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Results for “Cognitive Dissonance”

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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Acceptance of zidovudine (AZT) in early HIV disease: the role of health beliefs.

The object of this paper is to explore the health beliefs associated with taking AZT in asymptomatic HIV seropositive individuals. Twenty-eight asymptomatic gay men receiving out-patient care completed self-report questionnaires. Information was gathered on demography, general state of health, health locus of control and health beliefs about AZT therapy. Analyses revealed that 'acceptors' and 'decliners' of early (controversial) medical intervention in HIV disease hold distinctly different beliefs regarding their own health and its relation to treatment. An awareness of the fact that a patient's view of themselves is likely to accord with any action or treatment decision they may have taken, could help to promote a better understanding of why treatment behaviours may or may not appear to be in harmony with the doctors own views and any current medical advice being offered.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

How does individual smoking behaviour among hospital staff influence their knowledge of the health consequences of smoking?

AIMS: This study examined associations between individual smoking habits among hospital staff and their knowledge of the health consequences of smoking and passive smoking. The a priori hypothesis was a higher level of knowledge among non-smokers compared with smokers. METHODS: A survey was undertaken, based on self-administered questionnaires at a Danish hospital (Frederikssund Hospital) in the Copenhagen area. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analyses were used. A backward stepwise elimination of variables at a 5% level of significance was performed and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Main outcome measures were knowledge of the health consequences of smoking, passive smoking and other lifestyle factors. RESULTS: A total of 445 of 487 employees (91%) from all professional groups returned the questionnaire. Compared with ex- and never smokers, smokers systematically underestimate the health consequences of smoking and passive smoking independent of profession, department, sex, and age. There is no consistent association between knowledge of the health consequences of smoking and profession and department. There are significant inverse associations between smoking and knowledge of the health effects of excess use of alcohol and lack of physical activity. CONCLUSION: Individual smoking habits among hospital staff strongly influence smoking-related knowledge. No other variables are of consistent importance. These findings are supported by the literature. The validity of the study is good, but a similar study in a bigger population would strengthen the evidence.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Influence of metacognitive variables and thought suppression on number of thoughts, discomfort they produce and number and quality of auditory illusions.

Based on the model proposed by Morrison, Haddock & Tarrier (1995) on auditory hallucinations, this study explores the relationships between certain metacognitive variables and number of thoughts, the discomfort they produce, number of auditory illusions and the quality with which they are perceived in a sample from a non-clinical population. After group administration of the Metacognitions Questionnaire, 61 participants were randomly assigned to a suppression group (n = 31) or a focalization group (n = 30) in relation to thoughts with different degrees of self-discrepancy. Forty-eight hours after the set task, a non-vocal auditory stimulus was presented, and subjects were required to say whether they heard any words and, if so, how clearly. The results show how the metacognitive factors studied are useful for predicting our findings only for the suppression group and not for that of focalization. These data are discussed in the light of Morrison et al.'s model of auditory hallucinations.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Effects of gender marking in pronominal coindexation.

The naming latency of a pronoun was measured when a single previously presented name in a discourse either agreed or did not agree with the pronoun in gender and person. An effect of agreement was found both under conditions in which subjects were likely to have engaged in strategic processing of the pronoun (Experiment 1) and under conditions in which this was unlikely (Experiment 3). The effect of gender agreement was also investigated when two noun phrases were present in the discourse. The results continued to show an immediate effect of gender agreement (naming latencies increased when a pronoun did not agree with one of two previously presented nouns) under experimental conditions likely to engender strategic processing (Experiment 2). This last effect was not significant under experimental conditions that were not likely to engender strategic processing (Experiment 3). The results are discussed in terms of models of the process of identifying the referent of a pronoun in a discourse.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Human relations as a coronary risk factor.

Psychological variables are significant in the evolution of coronary heart disease (CHD). Two types of personality have been identified as constituting coronary risk: Type 1 which is hypercompetitive and anxious, and Type 2 which is overscrupulous and guilt prone. Both these behavioural types are formed during infancy, and are thought to be neurotic. In rehabilitation it is therefore necessary to take into consideration the psychological as well as the physiological aspects, and so the evaluation of the patient's suitability for return to work, should be, at least in part, psychosomatic. The approach used by the Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre of Udine seems to point towards a successful strategy. The aim of the strategy is to improve the chances of secondary prevention, to correct risk factors on a long-term basis, and to arrive at safe and reliable criteria for return to work.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed1989

Foundations of a misunderstanding of the ultrastructural basis of myocardial failure: a reciprocation network of oversimplifications.

A misconception regarding the ultrastructural basis of myocardial failure has been observed in laboratory studies involving medical students and practicing physicians, in medical textbooks, and in clinical instruction of students. This misconception attributes heart failure to overextension of individual cardiac muscle fibres and their sarcomeres, resulting in a mechanically based decline in contractile force production. The basis of the misconception is a set of component misconceptions which interact in reciprocally supportive ways. The interlocking nature of the component misunderstandings strengthens the overall misconception, making it difficult to undermine. A contributor to many aspects of the faulty account of heart failure is a tendency toward oversimplification of complex phenomena in learning, instruction, and scientific research. Implications for medical education are considered.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed2001

Alternative medicine and common errors of reasoning.

Why do so many otherwise intelligent patients and therapists pay considerable sums for products and therapies of alternative medicine, even though most of these either are known to be useless or dangerous or have not been subjected to rigorous scientific testing? The author proposes a number of reasons this occurs: (1) Social and cultural reasons (e.g., many citizens' inability to make an informed choice about a health care product; anti-scientific attitudes meshed with New Age mysticism; vigorous marketing and extravagant claims; dislike of the delivery of scientific biomedicine; belief in the superiority of "natural" products); (2) psychological reasons (e.g., the will to believe; logical errors of judgment; wishful thinking, and "demand characteristics"); (3) the illusion that an ineffective therapy works, when actually other factors were at work (e.g., the natural course or cyclic nature of the disease; the placebo effect; spontaneous remission; misdiagnosis). The author concludes by acknowledging that when people become sick, any promise of a cure is beguiling. But he cautions potential clients of alternative treatments to be suspicious if those treatments are not supported by reliable scientific research (criteria are listed), if the "evidence" for a treatment's worth consists of anecdotes, testimonials, or self-published literature, and if the practitioner has a pseudoscientific or conspiracy-laden approach, or promotes cures that sound "too good to be true."

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed2005

Self-reflection in multicultural training: be careful what you ask for.

Self-reflection in multicultural education is an important means to develop self-awareness and ultimately to change professional behavior in favor of more equitable health care to diverse populations. As conceptualized by scholars in the field of psychology, racial identity theory is critical to understanding and planning for the potentially wide range of predictable reactions to provocative activities, including those negative reactions that do not necessarily herald a flaw in programming. Careful consideration of racial identity developmental phases can also assist program planners to optimally meet the needs of individual physician trainees in their ongoing constructive professional and personal development, and in strategically mobilizing and having ready the type of institutional leadership that supports trainees' change processes. The authors focus on white physician trainees, the largest racial group of U.S. physicians and medical students. They first explain what they mean by the terms white and nonwhite. Racial identity theory is then applied, with true case examples, to explore such issues as where the self-proclaimed "color-blind" trainee fits into this theoretical schema, and how medical educators can best serve trainees who are resistant or indifferent to discussions of racism in medicine and equity in health care delivery. Ultimately, the authors' goal is to demonstrate that engendering genuine self-reflection can substantively improve the delivery of health care to the nation's diverse population. To help achieve that goal, they emphasize what to anticipate in effecting optimal trainee education and how to create an institutional climate supportive of individual change.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗