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PubMed2005

Recovery of municipal waste incineration bottom ash and water treatment sludge to water permeable pavement materials.

Water treatment plant sludge and municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash are non-hazardous residues, and they can be reprocessed to produce useful materials for city public works. In this study, an effort was endeavored to investigate the properties of water permeable bricks made of water treatment sludge and bottom ash without involving an artificial aggregate step. The water treatment plant sludge was dried and ground, and the bottom ash was subjected to magnetic separation to remove ferrous metals. Both sludge and bottom ash were ground and sieved to a size of <2mm. Different contents of water treatment sludge (70-95% by weight) were mixed with bottom ash and the blocks were molded under a pressure of 110 kg/cm2. Thereafter, the molded blocks were sintered at temperatures of 900-1200 degrees C for 60-360 min. The compressive strength, permeability and water absorption rate of the sintered brick were examined and compared to relevant standards. The amount of bottom ash added in the mixture with water treatment sludge affects both the compressive strength and the permeability of the sintered bricks. The two effects are antonymous as higher bottom ash content will develop a beehive configuration and have more voids in the brick. It is concluded that a 20% weight content of bottom ash under a sintering condition of 1150 degrees C for 360 min can generate a brick with a compressive strength of 256 kg/cm2, a water absorption ratio of 2.78% and a permeability of 0.016 cm/s.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed2006

Use of waste ash from palm oil industry in concrete.

Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a by-product from the palm oil industry, is disposed of as waste in landfills. In this study, POFA was utilized as a pozzolan in concrete. The original size POFA (termed OP) was ground until the median particle sizes were 15.9 microm (termed MP) and 7.4 microm (termed SP). Portland cement Type I was replaced by OP, MP, and SP of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of binder. The properties of concrete, such as setting time, compressive strength, and expansion due to magnesium sulfate attack were investigated. The results revealed that the use of POFA in concretes caused delay in both initial and final setting times, depending on the fineness and degree of replacement of POFA. The compressive strength of concrete containing OP was much lower than that of Portland cement Type I concrete. Thus, OP is not suitable to be used as a pozzolanic material in concrete. However, the replacement of Portland cement Type I by 10% of MP and 20% of SP gave the compressive strengths of concrete at 90 days higher than that of concrete made from Portland cement Type I. After being immersed in 5% of magnesium sulfate solution for 364 days, the concrete bar mixed with 30% of SP had the same expansion level as that of the concrete bar made from Portland cement Type V. The above results suggest that ground POFA is an excellent pozzolanic material and can be used as a cement replacement in concrete. It is recommended that the optimum replacement levels of Portland cement Type I by MP and SP are 20% and 30%, respectively.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed1991

[Experimental study of material properties of calcium salicylate cement with and without polymeric additives].

In this study a new calcium-salicylate cement with an additional polymerized filler material (Alkaliner) was compared with a commonly used calcium-salicylate cement without polymerized filler material (Dycal) regarding the microstructure, the EDX elemental analysis, the hydroxid ion release, the compressive strength and the film thickness. The tests showed the following results: 1. Alkaliner and Dycal are almost identical in relation to their micro-morphology and elementary composition (EDX-analysis). 2. In the titration test, Dycal and Alkaliner show no significant differences (p = 0.05) in the hydroxid ion release. 3. Having stored the specimens in synthetic saliva for 2 days, the compressive strength of 25 MPa is noted for both of the materials. Having stored the specimens for 150 days, the compressive strength of Alkaliner (8.3 MPa) is significantly (p = 0.05) higher than that of Dycal (3.8 MPa). 4. The film thickness was measured by placing the materials between dry glass-plates. Dycal measures an average of 19.8 micrometers and Alkaliner of 30 micrometers. Under these experimental conditions the measured difference is statistically significant (p = 0.05). Placing the materials between damp glass-plates, the film thicknesses increase to an average of 56.5 micrometers (Dycal) and of 50 micrometers (Alkaliner) respectively. This difference however, is statistically not significant (p = 0.05).

Calcium↗

PubMed2004

The use of acoustic microscopy to study the mechanical properties of glass-ionomer cement.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between microstructure, acoustic and mechanical properties of hardened dental cement samples, prepared with different powder/water ratios. METHODS: Glass-ionomer dental cement samples, prepared with a standard amount of cement powder and different amounts of water have been examined after being hardened. Surface microstructure and ultrasound, longitudinal and shear velocities were obtained with a scanning acoustic microscope. Conditional effective elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio have been calculated using longitudinal and shear sound velocity values. Then on the same samples elastic modulus and microhardness have been determined by standard tests. Additional samples have been used to determine compressive strength. RESULTS: Density; conditionally instantaneous elastic modulus; high-elasticity modulus and compression strength of the samples decrease when large amounts of water were used for their preparation. At the same time porosity and microhardness of the cement matrix increase. Acoustic parameters and parameters of elasticity, calculated on the basis of sound velocity, demonstrated changes, similar to those obtained in standard mechanical tests. SIGNIFICANCE: The established relation between microstructure, acoustic and mechanical parameters demonstrated a high capacity of acoustic microscopy application for non-destructive characterization of dental materials. A particular advantage of the acoustic microscopy is the opportunity to evaluate microstructure and mechanical properties on the same sample.

Compressive Strength↗

PubMed1989

[Studies on newly improved gallium alloy as dental restorative material, by addition of SiC whisker and titanium powder].

Studies on new gallium alloy using liquid alloy of Ga-Sn-In which was stable at room temperature and with Ag-Sn-Cu-Pd-Zn alloy as powder, were undertaken. Two kinds of gallium alloy by addition of SiC whisker and titanium powder were made on an experimental basis for the purpose of improving the property of this alloy (reinforced alloy). Physical properties such as compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, dimensional change and chemical properties such as discoloration, corrosion, quantitative analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma were measured. Furthermore breakage surface of alloy after tensile test was observed with SEM. The effect of adding SiC whisker and titanium powder to gallium alloy was discussed and the conclusions were as follows; 1) Compressive strength: Initial strength decreased due to addition of SiC whisker and titanium powder. However, it showed a tendency to increase as time elapsed. It approached the same degree of compressive strength after 7 days. 2) Diametral tensile strength: The best results were obtained by addition of 1% SiC whisker to gallium alloy and the optimum trituration time was 13 seconds in this study. 3) Dimensional change: Expansion in the dimensional change was observed in all testing groups which was slightly over the limitation of ISO and ADA No.1 specification. 4) Discoloration: In the case with addition of titanium powder to gallium alloy, an improvement of discoloration was manifested in artificial saliva and 1% NaS, especially prominent in the former. The favorable results were obtained by addition of 10% titanium powder to gallium alloy for discoloration tolerance. 5) Corrosion: The corrosion was low in four kinds of test immersion liquid. The best results were obtained by addition of 10% titanium powder to gallium alloy. 6) Quantitative analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma: The examined amount of Zn dissolved out from core composition was decreased due to addition of titanium powder. An improvement of amount in dissolution of Ga, Sn and In from matrix was recognized. 7) In physical and chemical experiment's results, it was judged that the addition of 0.5-0.7% SiC whisker and 5-10% titanium powder was useful.

Copper↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates effects on the properties of new biodegradable bone cement compositions.

New injectable, in situ curable liquid formulations consisting of biodegradable aliphatic polyester, i.e., poly(3-allyloxy-1,2-propylene)succinate (PSAGE), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (OEGDMA) were investigated. The effect of MMA/OEGDMA ratio, OEGDMA molecular weight, i.e., the length of oligooxyethylene fragments, on the maximum curing temperature, setting time, compressive strength and modulus of the cured materials as well as their hydrophilicity were examined. The latter was characterized by determination of equilibrium water content and static water contact angle. The maximum temperature during crosslinking was found to decrease with increasing OEGDMA molecular weight and decreasing MMA/OEGDMA ratio. The setting time was affected strongly by the concentration of double bonds and was rapidly shortened with its increase. The compressive strength and compressive modulus values decreased with increasing OEGDMA molecular weight and decreasing MMA/OEGDMA ratio. Poly(3-allyloxy-1,2-propylene succinate).

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2001

Cement solidification of simulated off-gas condensates from vitrification of low-level nuclear waste solutions.

Solidification in a cementitious matrix is a viable alternative for low-level nuclear waste management; it is therefore important to understand the behavior and properties of such wasteforms. We have examined the cementitious solidification of simulated off-gas waste streams resulting from the vitrification of low-level nuclear waste. Different possible methods for scrubbing the off-gasses from a vitrifier give rise to three possible types of waste compositions: acidic (from aqueous dissolution of volatile NOx and POx carried over from the vitrifier), basic (from neutralizing the former with sodium hydroxide), and fully carbonated (arising from a direct-combustion vitrifier). Six binder compositions were tested in which ordinary Portland cement was replaced at different proportions by fly ash and/or ground granulated blast furnace slag. A high solution to binder ratio of 1l/1 kg was used to minimize the volume of the wasteform and 10% attapulgite clay was added to all mixes to ensure that the fresh mix did not segregate prior to setting. The 28-day compressive strengths decreased when a high proportion of cement was replaced with fly ash, but were increased significantly when the cement was replaced with slag. The heats of hydration at early age for the various solids compositions decreased when cement was replaced with either fly ash or slag; however, for the fly ash mix the low heat was also associated with a significant decrease in compressive strength. High curing temperature (60 degrees C) or the use of extra-fine slag did not significantly affect the compressive strength. Recommendations for choice of binder formulations and treatment of off-gas condensates are discussed.

Environmental Pollution↗

PubMed1994

A comprehensive study of physical parameters, biomechanical properties, and statistical correlations of iliac crest bone wedges used in spinal fusion surgery. III. Multivariable regression analysis and practical formulas for strength prediction.

Iliac crest wedges are commonly used in spinal fusion procedures and must be capable of withstanding considerable mechanical stress during the healing process. Physical parameters, mechanical properties, correlations among physical parameters, and correlations of mechanical properties versus physical parameters have been presented by the authors in companion papers. In this study, mathematical formulas have been developed, using multi-variable regression analysis, which permit calculation of the axial load-bearing capacity and compressive strength of a wedge, provided donor age, cortical bone cross-sectional area, total cross-sectional area, and wedge "width" are available. The formulas proposed are simple, easy to use, and provide acceptable accuracy. For the predicted load-bearing capacity, experimentally determined data illustrated that 59% of the calculated values had either less than 10% error or their predicted values were smaller than the observed values, 75% of the calculated values had either less than 20% error or their predicted values were smaller than the observed values. Similar accuracies were estimated for calculation of compressive strengths. Charts are generated from the established formulas, which permit a visual determination of load-bearing capacity and compressive strength of a wedge.

Aging↗

PubMed1993

The effects of freeze-drying and rehydration on cancellous bone.

Processing technique significantly affects the strength and stiffness of bone for use as a structural alloimplant in reconstructive surgery. The effects of the rehydration of freeze-dried human cancellous bone were studied using 14-mm-diameter cancellous dowels taken from matched cadaveric sites. Three different methods of rehydration were evaluated and compared with unrehydrated freeze-dried and frozen grafts. All samples were biomechanically tested in anatomically matched pair groups to determine compressive strength and stiffness. The strength of each tested graft was expressed as a percentage of its matched pair control. Freeze-dried grafts rehydrated for 24 hours compared with frozen grafts showed no significant difference in mean compressive strength (92.6% +/- 13.3% of control). Analysis of in vacuo versus ex vacuo rehydration at one hour showed a 38% greater mean compressive strength and a 42% greater mean stiffness for the ex vacuo group. Unrehydrated grafts appeared to be both stronger and stiffer than their rehydrated counterparts. These results suggest that the rehydration of freeze-dried grafts may adversely affect graft strength and stiffness. Rehydration under a negative pressure may proceed more rapidly than the process at atmospheric pressures. These findings limit the acceptability of freeze-dried grafts as structural implants.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

[Studies on the influence of mixing ratio and manual or mechanical mixinng ratio and manual or mechanical mixing on physical properties of composites (author's transl)].

The study was carried out in order to see whether the physical properties (microhardness, cone-flow-point, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, density, dimensional change adherence to enamel) of the powder-liquid- composite are dependent upon the processing conditions (powder-liquid-ratio, manual or mechanical mixing). We found that the higher the powder-liquid-ratio the higher the microhardness, compressive strength, density and the least the volume contraction. The abrasion resistance and the adherence to enamel depended not significantly upon the mixing ratio. In a manual mixed composite the highest cone-flow-point has been found to lie between a high and a low powder-liquid-ratio. All this findings show clearly that a standardized powder-liquid-ratio is a necessary prerequisite to an optimal quality of the composite. This optimal ratio can be guaranteed by a proper predosage in capsules. Mechanical mixing increased the microhardness, cone-flow-point, compressive strength and density. This fact is due to homogenity and small porosity. Mechanical mixed and injection-capsule composites are recommendable.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2005

The optimisation of the initial viscosity of an encapsulated glass-ionomer restorative following different mechanical mixing regimes.

OBJECTIVES: An optimisation of the mixing ratio of an encapsulated glass-ionomer restorative in terms of compressive strength, working characteristics and pore distribution following mechanical mixing with different mixing machines was undertaken. METHODS: Mean compressive fracture strengths, standard deviations and associated Weibull Moduli (m) were determined from series of 30 encapsulated specimens with varying powder/liquid mixing ratios. Working characteristics were assessed using an oscillating rheometer and scanning electron microscopy and image analysis was used to investigate the influence of the mixing ratios and mixing regime on the pore distribution. RESULTS: Cement mixing regime or reducing the powder/liquid mixing ratio did not have any significant influence on the compressive strength. Utilising the one-way ANOVA and Tukey test comparisons at P<0.05 the cement manipulation regime significantly increased the compressive strength on increasing the powder content of the capsule by 10% (G110) when a combination of rotational and centrifugal action rather than vibration were employed. Utilising a Rotomix at a powder content of G110 was beneficial in reducing porosity levels within the restorative investigated compared with a conventional mixing machine. Increasing the powder content reduced the working characteristics regardless of the mixing regime. SIGNIFICANCE: The increased reliability of encapsulated restoratives reported in the literature following mixing with a combination of rotational and centrifugal compared with vibrational action was only evident when the powder content of the restorative under investigation was increased by 10%. The finding suggests that the initial viscosity of the cement mass of the Ketac Fil Plus Aplicap as supplied by the manufacturer may not have been optimised.

Compressive Strength↗

PubMed2000

[The effect of adding cefobid upon the physiochemical properties of calcium phosphate cement].

This study was conducted to analyze the physiochemical properties of different mass ratio compounds of cefobid-load calcium phosphate cement(CPC). The compounds of 0%, 2.9%, 4.8% and 7.4% mass ratio cefobid-load CPC were made respectively. The setting time was observed; the compressive strength of compounds was measured by a material testing machine; the construction of compounds was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and analyzed by EIG. The results showed that both the setting time and the ratio of hole did not change obviously after the addition of cefobid, but the ultimate compressive strength decreased slowly and the results of the four groups were (21.98 +/- 1.06)MPa, (21.38 +/- 0.95)MPa, (19.22 +/- 1.11)MPa and (13.5 +/- 1.65)MPa respectively. These data indicate there is no obvious effect on the physicochemical properties of calcium phosphate cement after the addition of cefobid between 0% and 4.8%. The compounds have irregular holes and hence a good ability of compressive strength. It might be a new bone grafting material for the reparation of infection-related bone defects.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1997

Influence of temperature and vacuum mixing on bone cement properties.

To analyze the influence of varying viscosity and mixing temperature (22 degrees C and 6 degrees C) on macro- and microporosity, density, and compressive strength in vacuum mixed bone cement, high, medium, and low viscosity cement were mixed in 2 vacuum mixing systems and compared with bowl mixing at atmospheric pressure. At 22 degrees C, vacuum mixing significantly reduced void volume to less than approximately 3 per mill. The reduction was most pronounced in low viscosity cement. Microporosity also was reduced in all cements by vacuum mixing and to highest degree in low viscosity cement. At 6 degrees C the reduction of micropores was more pronounced in high viscosity cement. In medium and especially low viscosity cement, the prechilling gave an increased number of micropores. Cement density also was significantly reduced in low viscosity cement at 6 degrees C. Vacuum mixing significantly increased compressive strength by approximately 15% in all cement types (30 days). The temperature did not significantly influence compressive strength, but low viscosity cement generally was stronger when mixed at 22 degrees C. It is concluded that vacuum mixing improves cement quality. However, the temperature influences the final result; in particular, low viscosity cement should not be mixed after prechilling to 6 degrees C.

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMed1979

[Studies on Pd base ternary alloys for dental amalgam. (Part 1) Effect of size and shape of particle on dimensional change and mechanical properties (author's transl)].

Although much efforts have been paid to improve the properties of silver-tin amalgam, some clinical problems are not resolved yet. Palladium alloys have good properties for dental material, and they react on mercury well. So they are considered to be good amalgam alloys. In this paper, palladium base ternary alloys are studied for dental amalgam. The effect of size and shape of particle on dimensional change, compressive strength and hardness is studied. Main results obtained are as follows. (1) The dimensional change of spherical particle amalgam is smaller than that of fine cut particle. The finer the particle size is, the smaller the dimensional change is both for spherical and fine cut particles. (2) The dimensional change of amalgam of 60 wt% Pd-40 wt% Ag alloy decreased by addition of Sn or Cu, and these values under 20 micrometer/cm by addition of more than 5 wt% Cu or 10 wt% Sn. (3) Compressive strength of Pd alloy amalgam scatter so widely that the effects of alloying element are not able to be evaluated. Both maximum compressive strengths are 22 kg/mm2 and 28 kg/mm2 for the alloys containing Cu and Sn respectively. (4) Vicker's hardness of palladium alloy amalgam increased by addition of Sn and ranged 80 approximately 120 for spherical amalgam, which is higher than that of commercial alloy. Significant difference is not found in Cu added alloys. (5) From the analysis by XMA, it is found that matrix is composed of one phase and there is compositional difference between center of matrix and near the particle. Silver is rich in the center of matrix and palladium is rich near the alloy particle. Cu and Sn are seemed to distribute uniformly.

Dental Amalgam↗

PubMed1990

[Experimental development of a chitosan-bonded hydroxyapatite bone filling paste].

Chitosan, a naturally occurring high molecule or weight polymer which is stable in vivo like collagen, has proved a useful biomaterial in applications such as suture thread and artificial skin. A hydroxyapatite bone-filling material was developed with chitosan sol as a binder. Measurements were made of the solubility of chitosan, and of the setting time, compressive strength, and pH value of the material. X-ray microanalysis and diffraction analysis of the material were also conducted. Chitosan is freely soluble in malic acid and succinic acid, but insoluble in citric acid and oxalic acid. The setting time of the bone-filling material tended to decrease with increase in the amounts of its CaO and ZnO components. The setting time increased with increasing ratio of sol to other (powdered) ingredients. The pH value decreased with increasing ratios of chitosan sol to the powdered ingredients. High pH values resulted from increases in both CaO and ZnO. The time between the preparation of the chitosan sol and the onset of kneading significantly affected the compressive strength of the material when set. The strength measured roughly 50% more for times between 90 and 150 minutes than for times shorter or longer than that range. Greater compressive strength was generally observed for increases in both CaO and ZnO. The results of the X-ray microanalysis of the hardened paste showed calcium crystals other than hydroxyapatite.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed2003

The recycling of MSW incinerator bottom ash by sintering.

In recognition of the trend toward an increased use of bottom ash as construction material, the authors have investigated the feasibility of recovering bottom ash for use as aggregates, by sintering size-fractioned MSW incinerator bottom ash (particle size less than 1.41 mm and between 4.76-1.41 mm) at 400-1,000 degrees C for 60-240 min, and then determining the sintered material characteristics, such as the compressive strength, heavy metal leachability and principal material properties. The results indicate that the pH of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) leachate produced from both fine and the coarse ash, ranged from 10.0-11.5, and from 7.5-11.3 respectively, and showed a tendency to decrease with an increasing sintering temperature. In addition, for both types of ash the compressive strength of the sintered monoliths, ranging from 50-55 MPa, decreased slightly when the sintering temperature was increased from 400 to 600 degrees C. Deformation problems may arise from the melting of glassy substances in the ash when bottom ash is sintered at temperatures higher than 700 degrees C. Thus, when sintered between 800 to 1,000 degrees C, the sintered bottom ash pellets might disintegrate due to the formation of aluminium and/or calcium salts. The decomposition of calcium carbonate at 650 degrees C which releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, may also cause the destruction of a monolith. Based on considerations of loss on ignition, volume changes, water adsorption, soundness, bulk density and the compressive strength of the sintered ash, developed by the sintering of bottom ash between 400 to 600 degrees C after removing its coarse impurities, the general results from the experiments suggest that the aggregates do meet the Chinese National Standards (CNS) for permeable blocks.

Calcium Carbonate↗

PubMed2000

Compressive shear strength of core materials and restoring techniques.

In this study, ninety extracted endodontically treated mandibular molars were mounted in acrylic resin blocks. Five groups of eighteen extracted teeth were prepared by two different techniques. A peripheral shelf 2 mm deep and 1.4 mm wide was prepared as a first technique, while TMS pins were used in the second group. The teeth were then restored with five different core materials: silver-reinforced glass-ionomer, resin-modified glass-ionomer, self-cured glass-ionomer, polyacid-modified composite resin, and titanium-reinforced composite resin. An Instron testing machine was used to apply shear force at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min until fracture occurred. The results were obtained statistically using analysis of variance and least significant difference tests. According to the results of this study, Ti-core and composite resin were the strongest core materials when subjected to shear forces, and the most retentive preparation design was the vertical-pin design. The fractures of these materials with a vertical-pin design were mostly seen at the core and the tooth.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

The effects of binge alcohol exposure on bone resorption and biomechanical and structural properties are offset by concurrent bisphosphonate treatment.

BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol consumption reduces bone mass and strength, increasing fracture risk for alcohol abusers. Mechanisms underlying this vulnerability involve modulation of bone remodeling. Direct effects of alcohol on bone formation have been documented; those on bone resorption are less well studied. Skeletal effects of exposure to high blood alcohol concentrations (BAC's) attained during binge drinking have not been studied. We examined the effects of repeated binge-like alcohol treatment on bone resorption, bone mineral density and vertebral compressive strength in adult male rats treated with the aminobisphosphonate, risedronate. METHODS: A binge alcohol exposure model was developed using intraperitoneal (IP) injection to administer a 20% (vol/vol) alcohol/saline solution (3 g/kg, 1X/day) on four consecutive days for 1, 2 or 3 weeks in 400 g rats, with and without weekly risedronate treatment (0.5 mg/kg, 1X/week). Total serum deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) a crosslink of bone type collagen released during resorption was measured by ELISA. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Vertebral compressive strength was determined using an Instron materials testing machine. Trabecular integrity was analyzed by computer-aided trabecular analysis system (TAS). RESULTS: Peak BAC's averaged 308.5 +/- 12 mg/dL; average BAC was 258.6 +/- 28.7 mg/dL at time of euthanasia. No significant effects of treatment were observed after 1 or 2 weeks of binge alcohol exposure. At 3 weeks of alcohol treatment serum Dpd was significantly increased (205%, p < 0.05) over controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) in cancellous bone of distal femur and lumbar spine were significantly decreased (34% and 21% respectively, p < 0.01) after 3 weeks of binge treatment. Vertebral (L4) compressive strength (maximum load sustained before failure) also decreased (27%, p < 0.05) after 3 binge alcohol cycles. Risedronate maintained the Dpd level (p < 0.01), BMD (p < 0.001) and vertebral structural biomechanical properties (p < 0.01) of binge-treated rats at control levels (E vs ER). Indices of trabecular architectural integrity [Trabecular bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), bone area (BAR) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp)] analyzed at week 3 showed (BV/TV) and (BAR) were significantly reduced in alcohol-binged rats (p < 0.01), while (Tb.Sp) was significantly increased (p < 0.01). Risedronate also maintained the trabecular architectural indices of binge-treated rats at control levels (E versus ER, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In adult male rats, BAC's reflective of those attained during alcoholic binge drinking may affect the skeleton in part by stimulating bone resorption, an effect mitigated by risedronate.

Amino Acids↗