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PubMed2000

Oral glucose retention, saliva viscosity and flow rate in 5-year-old children.

There are significant differences of glucose retention in site-specificity and individuals. Sixty-two 5-year-old nursery schoolchildren participated in this study on the relation between the viscosity of saliva and flow rate and glucose retention. Each child was instructed to rinse his/her mouth with a glucose solution (0.5 M, 5 ml) and then to spit out. Three minutes after rinsing, glucose retention was determined. Resting saliva was collected by a natural outflow method, then the flow rate was determined. A rotational viscometer was used to determine the viscosity. Glucose retention and flow rate were correlated at the left maxillary primary molars, and glucose retention and viscosity were correlated at the maxillary central primary incisors. It was concluded that glucose retention after glucose mouth rinsing was site-specific, and that glucose retention and the index of decayed, missing and filled primary teeth (dmft) were slightly correlated with the salivary viscosity and flow rate.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1975

Effect on dental caries of a dental public health program for Danish schoolchildren.

The effect of a dental public health program comprising schoolchildren under the Danish Act on Child Dental Health has been evaluated after 5 years of operation. The program comprised complete restorative care for all children from kindergarten through the 9th grade (16 years of age), but only children attending kindergarten through third grade (10 years) are included in the present study. Each grade comprised approximately 50 children. A number of preventive procedures such as topical fluoride application, oral hygiene instruction and various other educational procedures have been used. The treatment services resulted in almost complete elimination of the "D" component and the "M" component in the DMFS index. The preventive services resulted in marked reductions in the total DMFS index, and almost complete elimination of new carious lesions after enrollment in the program. The non-experimental nature of the study makes it possible to determine the effect of each one of the preventive procedures used in the program.

Child↗

PubMed1982

Dental health of children in Australia 1977-1980.

A School Dental Scheme was commenced in Australia on July 1, 1973 in which the Commonwealth and States shared the costs of the development and operation of the school dental service. Data collected at annual examinations over the years 1977-1980 inclusive were used, from which trends, if any, could be determined on the changes that may have occurred in the dental health of the school children. From the data covering almost two million examinations, a fall in the DIMF index for children aged six to thirteen years was noted. In 1977, it was 2.97 and it reached 2.17 in 1980. Comparison with other data obtained over a longer period in the Australian Capital Territory form a useful comparison. From 1954 to 1980, the mean DIMF for twelve-year-old children was reduced from 7.17 to 2.52. The effect of fluoridation has played a major part but not the whole role in this improvement in dental health; it was introduced in Canberra in 1964 when the mean DIMF index for ten-year-old children was 4.43, and this figure was reduced to 2.16 in 1974. In 1980, the mean DIMF index was 1.56, or a fall of 27.8 per cent. A similar effect is evident in data collected from the State surveys. Included in the surveys was the development of indices for Oral Hygiene and it was found that despite a better oral hygiene index for girls it was not associated with lower caries prevalence. However, taking into account the scores for all children of twelve years of age, a clear association existed between oral debris and prevalence of carious teeth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Does the Community Dental Service provide primary dental care for dentally disadvantaged children?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the caries prevalence of Community Dental Service (CDS) patients in Leicestershire with the same age groups in the population, and to assess the effectiveness of the CDS in reaching dentally disadvantaged children. METHOD: The caries prevalence of five- and 12-year-old children attending CDS clinics in Leicestershire was recorded in parallel with population data obtained from the British Association of Community Dentistry (BASCD) survey of these age groups in the county. BASCD criteria and conventions were used in both studies. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 354 five-year-old and 383 12-year-old CDS clinic patients, and the respective BASCD population samples of 1815 for five-year-olds and 1753 for 12-year-olds. RESULTS: In both age groups CDS clinic patients had a significantly (P < 0.01) higher caries experience. The provision of treatment for five-year-old CDS clinic patients was greater than that for the five-year-old BASCD population sample. This was also the case for the 12-year-old CDS clinic patients, who, in addition, had twice as many fissure sealants per patient than those in the BASCD sample. The mean DMFT of 12-year-old clinic attenders and the proportion of these children with caries experience were found to be higher than those for children with the poorest scores on the Townsend Deprivation Index. CONCLUSION: The CDS appeared to be effective in reaching, and providing treatment for, dentally disadvantaged children in Leicestershire, and as such in providing a complementary service to the GDS.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2004

[Dental caries in Paulínia, São Paulo State, Brazil, and WHO goals for 2000 and 2010].

An epidemiological survey was conducted in Paulínia, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2000, aimed at verifying the prevalence of principal oral health problems, using the DMFT index and WHO diagnostic criteria. The sample (1,151) was randomly selected. The dmft was 1.90 in 5-year-olds, with 54.2% caries-free. DMFT was 1.00 in 12-year-olds, with 46.4% caries-free in the permanent dentition. Fluorosis prevalence in 7 to 12-year-olds was 30.5%, mostly the very mild form (22.9%). Prevalence of opacities and hypoplasias was 9.1%. In adults, the dental care index was 55.4% and an average of 21.30 teeth presented caries experience. In the elderly, DMFT was 29.50, consisting predominantly of extracted teeth (93.0%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[A trial of performing dental caries prevention in preschoolers with fluoridated salt].

Fluorinated salt was added to rations of preschool children for preventing dental caries. The program was implemented in 1411 children for 1 year, in 1438 for 2 years, in 1070 for 3 years, and in 1056 children for 4 years. The study was carried out in children attending kindergartens in Minsk, Mogilev, Mozyr, Nesvizh, and Baranovichi. Due to fluorinated salt, the incidence and intensity of caries decreased. In the group given fluorinated salt for 2 years, the incidence of caries decreased by 4.96% (p < 0.001), its intensity by the CDL (carious-decayed-lost) index by 14.71%, and by the CPL (caries-prostheses-lost) index by 12.99%. Three-year consumption of fluorinated salt decreased the incidence of caries by 8.07% (p < 0.001), its intensity by the CDL index by 23.86%, and by the CPL index by 23.93%. In children using fluorinated salt for 4 years, these values decreased by 12.56 (p < 0.001), 32.80, and 29.64%, respectively. Hence, fluorinated salt can and should be used for preventing dental caries in collective bodies of preschool children.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1990

[Caries prevalence of a school population].

We have made a cross-sectional study about dental caries in 883 children between 6 and 15 years old, belonging to 3 public schools representing the municipal district of Tetuan (Madrid). The studied variables, that were related with presence/absence of caries were: age, sex, school, social class, number of meals per day, tooth brushing and use of fluor. We have also established the indexes DMFT, dmft, DMFM, together with the affection percentage of each tooth and its graphic representation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Causal relationship between a case of severe hepatic dysfunction and low exposure concentrations of N,N-dimethylformamide in the synthetics industry.

A 19-year-old man suffered hepatic dysfunction after 5 months of exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at his job in the synthetic resins industry. Laboratory data revealed elevated levels of AST (578 IU/l), ALT (1193 IU/l), and gamma-GTP (107 IU/l), no viral infection with HAV, HBV, or HCV, and no history or evidence of hepatic injury, although he did have a slight abdominal abnormality and swelling which was detected by palpation. His urinary N-methylformamide level, as a biological exposure index of DMF, was 42.8 mg/l, indicating 10-30 ppm of DMF exposure. After 2 months he was reinstated in two workplaces, the former where he worked in the morning and the other in the afternoon where environmental DMF concentrations were less than those in the former workplace. On the 18th day after his reinstatement, his liver function became exasperated again. After the second period of medication and one month of rest from work, he had fully recovered and was reinstated, but to a workshop without DMF exposure.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Interindividual differences in degradation of sodium monofluorophosphate by saliva in relation to oral health status.

The enzymatic degradation of sodium monofluorophosphate by whole saliva in patients with differing oral health status was compared Ten patients each with good or poor oral health were selected. Assessment of oral health status included indices of the amount of dental plaque, caries experience and counts of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. Whole-saliva samples were collected under standardized conditions and monofluorophosphatase (MFPase) activity was measured in 2-ml saliva samples during 2 h of incubation at 37 C with 1 ml of monofluorophosphate solution (equivalent 31.5 mmol/1 F). MFPase activity was found in all the saliva samples. The values ranged from 0.6 to 17.8 nmol F/ml saliva per min. High MFPase activities correlated well with large amounts of plaque with the D component of the DMFT index and with high counts of salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli. The results show a wide range of MFPase activity in individuals and a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) between high MFPase activity and poor oral health status.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Children's dental health in Europe: caries experience of 5- and 12-year-old children from eight EU countries.

Data on the current dental health of 5- and 12-year-old children from eight European countries has been collected by calibrated examiners. In each country a random sample of 200 children in each age group was drawn from urban primary and secondary state schools, a total of 3200 subjects. The children were examined under standardized conditions by one or two examiners in each country, all of whom had been trained and calibrated to the Swedish reference examiner and had achieved good inter- and intra-examiner consistency. Mean dmft DMFT were 1.38/1.93 in Gent (Belgium), 2.99/2.58 in Berlin (Germany), 1.62/2.35 in Athens (Greece), 2.09/1.85 in Cork (Ireland), 2.81/2.24 in Sassari (Italy), 3.06/1-82 in Dundee (Scotland), 0.85/1.75 in Valencia (Spain), and 0.80/1.94 in Stockholm (Sweden). The major components in the dmft/DMFT indices varied. Among the 5-year-old children the m component predominated in the Scottish sample, the d and f components in Berlin and the d component in Sassari. Among the 12-year-olds, a high F component influenced the index in Berlin and Stockholm, whereas in Athens and Sassari the D component was relatively high. The frequency of fissure sealants was most frequent in the Scottish. Irish and Belgian samples of 12-year-olds.

Child↗

PubMed1999

Caries activity and associated risk factors in elderly hospitalised population--15-months follow-up in French institutions.

UNLABELLED: Only a few studies have been published concerning hospitalised elderly disabled people. OBJECTIVES: 1) to investigate the oral health status of elderly French patients hospitalised in the two main geriatric hospitals of Paris. 2) to describe the respective influences of general parameters (type of hospitalisation, pathologies and medication) on oral environment parameters. 3) to analyse the influences of these oral parameters on caries activity in Long-Term Care (LTCF) and in rehabilitation facilities (RF) patients and to study the incidence and the time-course of caries in these specific population. SUBJECTS: 117 subjects (mean age = 83.0 years, SD = 7.8, range = 64 to 102 years) were examined at baseline and 32 of the 50 LTCF subjects were reexamined 15-months later. METHODS: The general parameters recorded were age, gender, type of hospitalisation, period of stay, removable prosthesis, general diseases, number of diagnoses, medications with hyposalivary side-effects. The oral environment parameters recorded were flow rate, buffer capacity, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts, measured at baseline by tests on stimulated saliva, and plaque index. Crown and root surfaces were recorded according to a modified caries activity index. RESULTS: Among the polypathological subjects (85.5% of the population), the number of diseases ranged from 2 to 8. The LTCF patients had a significantly higher mean number of diagnoses (3.5; SD = 1.5) than the RF patients (2.8; SD = 1.4). 76.9% of patients were taking medications with hyposalivary side-effects. The stimulated flow rate ranged from 0.02 ml/min to 5 ml/min. Its mean was significantly lower for LTCF patients (0.67 ml/min; SD = 0.51) than for RF patients (1.12 ml/min; SD = 0.89). The plaque index was significantly higher in LTCF subjects and in patients with mental diseases. At baseline, 17,442 crown and root surfaces were examined. Flow rate was related to crown caries and buffer capacity to root caries. During the 15-months follow-up, the mean number of active root surfaces was significantly increased: from 0.148 (SD = 0.116) at baseline vs. 0.250 (SD = 0.174) at the second examination. CONCLUSIONS: The strongest relationship in the present study between oral parameters and caries activity was the negative relationship between buffer capacity and active root caries. This study confirms an association between the type of hospitalisation and both salivary parameters flow rate and plaque index. This investigation illustrates the critical need for hygiene and oral care, in this elderly disabled population.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

A descriptive report of the effects of a 16-month xylitol chewing-gum programme subsequent to a 40-month sucrose gum programme.

A previous caries trial (Belize studies) involved the usage of sucrose chewing-gum for a period of 40 months in one group of initially 10-year-old subjects in an environment of high sugar consumption, high caries activity, and limited access to restorative care. After the termination of the 40-month supervised sucrose gum usage, the 109 subjects of the original sucrose group retrieved at the endpoint of the original trial were invited to participate in a xylitol chewing-gum programme (involving the usage of the '100% pellet-shaped formular') for 16 months. The average daily consumption level of xylitol was up to 14 g per subject, normally used in seven daily chewing episodes. Although most subjects used chewing-gum at schools and received their gum portions from a school official, gum chewing during these 16 months was mostly unsupervised. After 16 months, 83 subjects (76%; mean age 14.9 years) were retrieved. The caries status of these subjects was examined by the same calibrated, blinded examiners as in the original trial. To mask the examiners, 141 similar non-participating subjects were recruited from the same school classes and were examined in a random order with the gum-using subjects, according to the same standard routine. The intensified xylitol gum usage for 16 months was associated with a reduction of the mean DMFS score from 10.9 (at 40 months) to 9.3 (at 56 months, p = 0.0013) and a reduction in caries rate from 20.1 caries onsets per 1,000 surface-years (40-month period average rate) to 10.2 caries onsets per 1,000 surface-years. The reduction in DMFS score resulted mostly from the change in the D component of the index and possibly reflected a stabilisation of the caries process and rehardening of some caries lesions to a non-progressive carious state.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

A 15-year series analysis of caries development related to a socioeconomic variable. A study of the year group leaving the organised dental care in Göteborg, Sweden.

In a long-term series analysis the study had the aim of detecting how the used socioeconomic variables were related to the caries status development in the year group leaving the organised dental care. The study included caries epidemiological records of individuals at the Public Dental Service of Göteborg, leaving the organised dental care during 1986-2000. The City of Göteborg was divided into four districts. One incidence and one prevalence caries index was used, each presented in two subgroups: individuals with no caries record and patients with 20% of the highest index values. The socio-economical variable was individuals 18-64 years of age, seeking employment, as a percentage of the corresponding group of all inhabitants. The registered values were divided into three time sections of five years each. In the first, the socio-economic value curves were almost horizontal, in the second they showed a considerable increasing and in the third a declining tendency. The result curves for the caries-free patient groups and for patients with 20% of the highest caries index values compared to the three socioeconomical time sector results, showed an almost horizontal level concerning the incidence index values, and for the prevalence index values an inclined curve structure to the incidence curves. The result curves for the incidence index with respect to the caries-free patient group showed an almost horizontal structure, while the prevalence curves inclined towards the incidence curves during the study period. The linear structure of these curves deviated considerably from the result curves for the socio-economic time series. No correlation existed between the socio-economic data and the studied caries index values. The need for determining the time length concerning caries index observations was discussed. It must be of special interest to maintain the dental health of the studied patient group and the individuals' relation to regular dental care, when as adults they meet the dental care economy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Caries and periodontal state of pregnant women. Part I. Caries status].

A misconception exists in the society regarding the caries frequency during pregnancy. The condition of the teeth of the child can be influenced by the state of the teeth and the oral hygiene habits of the mother. An examination was conducted among young women soon after delivery in Szeged/Hungary. The number of the examined patients was 161, with the average age of 27.6 years. The DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) index was 12.45, while the DMFS (Decayed, Missing, Filled Surfaces) index was 26.07 in the examined population. The DMFT index significantly correlated with age, number of pregnancies, plaque index, probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing, while the DMFT index was not dependent on education level, profession and place of residency. There was no significant correlation between the number of previous pregnancy and the incidence of caries.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

A method of utilizing the subjects' initial caries experience to increase efficiency in caries clinical trials.

A problem which often occurs in caries clinical trials is the existence of an imbalance by group in the initial DMFS scores among subjects completing the study. Four methods of incorporating the study subjects' initial caries experience were identified and compared in six recently conducted clinical trials to see which of the methods was the most efficient in making treatment group comparisons of study subjects' caries increment scores. The consistent method of choice was one which utilized an adaptation of Grainger's caries severity index as a stratification factor in a blocking analysis of caries increments. The results suggest that more information regarding future caries exist in knowing where decay is present in the dentition than in knowing the subjects' total DMFS counts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children in Mallow (a non-fluoridated area), Cork, Ireland.

295 5-year-old children were examined in Mallow, a non-fluoridated town in North Cork to ascertain the dental status of children commencing first level education. The results were compared with those found in Baja, Hungary and in Barnsley, England. The def in Mallow was found to be 5.15 and the Met Need Index 14%. The authors suggest that the programmes of dental care should be re-examined in the light of these findings and more emphasis placed on the prevention and treatment of caries at an earlier age.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1990

[Epidemiological survey of oral status of 7, 12 and 15-year old Cape Verde school children].

A representative sample of 614 schoolchildren of Cape Verde Islands, 7, 12 and 15 years old, was randomly selected. The dental caries prevalence was determined in each age group using the dmft and DMFT indices. The mean DMFT index increased from 2.38 at age 7 to 4.5 at age 15 years. The percentage of children with caries free permanent teeth decreased from 74.5% to 10.4% between 7 and 15 years of age.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Dental survey of students at the Australian National University -- 1972.

A sample of 422 students at the Australian National University was examined in 1972. Results for the 302 full-time student sample were considered significant and are presented in this report. The students were found to have a relatively low (for Australia) DMFT of 13.8, Oral Hygiene Index of 0.9 and Periodontal Index of 0.75. Seventy-two percent of students had attended a dentist within the previous year and F/DMFT ratio was 76 percent. Estimates of time and costs of treatment needs are presented.

Adult↗