was unchanged. Guanabenz therapy had no significant natriuretic or antinatriuretic effects in patients with an effective BP decrease, although it had the ability to produce and sustain a water diuresis. Guanabenz therapy was not associated with salt and water increases within body fluid compartments. Guanabenz, in some patients, is an effective monotherapy for the treatment of hypertension.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed2005

Multiplex mRNA profiling for the identification of body fluids.

We report the development of a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the definitive identification of the body fluids that are commonly encountered in forensic casework analysis, namely blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions. Using selected genes that we have identified as being expressed in a tissue-specific manner we have developed a multiplex RT-PCR assay which is composed of eight body fluid-specific genes and that is optimized for the detection of blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions as single or mixed stains. The genes include beta-spectrin (SPTB) and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) for blood, statherin (STATH) and histatin 3 (HTN3) for saliva, protamine 1 (PRM1) and protamine 2 (PRM2) for semen, and human beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1) and mucin 4 (MUC4) for vaginal secretions. The known or presumed functions of these genes suggest an extremely restricted pattern of gene expression, which is a basic requirement for incorporation into a tissue-specific assay. The methodology is based upon gene expression profiling analysis in which the body fluid-specific genes are identified by detecting the presence of appropriate mRNA species using capillary electrophoresis/laser induced fluorescence. An mRNA-based approach, such as the multiplex RT-PCR method described in the present work, allows for the facile identification of the tissue components present in a body fluid stain and could supplant the battery of serological and biochemical tests currently employed in the forensic serology laboratory.

Blood↗

PubMed2005

Regulation of body fluid and salt homeostasis--from observations in space to new concepts on Earth.

The present manuscript summarizes recent discoveries that were made by studying salt and fluid homeostasis in weightlessness. These data indicate that 1. atrial natriuretic peptide appears not to play an important role in natriuresis in physiology, 2. the distribution of body fluids appears to be tightly coupled with hunger and thirst regulation, 3. intrathoracic pressure may be an important co-regulator of body fluid homeostasis, 4. a so far unknown low-affinity, high capacity osmotically inactive sodium storage mechanism appears to be present in humans that is acting through sodium/hydrogen exchange on glycosaminoglycans and might explain the pathophysiology, e.g., of salt sensitive hypertension. The surprising and unexpected data underline that weightlessness is an excellent tool to investigate the physiology of our human body: If we knew it, we should be able to predict changes that occur when gravity is absent. But, as data from space demonstrate, we do not.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed1991

Management guidelines for health care workers exposed to blood and body fluids.

The purpose of this article is to propose specific management guidelines for the immediate emergency department and subsequent occupational health treatment of health care workers (HCWs) following accidental exposures to blood or body fluids. These guidelines are based on a collective review of the literature and the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and authorities expert in this knowledge domain. Guidelines are needed to assure appropriate treatment and coordinated efforts by ED and occupational health providers. Although numerous infections can potentially be transmitted by exposure to blood and body fluids, these guidelines are intended only for evaluation and postexposure prophylaxis of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and infection with HIV.

Blood↗

PubMed1991

An analysis of blood and body fluid exposures sustained by house officers, medical students, and nursing personnel on acute-care general medical wards: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine the epidemiology of blood and body fluid exposures sustained by medicine housestaff, medical school students, registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs), and nurses' aides (NAs) on general medicine wards and to define problem areas that may be amenable to change. DESIGN: Daily data collection during 9 months using a self-reporting questionnaire. SETTING: General medical wards in 2 tertiary referral hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Medicine housestaff/students and nursing personnel. RESULTS: Physicians reported 644 exposures, of which 98 (15.2%), 296 (46.0%), and 250 (38.8%) were sustained by medicine residents, interns, and students, respectively. Blood contact occurred with 591 (91.8%) exposures. For physicians, 575 (89.3%) exposures occurred during venipuncture, intravenous catheter manipulation, and arterial punctures. Interns and students most commonly incurred exposures during venipunctures and intravenous manipulations; residents commonly were exposed during emergent intravenous catheter placements. Five-hundred-twenty-two (81%) exposures occurred between 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. During 524 (81.4%) exposures, physicians were not using barrier devices. Nurses reported 235 exposures, of which 140 (59.6%), 23 (9.8%), and 72 (30.6%) were sustained by RNs, LPNs, and NAs, respectively. RN exposures commonly occurred during intravenous manipulations and glucometer fingersticks. LPNs and NAs incurred a higher percentage of exposures during nonprocedural patient care. Blood contact and wound drainage accounted for 167 (71.1%) and 31 (13.2%) exposures, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures to blood and body fluids frequently are incurred by healthcare workers on general medical wards. Efforts to reduce these exposures should be directed not only at improving procedural skills of healthcare workers for venipunctures, intravenous catheter insertions, and glucometer fingersticks, but also in increasing barrier use during procedural and nonprocedural tasks.

Blood↗

PubMed1989

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents in body fluids.

Several reports have been published reviewing high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the determination of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents (beta-blockers) in biological materials (Flouvat et al., 1981; Mehta, 1983; Marko and Soltés, 1984; Ahnoff et al., 1985; Tkaczyková and Safarík, 1987). Of these, the paper by Mehta (1983) briefly summarizes the interrelationship between physiocochemical properties of beta-blockers with prechromatographic treatment of biological samples, as well as with the HPLC methods used for the determination of 12 beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. The work by Ahnoff et al. (1985) concerning the monitoring of cardiovascular drugs also deals with HPLC assays of 18 beta-blockers in plasma. The Appendix to this report presents the great majority of HPLC methods for determining 30 beta-blockers in various body fluids. HPLC methods providing resolution and determination of individual beta-blocker enantiomers have not been included since this topic is being covered by Walle and Walle (1989). The Appendix is just a guide to the methods reviewed for the HPLC determination of parent beta-blockers as well as some of their metabolites co-assayed in various body fluids. It does not include details such as the internal standard, recovery, setting of the detector, limit of determination, etc., given in the individual methods listed. The isolation technique of the drug(s) from the given body fluid represents the main step in the sample work-up procedure. Along with this information, only the type of the HPLC column packing and the detection principle used by each method's developers are given.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1984

Serum sodium concentration and body fluid distribution during interdialysis: importance of sodium to fluid intake ratio in hemodialysis patients.

Changes in the serum Na+ concentration and transcellular body fluid distribution during the interdialytic period were simulated as functions of body weight gain assuming that the effective extracellular osmolality consists only of sodium. Our model shows that these changes are mainly determined by the relative ratio between sodium intake and weight gain in this period. If the sodium intake-to-net fluid intake ratio is equal to the postdialytic serum [Na+], neither changes in serum [Na+] nor transcellular fluid shifts occur. When sodium intake is relatively greater than the net water intake, serum [Na+] is increased and transcellular fluid shifts will occur out of the cells. On the other hand, when the net water intake is relatively greater than the sodium intake, serum [Na+] is decreased and fluid is distributed to both the intracellular and extracellular compartments. The combined application of our models for both the intradialytic interval described previously and the interdialytic interval described here is very useful in quantitatively analyzing the overall sodium and water metabolism in dialyzed patients.

Body Fluids↗

PubMed1993

Body fluid distribution in man in space and effect of lower body negative pressure treatment.

The lack of hydrostatic forces in space eventually produces a fluid deficit within the circulatory system. This deficit may alter the circulatory regulation patterns. The aim of the present study was to determine how much of this fluid deficit is attributable to interstitial fluid losses and to determine the effects of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) treatment on fluid distribution. The body fluid distribution of one subject was assessed before, during, and after weightlessness using two electrical impedance methods: (a) standard quadripole impedance for the segments of upper torso, lower torso, thigh, and calf and (b) an electrical impedance tomography technique (applied potential tomography) for a thigh cross-section. To assess the content of interstitial free fluid a thigh cuff overlying the electrodes for applied potential tomography was inflated to suprasystolic values to ascertain how much fluid can be squeezed out of blood vessels and tissue of skin and muscle. After the first thigh cuff maneuver (CUFF I) the subject performed a cardiovascular stress test with LBNP to mimic the gravity-induced blood shift to the lower part of the body. Then the compression maneuver was repeated (CUFF II). (a) This experimental sequence demonstrated a reduction in interstitial fluid in weightlessness of roughly 40% at the thigh. (b) The CUFF I and LBNP experiment demonstrated a reduced ability to cope with blood pooling in microgravity. (c) The CUFF II experiment suggests that LBNP in microgravity can refill the interstitial spaces and counteract the associated cardiovascular deterioration. The impedance measurements provided estimates of the contribution of different body sections to the observed body weight loss of more than 6 kg. The chest contributed nothing of significance, the lower torso more than 0.5 l, and both calves roughly 1.5 l. The thigh segments of both legs contributed between 1.5 l and 2.0 l with an interstitial free fluid reduction in muscle and skin by 40%.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Evaluation of the BacT/Alert microbial detection system with FAN aerobic and FAN anaerobic bottles for culturing normally sterile body fluids other than blood.

We evaluated the BacT/Alert Microbial Detection System (Organon Teknika Corporation, Durham, NC, USA) by using FAN bottles compared to conventional culture methods for the recovery of microorganisms from normally sterile body fluids other than blood and dialysates. Clinically significant pathogens were isolated from 116 (11%) of 1, 099 consecutive specimens (80 from both conventional media and FAN bottles; 23 from FAN bottles only; 13 from conventional media only). Gram-positive cocci were more likely to be recovered from FAN bottles than from conventional media (p = 0.04). Contaminants were also more likely to have grown in FAN bottles (3%) than on conventional media (1%) (p = 0.04). The mean time to detection of significant pathogens was 20.9 h using FAN bottles as compared to 30. 9 h using conventional media (p = 0.0001). These results indicate that the BacT/Alert Microbial Detection System using FAN blood culture bottles improves the yield of clinically significant Gram-positive isolates from normally sterile body fluids with a reduced time to detection.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1993

Body fluid exposure in an urban tertiary care medical center.

The increasing prevalences of the human immunodeficiency (HIV) and hepatitis B viruses have focused attention on the risks that health care workers face when exposed to potentially infective body fluids. This study establishes a profile of 320 parenteral exposure incidents and 47 exposure incidents to mucous membranes or abraded skin, reported in our medical center between July 1988 and July 1990. We found that 102 (27.8%) of the incidents involved an HIV-positive patient, that 130 (35.4%) of the reporting employees had completed their hepatitis B vaccination at the time of the incident, and that, although the majority of incidents involved employees with patient contact, unfortunately, service workers also were represented (4.6%, n = 17). Factors contributing to incidents included recapping (10.9%, n = 40), full needle-boxes (7.6%, n = 28), and inappropriate disposal (13.1%, n = 48). A health fair featuring walk-in hepatitis B immunization attracted 260 participants, 90% of whom completed the entire immunization series. This significantly improved the immunization rate of employees subsequently reporting body fluid exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Long-term effects on central haemodynamics and body fluid volumes of ketanserin in essential hypertension studies at rest and during dynamic exercise.

The long-term haemodynamic effects of ketanserin, a new serotonin-antagonist, was examined in 13 patients of both sexes (age range 24-62 years) with mild and moderate essential hypertension (EH). Cardiac output (CO) and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) were measured at rest and during exercise before and after nine months of therapy. On ketanserin the mean casual BP was lowered by 15/21 mmHg to 152/91 mmHg and five of the 13 patients became 'normotensive' (BP less than 140/90 mmHg). The intra-arterial systolic pressure fell by 5-8% and the diastolic pressure by 5-11% from pretreatment levels at rest supine, sitting and during 50, 100 and 150 W exercise. The fall in BP was associated with a reduction in CO at rest while during exercise both a fall in CO and in total peripheral resistance contributed to the hypotensive effect. The fall in CO was due to a reduction in heart rate (average: -4 to 8 beats/min). The stroke volume remained unchanged in all settings and oxygen consumption was not affected by the drug. Body weight and body fluid volumes did not change significantly. Eight patients complained of drowsiness and lack of concentration. It is concluded that in mild and moderate EH ketanserin induces a moderate BP reduction associated with a fall in CO. There is no large vasodilating effect after long-term ketanserin treatment either at rest or during exercise. Ketanserin does not influence body fluid balance. The incidence of side-effects is high.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Assessment of eosinophil granule proteins in various body fluids: is there a relation to clinical variables in childhood asthma?

BACKGROUND: The eosinophil plays a central role in the inflammatory process in bronchial asthma. Recent studies have indicated that the assessment of eosinophil-derived proteins in various body fluids could be used for monitoring disease activity of childhood asthma. Till now, no study exists which compared the levels of eosinophil-derived proteins in various body fluids such as serum, nasal lavage fluid (NALF) and urine. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether eosinophil granule proteins in different compartments were correlated and whether there is a relationship between disease activity, pulmonary function and bronchial hyperreactivity. METHODS: Twenty-eight children with atopic bronchial asthma were recruited. Serum, NALF and urine samples were obtained and assessed for eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX). The levels of eosinophil proteins were analysed for a relationship with lung function variables, bronchial hyperreactivity and disease activity. Eleven healthy control subjects were used as controls. RESULTS: Median ECP and EPX concentrations in serum (31.4 and 74.8 microg/L vs 15.8 and 24.3 microg/L, respectively), NALF (9.9 and 44. 9 microg/L vs 0 and 2.5 microg/L, respectively) and urine (49.4 vs 16.5 microg/mmol creatinine) were significantly raised in children with bronchial asthma compared with healthy control subjects. In addition, ECP and EPX levels in serum and urine samples were significantly higher in symptomatic patients compared with asymptomatic subjects with asthma. Although no relationship between eosinophil-derived proteins in serum, NALF or urine and the level of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity could be detected, the concentrations of EPX in serum and urine were correlated with variables of pulmonary function. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate increased eosinophil activity in serum, NALF and urine derived from children with bronchial asthma. Due to the relationship between levels of eosinophil proteins in serum/urine samples and lung function, as well as significant concentration differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic asthmatic children, the assessment of eosinophil proteins in serum or urine samples appear to be more appropriate in monitoring disease activity than measurement of ECP or EPX in NALF. Thus, the determination of serum ECP/EPX or urinary EPX may be preferentially used in monitoring eosinophilic inflammation in childhood asthma.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Changes in hyaluronan concentration in tissues and body fluids in disease states.

Proteins which specifically bind hyaluronan have been used to develop sensitive immunoassay-like analytical techniques. These assays have made it possible to analyse hyaluronan concentrations in nanogram amounts in tissues and body fluids. The normal adult human circulating level of hyaluronan varies between 10 and 100 micrograms/l. Increased levels of serum hyaluronan (greater than 1 mg/l) have been found in inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and psoriatic arthritis. Even higher levels occur in serum from patients with cirrhotic liver diseases and in patients with malignant mesothelioma. Elevated serum hyaluronan levels are a sign either of increased production and/or outflow from the tissues or of decreased elimination of the polysaccharide in the liver endothelial cells or in other parts of the reticuloendothelial system or through the kidneys. The serum concentration is also influenced by increased age and by the degree of physical activity. Important information on pathological processes has been gained by analysing the hyaluronan concentration in other body fluids such as urine, perfusion fluid from the intestine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In the future these analyses should also be useful in clinical work.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Tissue culture cytotoxicity assay for cyclophosphamide metabolites in rat body fluids.

An in vitro cytotoxicity assay for cyclophosphamide metabolites in rat body fluids is described. Of the two tissue culture tumor cell lines employed, the Walker-256 rat carcinosarcoma was more sensitive to metabolite levels than the L-1210 mouse lymphocytic leukemia. The Walker-256 system detected cyclophosphamide metabolite levels two orders of magnitude lower than the commonly used 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine analytical procedure.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Effect of long-term nifedipine treatment on body fluid composition in essential hypertension.

The antihypertensive efficacy and effects on body fluid composition of monotherapy with the calcium antagonist nifedipine were investigated in 15 patients with essential hypertension. The systolic as well as the diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly, by approximately 12%, during nifedipine treatment with a mean dose of 56 mg. Glomerular filtration rate, plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, and the ratio plasma to interstitial fluid volume did not change significantly. The most frequently observed side-effects were flushing and peripheral oedema which occurred in four and three patients, respectively. These results indicate that sodium and water retention, which is often observed during long-term treatment with vasodilators, does not seem to be the explanation of the development of peripheral oedema seen with nifedipine.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Effects of altered body fluid balance and high blood pressure on the plasma brain natriuretic peptide in rats.

The present study was aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of BNP release. Effects of acute and chronic perturbations in body fluid balance, changes in BP, and regulatory roles of NO and endothelin systems on BNP release were examined in rats. Although acute extracellular volume expansion did not have significant effects on plasma BNP, prolonged high-salt intake increased plasma BNP levels. Plasma BNP levels were also higher in 2K1C rats compared with the control. Although infusion of L-NAME increased the plasma BNP in control, it did not further affect the plasma BNP in rats with high-salt intake. Although L-arginine (20 mg.kg-1 per min) per se did not have significant effects on plasma BNP, it blocked the stimulatory effect of L-NAME (200 micrograms.kg-1 per min). Plasma BNP was severalfold increased following a single injection of endothelin (0.3 micrograms/kg) in normal and high-salt intake groups, the magnitude of which was not significantly affected by the high-salt intake. Although indomethacin did not have significant effects on plasma BNP in normal rats, it blocked the stimulatory effect of 2K1C hypertension. It is concluded that BNP is regulated by chronic changes in body fluid balance and blood pressure. It is also suggested that endothelin and NO systems may directly regulate the secretion of BNP in vivo. An endogenous prostaglandin synthesis may be involved in the stimulated release of BNP in hypertension.

Animals↗