The effect of salinity and temperature on the ion levels in the hemolymph of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun.
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Adaptation, Physiological↗
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Results for “Chloride Ion Level”
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The relationship of eosinophil granule proteins to ions in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Increased sputum levels of eosinophil granule proteins have been reported despite normal eosinophil numbers in peripheral blood and in the lung in cystic fibrosis (CF). Mechanisms of eosinophil priming and activation are still unclear in CF. In the present study we investigated whether ion concentrations in the sputa of CF patients are related to eosinophil activity. We assessed concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX), major basic protein (MBP) and ions (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+) in sputum samples of 29 children with CF as well as in 10 controls with bronchial asthma. Patients with CF demonstrated significantly higher levels of ECP, Na+, Cl- and Ca2+ levels than asthmatics (P < 0.04, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.02). No differences were seen between concentrations of EPX and Mg2+ in the two groups. In CF, eosinophil granule proteins correlated significantly with Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations (ECP, P < 0.0001, r = 0.65, P < 0.0001, r = 0.66; MBP, P < 0.03, r = 0.41, P < 0.03, r = 0.42), furthermore inversely with Cl- concentrations (ECP, P < 0. 0003, r = - 0.63; EPX, P < 0.02, r = - 0.45; MBP, P < 0.03, r = - 0. 41) but not with Na+ levels. ECP, Na+ and Cl- were also correlated with lung function variables (FVC, P < 0.04, r = - 0.38, P < 0.02, r = 0.44, P < 0.03, r = 0.41; FEV1, P < 0.007, r = - 0.49, P < 0.006, r = 0.5, P < 0.008, r = 0.48; MEF50, P < 0.003, r = - 0.54, NS, P < 0.03, r = 0.42; MEF25, P < 0.039, r = - 0.4, P < 0.005, r = 0.51, P < 0.05, r = 0.37). Our results demonstrated a significant relationship of eosinophil degranulation and ions in CF, indicating that ion composition in CF sputa may be at least partly be responsible for high levels of eosinophil products despite low eosinophil numbers.
Adolescent↗
Mercuric chloride alters the membrane potential and intracellular calcium level in mouse pancreatic islet cells.
In this study, mercuric chloride was applied to the primary cultures of mouse pancreatic islet cells for studying its effects on resting membrane potential and the intracellular free calcium ion concentration ([Ca 2+), using the techniques of electrophysiology and fluorometry. It was observed that mercuric chloride (1-100 microM) caused a rapid and sustained depolarization, and induced a rapid first phase and a large sustained second phase of elevation in fura-2 fluorescence ratio in islet cells. The depolarization and increased lCa2+]i induced by mercuric chloride could be inhibited by dithiothreitol (a sulfhydryl-containing reducing agent). Removing Ca2+ from the external medium inhibited the mercuric chloride-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i. The increased [Ca2+]i may also originate from the endoplasmic reticulum of pancreatic islet cells, since caffeine (an activator of Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum) and thapsigargin (an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) could antagonize the effect of mercuric chloride. Moreover, in the absence of glucose in the medium, the response of islet cells to mercuric chloride was a rapid first phase of increased [Ca2+]i followed by a small sustained second phase. Readministration of 5 mM glucose was sufficient but transient to restore sustained phase of increased [Ca2+]i. The increase of [Ca2+]i in islet cells induced by a lower concentration of mercuric chloride (5 microM) was potentiated in higher glucose (7.5 mM) medium. Tolbutamide, an inhibitor of the ATP-sensitive K+-channel, could also inhibit the effect of mercuric chloride. These findings suggest that mercuric chloride initially interacts with the sulfhydryl groups of membrane-bound proteins, which may be an ATP-sensitive K+ channel, to cause depolarization of the islet cells. This depolarization triggers Ca2+ influx and then the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Animals↗
Expression profiles of various transporters for oligopeptides, amino acids and organic ions along the human digestive tract.
Various transporters such as H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1 are expressed in the intestine, and play important physiological and pharmacological roles in the body. Present study was performed to examine the expression profile of 20 kinds of transporters (PEPT1 and 2, P-glycoprotein, amino acid transporters and organic ion transporters) along the human digestive tract, especially focusing on PEPT1. Using normal mucosal specimens, real-time polymerase chain reactions were carried out. Immunoblot analyses were also performed for PEPT1 expression. PEPT1 mRNA was highly expressed in the small intestine (duodenum>jejunum>ileum) compared to other tissues, and some patients showed a significant level of expression in the stomach. The expressional pattern of PEPT1 in the stomach and histological diagnosis indicated that gastric PEPT1 originated from the intestinal metaplasia. The amino acid transporters showed unique mRNA expression levels and distributions in the digestive tract. For example, the expression levels of B(0)AT1, a Na+-dependent and chloride-independent neutral amino acid transporter, were increased from the duodenum to ileum, which pattern is completely inverted to that for PEPT1. There is little expression of organic ion transporters except for organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2. In conclusion, PEPT1 was abundantly expressed in the small intestine, and the reciprocal expression of PEPT1 and B(0)AT1 may serve for the efficient absorption of protein digestive products.
Aged↗
Ion homeostasis and apoptosis.
Alterations in the transmembrane gradients of several physiological ions may influence programmed cell death. In particular, recent data suggest that increases in intracellular calcium may either promote or inhibit apoptosis, depending on the level, timing and location, whereas loss of intracellular potassium promotes apoptosis.
Animals↗
[Changes in the ultrastructure of neuroglia in some regions of the rat brain in manganese chloride poisoning].
Ultrastructure of astrocytes, olygodendrocytes and microgliocytes of caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and frontoparietal area of the cortex were studied under the influence of the everyday peroral treatment with MnCl2.4H2O during 30 days. Experimental animals were divided into two groups. Animals from the first group received 20 mg/kg of MnCl2.4H2O while for animals from the second one the dose made 50 mg/kg. Animals were killed on days 30 and 120 of the experiment. It was demonstrated that chloride manganese intoxication influences the ultrastructure of all types neuroglial cells, the majority of both macro- and microgliocytes remaining in normal state. Cytotoxic effect of manganese ions on astrocytes manifests in mitochondria destruction, widening of canaliculi and endoplasmic net cisterns, glycogenic granules accumulation, which leads to reduction of oxidative processes level in the nervous tissue. Increased phagocytic activity of the astrocytes was displayed in conditions of relatively high doses of MnCl2.4H2O. Microgliocyte reaction was distinctly dose-dependent and was manifested through their phagocytary activity increase. Oligodendrocytes were most stable to chloride manganese influence.
Animals↗
The brain in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. II. Water and electrolyte changes.
The water content and amounts of sodium, potassium and chloride were measured in the brains of normal rats, rats with PCA, normal rats fed ammoniated cationic exchange resin, and rats with PCA fed the resin. Plasma electrolytes and ammonia levels were also measured, and sodium and chloride spaces were calculated. Rats with PCA showed increased water content, sodium space and chloride space in the brainstem compared to controls. Rats with PCA fed ammoniated resin showed increased chloride content and Na+:K+ ratio in the brainstem, and an increased chloride space in the brainstem. In these rats the chloride spaces in the cerebrum and cerebellum exceeded the sodium spaces. It is concluded that high circulating ammonia levels can in vivo produce ionic shifts which may interfere with nervous function. It is also concluded that increased cytoplasmic osmolarity produced by ammonium ion-induced stimulation of (Na+ + Ka+) ATPase may result in the appearance of swollen astrocytes in conventional electron micrographs.
Ammonia↗
A RAPID BLOOD CATALASE SCREENING TECHNIQUE ADJUSTABLE TO ANY LEVEL OF ACTIVITY.
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Blood Chemical Analysis↗
Effects of ions on adenosine binding and enzyme activity of purified S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from bovine kidney.
The present investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of various ions on the characteristics of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase from bovine kidney. The binding sites of [3H]-adenosine to purified SAH hydrolase were not influenced by phosphate, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride or calcium ions at physiological cytosolic concentrations. To test whether NAD+ in the SAH hydrolase is essential for adenosine binding, we prepared the apoenzyme by removing NAD+ with ammonium sulfate. The resulting apoenzyme did not exhibit any [3H]-adenosine binding. Since the apoenzyme was enzymatically inactive, it is suggested that adenosine binds to the active site and not to an allosteric site of the intact enzyme. The kinetics of the hydrolysis and the synthesis of SAH catalyzed by the enzyme SAH hydrolase were measured in the presence and absence of phosphate and magnesium. Phosphate increased the Vmax for both synthesis and hydrolysis. However, only the affinity of adenosine for SAH synthesis was significantly enhanced from 10.1+/-1.3 microM to 5.4+/-0.5 microM by phosphate. This effect was already maximal at a phosphate concentration of 1 mM. All other tested ions were without effect on the enzyme activity. Our results show that phosphate at physiological concentrations shifts the thermodynamic equilibrium of SAH hydrolase in the direction of SAH synthesis. These findings imply that SAH-sensitive transmethylation reactions are inhibited during renal hypoxia when intracellular levels of phosphate, adenosine, and SAH are elevated.
Adenosine↗
Suppression of calcium oscillation by tri-n-butyltin chloride in cultured rat hepatocytes.
The effects of tri-n-butyltin chloride (TBT), an environmental pollutant, on cytoplasmic free calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) were investigated in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. A high concentration (4.0 microM) of TBT increased resting levels of [Ca2+]i and then induced cell blebs resulting in cell death within 2 h. The increase in [Ca2+]i, but not the cell death, depended on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that the increase in [Ca2+]i is not critical for the cytotoxicity of TBT. A low concentration (0.1 microM) of TBT did not have any toxic effect (decrease in ATP content, decrease in viability, and shape change) on cultured hepatocytes and did not change [Ca2+]i. However, the calcium responses induced by phenylephrine, [Arg8]-vasopressin, and ATP were suppressed in the cells pretreated with 0.1 microM TBT for 30 min. The suppression was not observed in the cells pretreated with 0.1 microM TBT for only 1 min. Pretreatment with 0.1 microM TBT for 30 min had no effect on the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate content or its increase in response to hormonal stimulation. These results suggest that TBT suppresses hormone-induced calcium responses at nontoxic low concentrations.
Animals↗
Liquid chromatography determination of residue levels on apples treated with cetylpyridinium chloride.
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has been found to be effective in reducing microbial contamination in apples. A sensitive and specific HPLC method was developed to determine CPC residues in apples treated with CPC. This method involves ion exchange solid-phase extraction, and the use of stearylpyridinium chloride (SPC) as internal standard. Limit of quantitation, was 0.5 microg/ml of CPC for the apple ethanolic extracts. The observed residues in apple (2.35-4.35 microg/g of apple) were lower than those previously reported for chicken and beef. The method is specific, sensitive, reproducible and accurate.
Anti-Infective Agents↗
Understanding biotoxicity for reusability of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash.
This feasibility study using Escherichia coli DH5alpha as a reporter microorganism tended to disclose toxicity ranking of various ashes of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in comparison with typical toxic chemicals for reusability in further applications. Previous study indicated that growth inhibition to bacterial cells occurred at concentrations above 0.156, 0.625 and 0.0195g/L for bottom ash (BA), cyclone ash (CA), scrubber ash (SA), respectively, suggesting the toxicity ranking of SA>BA>CA. This follow-up study clearly stated that compared to cadmium(II) and chromium(II) SA seemed to be the most toxic species to DH5alpha. Large amounts of supplemented lime (CaO) were used for neutralization of acid gas in incinerator, SA was thus contained high-levels of sulfate, chloride and nitrate salts. Therefore, compared to other ashes a marked increase in toxicity was observed in SA. Regarding soluble cations and anions in ashes, nitrite ion seemed to stimulate instead of repress cell growth. In contrast, nitrate ion showed so-called "sufficient challenge" characteristics for growth enhancement and inhibition at low and high concentration, respectively. Low solubility of metallic ions (e.g., Pb(II) and Cu(II)) in ashes likely resulted in low mobility in the environment and low risk to humans. The findings showed that toxicity attenuation of SA will be inevitably required as SA is even more toxic than Cr(II) and Cd(II).
Carbon↗
Differential effects of cadmium on proteoglycan synthesis of arterial smooth muscle cells: increase in small dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, in the extracellular matrix at low cell density.
Proteoglycans (PGs), especially chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (CS/DSPGs), accumulate and their composition variously changes in atherosclerotic vascular walls. Since cadmium causes atherosclerosis in experimental animals, PGs synthesized by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells after exposure to cadmium were characterized in the present study. Sparse and dense cultures of the cells were metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate for 24 h in the presence of cadmium chloride at noncytotoxic levels (0.2 microM or less). The incorporation of [35S]sulfate into glycosaminoglycans was determined by the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation method. The labeled PGs were characterized by DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography and Sepharose CL-4B molecular sieve chromatography. The M(r) and the glycosaminoglycan composition of small CS/DSPGs were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, respectively, before and after digestion with chondroitin ABC lyase or papain. The core proteins were identified by Western blot analysis. These experiments indicate that cadmium differentially acts on the PG synthesis when vascular smooth muscle cell density is low. Specifically, cadmium increased the accumulation of small CS/DSPGs identified as biglycan and decorin in the cell layer of sparse cells. However, the hydrodynamic size and the length of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate chains in the PGs were unaffected by cadmium. On the other hand, cadmium decreased other cell layer-associated PGs that were separated from biglycan and decorin by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography in the sparse cells; as the result, whole glycosaminoglycans were decreased in both the cell layer and the conditioned medium. It is therefore concluded that cadmium may change the composition of PGs in atherosclerotic plaques through induction of biglycan and decorin synthesis and inhibition of other PG synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Animals↗
Chloride-dependent potassium secretion in early and late renal distal tubules.
Potassium transport by subsegments of the rat surface distal tubule was studied using a modified in vivo microperfusion method. The nephron segments between 14 and 38% and between 62 and 83% of total distal length distance between macula densa region and confluence of tubule with another) were perfused separately. The first of these two segments is composed primarily of distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells; the more distal segment is made up primarily by initial collecting tubule (ICT) epithelium. Experiments were performed to measure potassium secretion via two pathways: a diffusion mechanism driven by a favorable electrochemical gradient for potassium, and a cotransport mechanism activated when lumen chloride concentration is low. In a first series of experiments, both the DCT and the ICT secreted potassium when perfused with an artificial control solution resembling fluid normally present at the beginning of the distal tubule. Absolute rates of potassium secretion were higher in the ICT than in the DCT. Decreasing lumen Cl concentration stimulated potassium secretion more in the ICT than in the DCT. In a second series of experiments, the subsegments were perfused with a solution in which ion concentrations were raised to levels found in interstitial fluid. Under these circumstances, potassium secretion was lower in both segments. Decreasing lumen Cl concentration resulted in higher rates of potassium secretion in the DCT than those seen in the first series with low chloride; rates of potassium secretion in the ICT were as high as in the first series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Influence of HgCl2 on the osphradial multisensory system of Lymnaea stagnalis L.
The osphradial multisensory system of Lymnaea stagnalis L. (Pulmonata, Basommatophora) was used to demonstrate the modulation of chemosensory information both at periphery and central nervous system (CNS) following heavy metal treatments. A semi-intact preparation including osphradium, CNS and the right inner parietal nerve (r.i.p.n.) connecting them was used to record both extracellular activity of nerve and intracellular activity of central neurons receiving information from osphradium. The ion currents of osphradium were recorded using patch-clamp method. The changes in nerve and neuronal activity were expressed by averaging of firing frequency and interspike intervals. The chemosensory function of osphradium was shown by application of L-aspartate, urea, saccharose and stagnant water to its surface. The central neurons reacting to the stimulation ofosphradium were located to visceral, right parietal, pedal and cerebral ganglia of Lymnaea. Both the acute and chronic treatments with HgCl2 damaged the sensory function of osphradium traced on the flow of information from periphery to central neurons. At the same time, mercury chloride modified the synaptic connections of respiratory pattern generators as well as the Ca- and K-dependent ion currents of osphradial neurons. The results proved the multisensory role of osphradium sensing the alterations in the environment and its usefulness in monitoring the effects of pollutants at various level of regulation from chemosensory epithelium to CNS.
Animals↗
Viewing the kidney through microelectrodes.
Electrical measurements with microelectrodes have proven of great value in the investigation of renal ion transport mechanisms. By virtue of their fine tips (less than 1 micron in diameter) and because of the ease of recording electrical transients, they provide measurements with unparallelled space and time resolution. Early electrophysiological work was done largely in amphibians, because of their larger cell size, whereas studies in mammals were restricted to transepithelial electrical parameters, which provided no insight into individual membrane mechanisms. However, recently techniques have been developed to impale individual tubular cells of mammalian kidneys successfully, both in vivo and in vitro. Such experiments allow us to identify ion transport properties of individual cell membranes from the response of the electrical potential to fast pertubations of the luminal and/or peritubular fluid composition or to applied currents. The power of this approach was greatly increased by the development of ion-selective microelectrodes, allowing us to measure intracellular concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and HCO3- or pH directly and to follow quantitatively their changes in response to different experimental maneuvers. In the present paper our knowledge of ion transport mechanisms of mammalian proximal tubular cell membranes is summarized, with emphasis on the transport of Na+, K+, HCO3-, and Cl-. With the exception of transcellular transport of Cl-, which is quantitatively less important, the major transport mechanisms of all other ions have been identified in the brush border and in the peritubular cell membrane. Emphasis is given to the description of HCO3- exit across the peritubular cell membrane, which has not thus far been studied with other than electrophysiological techniques. Microelectrode techniques will probably continue to provide new insight when regulatory phenomena are studied on the cellular level and individual conductance channels in renal cell membranes are identified with the newly developed patch-clamp technique.
Animals↗
Single subunits of the GABAA receptor form ion channels with properties of the native receptor.
The alpha and beta subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor were expressed individually in Xenopus oocytes by injection of RNA synthesized from their cloned DNAs. GABA-sensitive chloride channels were detected several days after injection with any one of three different alpha RNAs (alpha 1, alpha 2, and alpha 3) or with beta RNA. The channels induced by each of the alpha-subunit RNAs were indistinguishable, they had multiple conductance levels (10, 19, 28, and 42 picosiemens), and their activity was potentiated by pentobarbital and inhibited by picrotoxin. The beta channels usually expressed poorly but showed similar single channel conductance levels (10, 18, 27, and 40 picosiemens), potentiation by pentobarbital and inhibition by picrotoxin. The finding that both alpha and beta subunits, examined separately, form GABA-sensitive ion channels with permeation properties and regulatory sites characteristic of the native receptor suggests that the amino acid sequences that confer these properties are within the homologous domains shared by the subunits.
Animals↗
A simple method for the simultaneous measurement of sodium and chloride fluxes across transporting epithelia.
A simple technique for the separation of 22Na and 36Cl radioactivity in the same solution is described. Two samples were taken from a solution containing both 22Na and 36Cl. One sample was precipitated with AgNO3 and the other was untreated. Samples were assayed for radioactivity by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. Precipitation with AgNO3 removed 100% of the 36Cl activity from solution while having no effect on the 22Na radioactivity. Thus precipitated samples contained only 22Na radioactivity. Subtraction of the radioactivity in the supernatants of precipitated samples (i.e. 22Na) from the total radioactivity of untreated samples (i.e. 22Na and 36Cl) yielded the level of 36Cl activity in these samples.
Animals↗