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PubMedDate not supplied

Body image and psychopathology in male bodybuilders.

BACKGROUND: To compare male bodybuilders to men with eating disorders and control men regarding body image, psychopathology and sexual history. METHOD: We compared 28 male bodybuilders, 30 men with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia or binge eating disorder defined by DSM-IV), and 30 controls, using a battery of questionnaires covering weight history, eating behavior, body image, lifetime history of psychiatric disorders, and sexuality. Eating-disordered and control men were recruited from a college student population and studied during the course of an earlier investigation. RESULTS: Bodybuilders exhibited a pattern of eating and exercising as obsessive as that of subjects with eating disorders, but with a 'reverse' focus of gaining muscle as opposed to losing fat. Bodybuilders displayed rates of psychiatric disorders intermediate between men with eating disorders and control men. In measures of body image, the bodybuilders closely resembled the men with eating disorders, but significantly differed from the control men, with the former two groups consistently displaying greater dissatisfaction than the latter. Sexual functioning did not distinguish the three groups except for the item 'lack of sexual desire' which was reported significantly more often by both bodybuilders and men with eating disorders. CONCLUSION: On measures of body image and eating behavior, bodybuilders share many features of individuals with eating disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Racial and body image differences in coping for women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Although more White women develop breast cancer, African American women more frequently die of the disease (American Cancer Society, 2003). Despite higher morbidity among African American women, few studies have included racially diverse samples. The purposes of this study were to explore racial and body image differences in coping and self-efficacy in coping and racial differences in body image perceptions among breast cancer patients. The 92 participants ranged in age from 28 to 86 years (M=57.64, SD=12.48). Participants with higher body image perceptions had significantly higher self-efficacy in coping compared with participants with lower body image perceptions. There were no significant racial or ethnic differences in coping, self-efficacy in coping, or body image perceptions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

[Sexuality and body image in patients with rectal cancer].

STUDY DESIGN: Rectal cancer patients were invited to complete a questionnaire aimed at evaluating their current body image and sex life 3 and 6 months after surgical treatment. In addition, the possible impact of a stoma was investigated. The relevant pre-operative situation was determined retrospectively. RESULTS: The patient's body image was appreciably impaired in both sexes. Women tended to lament a reduction in their physical attractiveness, men a loss of virility. In the subsequent months, the body image in women tended to become more positive, but remained unchanged in men. Stoma patients were clearly less happy with their bodies. Preoperatively, already, women indicated a comparatively low level of interest in sex. Three months after surgery, sex life was clearly disturbed in both sexes. During the further course of time, sexual interest increased, in particular in women, but the level of sexual pleasure stagnated at a low level. Men continued to report erectile and orgasmic disorders, while women increasing complained of pain during intercourse. Six months after surgery, a stoma had a negative impact on sexual activity. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of rectal cancer has an appreciable impact on body image and sexuality in both men and women. Greater attention should be paid to this fact during pre-operative patient counseling, and in the after care of tumor patients.

Aftercare↗

PubMed1981

The relation of personality characteristics to body image disturbances in juvenile anorexia nervosa: a multivariate analysis.

The relationship between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) factors and two separate measures of body image-estimation of body size and subjective report of distorted bodily experiences-was investigated using multivariate analyses in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa. A canonical correlational analysis of these data indicated the presence of two orthogonal dimensions defining the relation between personality and body image scores. In the first canonical variate, size overestimation and subjective body image distortion were both associated with MMPI scales reflecting somatization, anxiety, and atypical thinking; in the second variate, size overestimation alone was found to be associated with introversion and depression, while subjective body image distortion aligned with somatization and atypical thinking. The results suggest that different measures of body image disturbance are associated with different personality characteristics. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of personality factors in the pathogenesis of body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

I am a woman and i'm pregnant: body image of women in Taiwan during the third trimester of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Women's body image in late pregnancy and its relationship to the assumption of the maternal role have not been fully addressed in transitional cultures like that of Taiwan. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore body image and body satisfaction of women in Taiwan during the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Eighteen women in the 29th to 39th week of pregnancy who were receiving prenatal examinations at clinics at a medical center in Taipei, Taiwan, took part in open-ended, face-to-face interviews concentrating on the women's reactions to the changes in their bodies. Interviews were analyzed using a phenomenological approach. RESULTS: Two major themes central to women's experience of their bodies during late pregnancy were identified. One theme, "My body: where did it go?" reflects women's use of nonpregnant adult female standards of beauty to assess their pregnant bodies and their hope of regaining their "feminine self" after childbirth. The other theme, "My body = my baby's body," reflects women's view of the changes in their bodies as an indication of their baby's health and growth and as a sign of their adequacy as mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Conflict between "what is good for me as a woman" and "what is good for my child or for me as a mother" is very apparent when examining women's experience of late pregnancy. Awareness of the complexity of body-related experiences of pregnant women will help to identify sources of stress and concern that may interfere with the pregnant woman's self-identity, her social functioning, and even her experience of birth itself, and may help health care professionals provide better social support and care for women approaching the end of pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Body images of one's self and of others: developmental and clinical significance.

The author presents a new concept of the term "body image." He also introduces the term "extraneous body image," i.e., one's mental representation of others' appearance and behavior. The formation of one's own and extraneous body images and their role in the development of self-concept, concept of others, interpersonal relationships, and mind-body interactions, as well as their clinical implications, are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Overt and covert sexual abuse: relationship to body image and eating disturbance.

OBJECTIVE: To separate forms of overt and covert sexual abuse and assess their independent contribution to the development of body image and eating disturbance. METHOD: A new measure was developed--the Covert-Overt Sexual Abuse Questionnaire (COSAQ)--and correlated with levels of body image, eating disturbance, social desirability, self-esteem, and depression. RESULTS: Factor analyses on three independent samples yielded two distinct subscales which were labelled Overt and Covert. Each scale had excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Regression analyses demonstrated the ability of the Covert factor to explain variance associated with body image disturbance and eating dysfunction beyond that accounted for by levels of social desirability, self-esteem, depression, and overt sexual abuse. DISCUSSION: These findings support the importance of a more "subtle" form of early trauma--covert sexual abuse--in the development of body image and eating-related problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of body image satisfaction in Turkish adolescents and whether it varied according to age, sex, socioeconomic status, early versus late sexual maturation, participation in physical activities, and frequency of exposure to information about body development and appearance in the mass media. Subjects were 269 female and 286 male secondary school students, aged 11-18. They were administered the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results indicated that males were more satisfied with their bodies than were females, early-maturing males and late-maturing females had higher levels of body image satisfaction, and participants in physical activities were more satisfied with their bodies than were nonparticipants.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Although body-image disturbance is among the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the nature and extent of this disturbance have not been precisely identified. This is the purpose of this first meta-analysis of extant research on body image and eating disorders. METHOD: Using contemporary techniques, the meta-analysis systematically examined 66 studies (from 1974 to 1993) of perceptual and attitudinal parameters of body image among anorexics and bulimics relative to control groups. RESULTS: Attitudinal body dissatisfaction, both questionnaire and self-ideal discrepancy measures, produced substantially larger effect sizes than did perceptual size-estimation inaccuracy. Body dissatisfaction measures, whether global or weight/shape related, differentiated bulimic and anorexic groups (with bulimics having more dissatisfaction), whereas perceptual distortion indices did not. Somewhat larger effects occurred with whole-body than with body-part size-estimation assessments. Size distortion among patients with eating disorders appears unlikely to reflect a more generalized sensory/perceptual deficit. DISCUSSION: Scientific, conceptual, and clinical implications of these findings are delineated.

Anorexia Nervosa↗

PubMed2002

Exercise status and sexual orientation as moderators of body image disturbance and eating disorders in males.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the moderating effects of sexual orientation and exercise status on measures of body image and eating disturbance in a sample of men. METHOD: One hundred and thirty-four men completed measures designed to index a range of body image facets (ideals, actual, partner's preference, overall dissatisfaction), eating disturbance (restrictive and bulimic levels), and overall self-esteem. RESULTS: There were few significant effects as a function of exercise status or sexual orientation. Bodybuilders were more satisfied on a global measure of body image and had a higher ideal and actual upper torso size rating. Gay men had a smaller actual upper torso rating than heterosexual men, but ideal size upper torso did not differ as a function of sexual orientation. DISCUSSION: Findings are discussed in terms of methodological limits of previous work and future examinations of moderating factors for body image and eating disturbance in men.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

Body image and eating disturbance among south Asian-American women: the role of racial teasing.

OBJECTIVE: Acculturation and loss of ethnic identification have been proposed as risk factors for eating and body image disturbance among women of color. This study investigated whether being teased about racial or ethnic features might also play a role in these disturbances in minority women. METHODS: One hundred twenty-two college women of South Asian descent completed questionnaire measures of disturbed eating behavior, body image dissatisfaction, distress, self-esteem, acculturation, ethnic identification, and racial teasing. RESULTS: History of hurtful racial teasing, but not acculturation or ethnic disidentification, was associated with disturbed eating and body image, even after controlling for distress, self-esteem, and body mass. CONCLUSION: The psychological impact of racial teasing may be a potent but neglected source of eating and body image disturbance among minority women.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1978

Body awareness in anorexia nervosa: disturbances in "body image" and "satiety".

Patients with anorexia nervosa have been shown previously to display distortions in body image perception. Bruch has postulated that these disturbances as well as disturbances in interoception are meaningfully related to the development of the syndrome. We hypothesized that disturbances in body image, as measured by a distorting photograph technique, and interoception, as measured by a satiety-aversion to sucrose test, should be demonstrable in anorexic patients vs. normal controls. Furthermore, these disturbances should be modifiable by external cues (looking at one's image in a mirror and ingesting isocaloric "high" and "low" calorie connotation meals). We also hypothesized that body image and interoceptive disturbances would be interrelated in the same individuals. Results indicated that patients with anorexia nervosa (N = 26) differed from normal controls (N = 16) in overestimating their body sizes (p = 0.06) and in failing to develop an aversion to the sucrose tastes (p less than 0.001). However, neither viewing one's image in a mirror nor ingesting both "high and "low" calorie connotation meals altered body size perception. Intrasubject body size estimates were very stable from week to week for the anorexic subjects (r = +0.75, p less than 0.001) but less for the controls (r = +0.45, p less than 0.05). The data revealed that overestimation of body size was closely related to the failure to develop an aversion to sucrose tastes in anorexic patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Racial differences in predictors of college women's body image attitudes.

African-American and Euro-American women from three predominantly Euro-American colleges in the southeast U.S. between 17 and 23 years of age completed instruments assessing body image attitudes, social competence, sex-role attitudes, racial identity, and a measure of family and personal characteristics. Analyses revealed race differences on all body image measures with the exception of appearance evaluation which was influenced by family income and race. Specifically, African-American women reported more satisfaction with and positive feelings towards their bodies and less dissatisfaction than Euro-American women. Unlike Euro-Americans, African-American women attached importance to fitness and health. The relationship between personal/physical factors and body image was stronger for African-American than Euro-American women. Additionally, personal/physical characteristics were the best model of appearance evaluation for African-American women, whereas personal/physical and sociodemographic factors best predicted this measure for Euro-American women. The results are discussed in relation to body image norms and standards of the African-American subculture and middle-class, Euro-American mainstream culture.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Body image and dieting behaviors among elite figure skaters.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored links among body image, dieting behavior, and nutritional status among 40 nationally ranked junior figure skaters. METHOD: Questionnaires were provided to 40 junior skaters (range 12.9-22.9 years) during a skaters' camp. Food intakes were recorded over 4 consecutive days and blood samples were drawn. Nutritional status was assessed using food intake records and selected biomarker data. RESULTS: Data suggested that these athletes dieted despite relative satisfaction with body image. Although biochemical measures of nutritional status were all within normal range, inadequate energy intakes and delayed menarche (in women) were widespread in this athlete sample. DISCUSSION: Data dispute common theories of dieting being linked to dissatisfaction with body image. The article also cautions against overreliance on biochemical assessment as a marker of nutritional inadequacy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Development of body image, eating disturbance, and general psychological functioning in female adolescents: covariance structure modeling and longitudinal investigations.

OBJECTIVE: Covariance structure modeling (CSM) and longitudinal analyses were used to identify a possible causal sequence for factors that might lead to the development of body image and eating disturbance in adolescent females. METHOD: In Study 1, subjects were measured for level of obesity, perceived weight status, maturational timing, history of being teased about weight/size, body image, eating disturbance, and global psychological functioning. Study 2 was a systematic replication of Study 1 using different indices of body image and a more comprehensive assessment of eating disturbance. In Study 3, subjects from Study 1 were reassessed at a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: The findings from Study 1 indicated that level of obesity and perceived weight, but not maturational timing, had a directional influence on the other variables. In addition, teasing history was significantly related to the development of body image and eating disturbance. CSM and path analyses with Studies 2 and 3 data generally replicated and extended the results from Study 1. DISCUSSION: These findings offer important insights into possible causal sequences for the development of body image and eating disturbance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Mastectomy, body image and therapeutic massage: a qualitative study of women's experience.

Despite the wealth of literature concerning the impact of breast loss on a woman's body image, sexual and psychological adjustment, there have been few studies within the medical and nursing literature directly quoting a woman's private perspective; how in her words she experiences her changed body. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence-based interventions for addressing the problem of altered body image (ABI); healthcare professionals often feel at a loss in knowing how to help women cope (Hopwood & Maguire 1988). In this study in-depth interviews were undertaken to explore three women's experiences of breast loss with particular focus on body image issues; a second phase piloted a massage intervention as a means of helping them adjust to living with their changed body image. Listening to their experience, in combination with the therapeutic massage, allowed deep access and insight into the nature of the women's trauma. The experiences of the three women in this study suggest there may be a group of women whose needs are overlooked and who, despite their prosthesis and reassurances that they are disease-free, opt to conceal the problems they have in living with a changed image. The availability of a body-centred therapy might help with certain aspects of adjustment as revealed by this study.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Relationship among body image, exercise behavior, and exercise dependence symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among body image, exercise behavior, body mass index (BMI), and primary exercise dependence symptoms in physically active individuals. METHOD: Male and female university students (N = 474) completed self-report measures of exercise behavior, height, weight, exercise dependence symptoms, social physique anxiety, and body satisfaction. RESULTS: Hierarchical multiple regressions with forced block entry by gender were conducted to examine the effects of exercise behavior, BMI, and exercise dependence symptoms on body satisfaction and social physique anxiety. For females, BMI was the strongest positive predictor of body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety. For males, exercise behavior was the strongest negative predictor of body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety. DISCUSSION: It was concluded that after controlling for the effects of BMI and exercise behavior, primary exercise dependence symptoms were not strong predictors on body image, especially for females.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Body image and quality of life after head and neck cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of body image reintegration as it relates to quality of life in the surgical head and neck cancer patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To illustrate the course of body image reintegration after head and neck cancer surgery, the results of two major studies are presented. In the first study, a cohort sample of 75 adults about to undergo disfigurative surgery for head and neck cancer was examined to determine levels of anxiety before and after the procedure. The State Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered before and after surgery on postoperative days 4 through 6. In the large study, from which the cohort sample was derived, 117 adults about to undergo disfigurative surgery were investigated to determine the relationship between coping with surgical disfigurement/dysfunction and length of hospital stay. The Ways of Coping Checklist was administered before surgery. Disfigurement/dysfunction, as measured by the Disfigurement/Dysfunction Scale, and postoperative coping behaviors, as measured by the Coping Behaviors Score, were accounted for in both samples. Self-care and resocialization behaviors were observed and measured on postoperative days 4 through 6. RESULTS: In the cohort study, anticipation of disfigurative facial surgery was associated with extremely high levels of anxiety. In the large sample, coping effectiveness was diminished. The degree of surgical deficit ranged from mild to severe disfigurement and dysfunction. Preoperative coping effectiveness predicted postoperative coping behavior. It was concluded that body image reintegration was characterized by self-care, resocialization, and reduced anxiety. Further, that these components, when taken together, constitute assimilation of the surgical defect into self. CONCLUSIONS: Body image reintegration is critical to subsequent quality of life after head and neck cancer surgery. When disfigurement/dysfunction is associated with treatment, quality of life may be profoundly and adversely affected. Findings from the studies presented indicate a significant correlation between postoperative self-care and reduction in level of anxiety. The implications of this findings are important to care during the early period after surgery and to long-term follow-up after hospital discharge.

Adaptation, Psychological↗