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PubMed1990

Charles Darwin

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History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed1995

The origins of the National Eye Institute 1933-1968. The Fifth Charles B. Snyder Lecture.

Many organizations and individuals prompted the authorization of the National Eye Institute by the United States Congress. The United States Marine Hospital and Public Health Service established a Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887, which became the research center of the National Institute of Health in 1930. The Albert D. and Mary Lasker Medical Foundation was mainly responsible for the 1945 conversion of the American Society for the Control of Cancer to the American Cancer Society, dedicated to medical research. Mildred Weisenfeld, a patient with retinitis pigmentosa, founded The Fight for Sight! in 1946 to provide funds for eye research. The Laskers invited Miss Weisenfeld to testify in support of a National Institute of Neurology, and her appeal was so persuasive that it emerged as the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. Congressman John Fogarty and Senator Lister Hill directed the attention of the Congress and the public to the need for the Federal support of medical research. In 1960 Jules Stein, the legendary founder of the Music Corporation of America (MCA), established a new philanthropy, Research to Prevent Blindness, which provided skilled leadership in detailing the need for research in blinding disease and obtaining Congressional and Presidential approval of a new institute. The Committee for Research in Ophthalmology and Blindness was instrumental in bringing the groups interested in the welfare of the blind into harmony with groups concerned with medical research in blinding disease. The Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology was the first medical society to support the need for a National Eye Institute. The National Eye Institute was formally approved 8 August 1968 and celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1993.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1997

Gordon Holmes, the cortical retina, and the wounds of war. The seventh Charles B. Snyder Lecture.

By the turn of the 20th century, localization of function in the cerebral cortex of the brain had advanced considerably, but a relatively vague idea only existed that human vision was represented in the vicinity of the calcarine cortex. World War I produced a large number of isolated missile wounds of the brain. Their study yielded a complete topographical mapping of the visual field in the primary cortical vision center, and is a basis of our modern interpretation of visual fields. This map has been recently modified by MRI studies to show that the magnification of the central retinal projection onto the cerebral cortex to be even greater than previously thought. Many names are associated with the story of how war led to this knowledge. This essay refers to Harvey Cushing, William Osler, Tatsui Inouye, and most particularly to the career and contributions of the British neurologist Gordon Holmes.

Brain Mapping↗