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PubMed1981

Phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and cardiolipin in the course of early embryonic development. Fatty acid composition and content in whole toad embryos and in mitochondrial fractions.

The fatty acid composition and content of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid have been studied during the early development of toad embryos. Acidic phospholipids have been analyzed in whole oocytes and embryos and in the following subcellular fractions: yolk platelets, mitochondria and microsomes. Also cardiolipin, a mitochondrial phospholipid, has been analyzed. Gastrula stage embryos have shown, mainly in the mitochondrial fraction, an increase in the content of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol with respect to unfertilized oocytes. Changes in the distribution of acyl groups of phosphatidic acid have been detected when different subcellular fractions are compared. On the other hand, the phosphatidylserine composition remains unmodified. Arachidonate and stearate are the principal components of phosphatidylinositol. Cardiolipin shows the same composition up to gastrulation and linoleate comprises about 50% of the total acyl groups.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Differential effects of phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin on carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity.

Rates of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-catalyzed conversion of palmitoylcarnitine to palmitoyl-CoA are markedly decreased with the progress of this reaction presumably owing to the build up of inhibitory palmitoyl-CoA in the enzyme vicinity. High, above micellar, concentrations of palmitoylcarnitine, phosphatidylcholine liposomes and high KCl concentrations increased the activity, apparently by facilitating the removal of palmitoyl-CoA from the enzyme surface. The presence of cardiolipin was found to be inhibitory. The enzyme activity followed in the direction of palmitoylcarnitine formation with low palmitoyl-CoA concentration as substrate, was inhibited by phosphatidylcholine, but stimulated by cardiolipin. Both of these lipids markedly stimulated the enzyme activity followed by the isotope exchange procedure which requires progression of both the forward and the backward reactions. The results indicate that one of the effects of phospholipids on carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity is exerted from the ability of these substances to bind the amphipathic reactants of this enzyme, particularly long-chain acyl-CoA. The possibility that the activity of the membrane-bound carnitine palmitoyltransferase may at times be affected by changes in the concentrations and composition of the various phospholipids in the enzyme's vicinity is raised by these findings.

Acyltransferases↗

PubMed1989

Role of cardiolipin in the functioning of mitochondrial L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Adriamycin was used in situ, in isolated liver mitochondria of hyperthyroid rats to study the role of cardiolipin in the functioning of FAD-linked L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The apparent kinetic parameters of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme were affected by adriamycin. The effect of adriamycin was dependent on the electron acceptor, suggesting the existence of distinct binding sites for hydrophobic and hydrophilic acceptors. Assuming a correlation between the two plateaus observed upon binding of adriamycin to the mitochondria and the penetration of the drug into the two leaflets of the inner membrane [Cheneval et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 13003-13007], we can deduce that cardiolipin in both leaflets influences predominantly the electron acceptor binding site(s).

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Adriamycin and its iron(III) and copper(II) complexes. Glutathione-induced dissociation; cytochrome c oxidase inactivation and protection; binding to cardiolipin.

Some reactions of adriamycin (doxorubicin) and its Fe3+ and Cu2+ complexes were investigated with a view to understanding the mechanisms by which metal ion-adriamycin complexes damage cellular components. The ability of adriamycin in the presence of Cu2+ to inactivate the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase was effectively prevented by physiologic levels of glutathione. This result is explained by the observation that glutathione reacts with the Cu2+-adriamycin complex to produce free adriamycin. As sulfhydryl compounds are, in contrast, known to promote Fe3+-adriamycin-induced damage to cellular components, these results suggest that the response of a metal ion-adriamycin system to the presence of sulfhydryl compounds may be indicative of whether or not Cu2+-adriamycin is the damaging species. The partition of adriamycin into the octanol phase of an octanol-water two-phase system was greatly enhanced by the presence of cardiolipin. This result can be explained by the formation of a strong adriamycin-cardiolipin complex in the octanol phase which is one-half formed at an adriamycin concentration of 6 microM.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed1988

Synthesis of a phosphono analogue of cardiolipin and study of its silicic acid column chromatographic behaviour.

The synthesis is reported of the phosphono analogue of cardiolipin namely of 1,2-dipalmitoyloxypropyl-3-(2'-hydroxy propyl-3'-(1",2"-dipalmitoyl glycerol]biphosphonate. This was prepared by the condensation of 1,2-dipalmitoyl glycerol with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-oxypropyl-3-(2'-hydroxy propyl-3')-biphosphonate catalyzed by tri-isopropylbenzene sulfonyl chloride in pyridine. The final product was characterized by elemental analyses, phosphono phosphorus determinations, thin-layer chromatography and IR spectroscopy. The silicic acid column chromatographic behaviour of the phosphono analogue of cardiolipin was also studied.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed1993

A novel property of a mitochondrial presequence. Its ability to induce cardiolipin-specific interbilayer contacts which are dissociated by a transmembrane potential.

A new property of the presequence of the mitochondrial precursor protein cytochrome oxidase subunit IV is presented. This mitochondrial presequence induces interbilayer contacts between large unilamellar vesicles consisting of phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin. The presequence-vesicle aggregates can be dissociated by applying a membrane potential across the bilayers (negative inside). These effects require the presence of cardiolipin and are not observed for other negatively charged phospholipids. We propose a role for the presequence in the formation and dissociation of mitochondrial contact sites.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1989

Heat inactivation of serum potentiates anti-cardiolipin antibody binding in ELISA.

Heat treatment of sera at 56 degrees C for 30 min results in positive ELISA reactions for anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) in sera that had undetectable or low levels of aCL before heat inactivation. The positive, potentiated reactivity of the heated sera in the aCL ELISA could be inhibited with the cardiolipin antigen and was abolished by prior IgG depletion using staphylococcal protein A. The heat-potentiating effect of aCL binding in ELISA was evident in both normal human sera and clinical sera including sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and syphilis.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed1993

Reactivity of neuroborreliosis patients (Lyme disease) to cardiolipin and gangliosides.

A subset of patients (50%) with neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease) showed IgG reactivity to cardiolipin in solid phase ELISA. In addition, a subset of patients with neuroborreliosis (29%) and syphilis (59%) had IgM reactivity to gangliosides with a Gal(beta 1-3) GalNac terminal sequence (GM1, GD1b, and asialo GM1). Anti-ganglioside IgM antibodies were significantly more frequent in these two groups of patients compared to patients with cutaneous and articular Lyme disease, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and normal controls. Correlative evidence and adsorption experiments indicated that antibodies to cardiolipin had separate specificities from those directed against the gangliosides. IgM antibodies to Gal(beta 1-3) GalNac gangliosides appeared to have similar specificities since these were positively correlated and inhibitable by cross adsorption assays. Given the clinical associations of patients with neuroborreliosis and syphilis with IgM reactivity to gangliosides sharing the Gal(beta 1-3) GalNac terminus, we suggest that these antibodies could represent a response to injury in neurological disease or a cross reactive event caused by spirochetes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Fusion of a Sendai mutant deficient in HN protein (ts271) with cardiolipin liposomes.

Sendai mutant ts271 contains less than 5% of the amount of HN glycoprotein found in wild-type Sendai. Fusion of this mutant with cardiolipin liposomes revealed no differences from the wild-type virus with regard to specific activity, pH dependence, or radiation inactivation. Target sizes of both mutant and wild-type viral proteins were determined by the radiation-induced disappearance of each band from an SDS-polyacrylamide gel and no differences were found. Of the viral proteins, only F had a target size corresponding to the monomer molecular weight, ca. 60 kDa, identical to the minimum unit previously determined by functional assay for Sendai virus-erythrocyte membrane fusion (K. Bundo-Morita, S. Gibson, and J. Lenard, Biochemistry 26, 6223-6227 (1987)). This provides additional evidence that F alone is the active protein mediating Sendai-erythrocyte fusion. It is concluded that the HN protein is unlikely to mediate any fusion reactions of the intact virions, either with biological membranes or with cardiolipin liposomes.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed1990

Structure of the adriamycin-cardiolipin complex. Role in mitochondrial toxicity.

Adriamycin and its derivatives are among the most efficient antimitotics used in clinical therapy. A specific cardiotoxicity places a limit on the total dose of adriamycin that may be administered. The mechanism of cardiac toxicity is complex. Data accumulated from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate a possible common cause for the inhibition of numerous enzymes and tissue degradation by a free radical mechanism: the binding of adriamycin to the inner mitochondrial membrane cardiolipin. The structure of the adriamycin-cardiolipin complex has been investigated by using physico-chemical techniques and via conformational analysis. The results open a rational way to design new structures that are less cardiotoxic.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Interaction of giant phospholipid vesicles containing cardiolipin and cholesterol with beta2-glycoprotein-I and anti-beta2-glycoprotein-I antibodies.

Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized with thrombotic events and/or pregnancy morbidity and antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). The most common antigen for aPL is beta2-glycoprotein-I (beta(2)GPI), a plasma protein binding to negatively charged phospholipids. The influence of aPL on coagulation is not well understood. Giant phospholipid vesicles (GPVs) are a convenient in vitro system for studying interactions between phospholipid membranes and proteins resulting in the change of the vesicles' configuration. We aimed to set up an in vitro model and to study changes in the morphology of GPVs with high content of cardiolipin upon addition of beta(2)GPI and/or IgG fraction of a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Addition of the IgG fraction of the APS patient caused lateral segregation of the membrane inclusions and adhesion of GPVs. Addition of beta(2)GPI caused adhesion of GPVs. Addition of both, the patient IgG fraction and beta(2)GPI caused adhesion of vesicles to the glass slides and to each other, formation of pores and burst of vesicles. Our results indicate that adhesion of the cardiolipin-containing vesicles does not seem specific for added proteins, rather, it indicates electrostatic and curvature-mediated interactions between the membrane constituents.

Antibodies, Anticardiolipin↗

PubMed2004

Enrichment of cardiolipin content throughout the purification procedure of photosystem II.

Photosystem II is a multisubunit membrane complex which performs the water oxidation process in the higher plants. Core dimers and monomers of photosystem II have been isolated from thylakoid membranes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Lipids extracted from different photosystem II-enriched fractions obtained from spinach thylakoids have been analysed by thin layer chromatography. Cardiolipin is enriched throughout the purification of photosystem II complexes; in particular dimers contained two times more cardiolipin than their monomeric counterparts.

Cardiolipins↗

PubMed2006

Lipid peroxidation associated cardiolipin loss and membrane depolarization in rat brain mitochondria.

Oxidative stress induced by Fe2+ (50 microM) and ascorbate (2 mM) in isolated rat brain mitochondria incubated in vitro leads to an enhanced lipid peroxidation, cardiolipin loss and an increased formation of protein carbonyls. These changes are associated with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (depolarization) and an impaired activity of electron transport chain (ETC) as measured by MTT reduction assay. Butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2 mM), an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, can prevent significantly the loss of cardiolipin, the increased protein carbonyl formation and the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential induced by Fe2+ and ascorbate, implying that the changes are secondary to membrane lipid peroxidation. However, iron-ascorbate induced impairment of mitochondrial ETC activity is apparently independent of lipid peroxidation process. The structural and functional derangement of mitochondria induced by oxidative stress as reported here may have implications in neuronal damage associated with brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders.

Aging↗

PubMed2006

Melatonin reduces early changes in intramitochondrial cardiolipin during apoptosis in U937 cell line.

Cardiolipin (CL) is found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. CL deficiency leads to an alteration in the stability of mitochondrial membranes, to an increased permeability as well as a decreased respiratory rate, and therefore to mitochondria which are completely dysfunctional. It is known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause a decrease and a variation in CL content, concomitantly the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore facilitates the release of cytochrome c (cyt c) into the cytosol. Melatonin (Mel), the secretory product of the pineal gland, is a potent and efficient endogenous radical scavenger. It has been shown to protect, various biomolecules, such as DNA, membrane lipids, and cytosolic proteins from oxidative damage. To evaluate the protective role of Mel, we have studied U937 cells treated with UV-B irradiation. In our model, the administration of 1mM Mel before UV-B irradiation showed a significant protection from apoptotic cell death, in particular, mitochondrial structure and function were preserved through apoptotic pathways when cells were preincubated with 1mM Mel before UV-B exposure. The cardiolipin-sensitive probe 10-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) was used to monitor changes in mitochondrial lipids. Our data suggest that the Mel treatment protects CL from ROS and this suggests a possible link with the reduction of the apoptotic phenomenon.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed1997

Phospholipid composition of highly purified mitochondrial outer membranes of rat liver and Neurospora crassa. Is cardiolipin present in the mitochondrial outer membrane?

Isolated mitochondrial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are a suitable system for studying various functions of the mitochondrial outer membrane. For studies on mitochondrial lipid import as well as for studies on the role of lipids in processes occurring in the outer membrane, knowledge of the phospholipid composition of the outer membrane is indispensable. Recently, a mild subfractionation procedure was described for the isolation of highly purified OMV from mitochondria of Neurospora crassa (Mayer, A., Lill, R. and Neupert, W. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 121, 1233-1243). This procedure, which consists of swelling and mechanical disruption of mitochondria followed by two steps of sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was adapted for the isolation of OMV from rat liver mitochondria. Using the appropriate enzyme markers it is shown that the resulting OMV are obtained in a yield of 25%, and that their purity is superior to that of previous OMV preparations. Analysis of the phospholipid composition of the OMV showed that phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol are the major phospholipid constituents, and that cardiolipin is only present in trace amounts. The phospholipid composition is very similar to that of the highly purified OMV from mitochondria of Neurospora crassa, although the latter still contain a small amount of cardiolipin.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Site of action of the local anesthetic tetracaine in a phosphatidylcholine bilayer with incorporated cardiolipin.

Tetracaine (TTC) increases the permeability of phospholipid liposomal membranes to water, and this increase is reduced by the incorporation of cardiolipin into the membranes. We examined the molecular interaction of a phospholipid with the TTC cation in egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (EyPC) liposomal membranes with incorporated bovine heart cardiolipin (BhCL) by IR spectroscopy and by determination of partitioning and the pKa of membrane-bound TTC. The IR spectra indicated that TTC shifted the stretching band of the BhCL PO2- group, a potential site of hydration in the bilayer, to a lower frequency but did not shift that of EyPC. TTC intercalated into the BhCL bilayer shifted its aromatic C-N stretching band to a lower frequency. One molecule of TTC was found to bind approximately five molecules of EyPC, and the incorporation of negatively charged BhCL into EyPC membranes increased the degree of binding of TTC to the bilayer membranes. The pKa values of TTC bound to membranes were determined as 7.7, 9.4, and 10.2 for EyPC membranes, EyPC membranes containing 50 mol % BhCL, and BhCL membranes, respectively, whereas that in an aqueous 10-mM NaCl solution was 8.5, as it was dependent on the manner of binding. The IR data together with the partitioning and the pKa data suggested differences between the actions of the TTC cation on negatively charged BhCL and on neutrally charged EyPC polar groups in the region close to the aqueous interface of the lipid bilayer.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

High-performance liquid chromatography of cardiolipin.

Resolution of freshly prepared and of commercially available (degraded) samples of cardiolipin into 15-30 components has been accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a 3-micron particulate Microsorb C18 column irrigated with linear gradients of acetonitrile--methanol--10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Selected resolved components were crystallized and characterized by infrared absorption spectra. Saponification of other components and identification of component fatty acids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of ten fatty acids (14:0, 14:1, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:0, 20:4), with linoleic acid (18:2) identified in all resolved components. From fatty acid composition data it appears that several resolved fractions consist of single cardiolipin molecular species.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Mitochondrial presequence inserts differently into membranes containing cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol.

The interaction of the 25-residue presequence of yeast cytochrome oxidase subunit IV with lipid bilayers composed of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, or their (1:4) mixtures with phosphatidylcholine has been studied by spin-label ESR spectroscopy. Binding of the presequence progressively broadens the gel-to-fluid phase transition of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol bilayers, leading to abolition of the transition at a peptide/lipid ratio of > or = 1:5 mol/mol. The mobility of phosphatidylglycerol spin-labeled at the 5-position of the sn-2 chain is decreased in both gel and fluid phases on binding the presequence, with a progressively increasing ESR spectral anisotropy in the fluid phase. The ESR spectra of phosphatidylglycerol spin-labeled at the 14-position of the sn-2 chain contain a second motionally restricted component, in addition to the fluid bilayer spectral component, that arises from direct interaction of the bound presequence with the lipid chains. The proportion of this motionally restricted component is greater for dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol bilayers (corresponding to 2-3 lipids per peptide) than for cardiolipin bilayers (1-2 lipids/peptide), and this component is present also in the mixed bilayers containing 80% phosphatidylcholine. The ESR spectra of the presequence spin-labeled with a maleimide derivative at cysteine-19 evidence high mobility in solution and a very strong reduction in mobility on binding to bilayers containing negatively charged lipids. At low peptide to lipid ratios, the ESR spectra of the spin-labeled presequence sense the phase transition of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗