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PubMed1991

Social behavior, dominance, and social deprivation of rats determine drug choice.

Relationships between social deprivation, dominance, and voluntary intake of ethanol (ETOH) and diazepam (D) were studied in male adult Wistar rats. Social behavior was registered by tetradic encounters in the open field prior to the rats' drug experiences. Social deprivation was induced by individual housing (LI) and contact caging (C). Nondeprived rats were housed in groups of four individuals (G) each. Social deprivation facilitated ETOH intake: LI rats consumed 30% more ETOH than G. Increase of deprivation by change of housing condition additionally raised ETOH consumption. ETOH experiences did not affect subsequent D choice. However, rats with a high ETOH consumption also preferred D. Individual drug disposition correlated with social dominance (in G: to social activity). Even in individual isolation dominant rats took less drugs than subordinate ones, but these rats raised their ETOH consumption when the housing conditions were changed. After nine months of voluntary ETOH intake and subsequently nine months without access to ETOH the rats showed signs of "behavioral dependence." Compared to naive animals they took twice as much ETOH and even after adulterating ETOH by quinine a high preference was perpetuated. During this state modifying social factors were no longer effective.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Survey of Pinellia ternata and its adulterants].

The tubers of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. distributed widely in China, have been used in traditional medicine. Recently, P. ternata is deficient in herb market and its adulterants are used. This article mainly summarizes some researches on P. ternata and its adulterants from four aspects, including pharmacognostics, chemical component, pharmacology and toxicity. Also some suggestions are presented about the study prospect of P. ternata.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1995

Detection of beta 2-agonists in milk replacer.

beta 2-Agonist drugs may be illegally used as growth promoters for feedlot calves, when mixed into milk replacer immediately before feeding. To check for the presence of clenbuterol, salbutamol and terbutaline in such food, an analytical system was established using a screening method based on two commercial qualitative competitive ELISA tests, with antibodies raised against the arylamino group and the t-butyl group. The extraction procedure was based on precipitation of the milk samples with acetonitrile followed by filtration. The absence of any significant interference by other substances in the filtrate allowed detection of beta 2-agonist drugs in spiked samples at the lowest concentration having a repartitioning effect (50 ppb for clenbuterol, mabuterol and terbutaline, 500 ppb for salbutamol). In view of a false positive response with tetracycline in milk samples and a cross-reaction between clenbuterol and mabuterol, an HPLC-MS technique was developed which, after extraction and purification of the samples with SPE C18 Polar Plus, was able to confirm the presence of these drugs. The good recovery after extraction (ranging from 84% to 90.2%) and the low detection limit with this method (250 ng/ml for clenbuterol, mabuterol and terbutaline, and 2.5 micrograms/ml for salbutamol) allowed easy confirmation and simultaneous detection of the four beta 2-agonists at the lowest concentrations at which they are used in adulterated milk for calves.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simple techniques to detect and identify phentermine adulteration.

Phentermine capsules labelled Ionamin were suspected of being counterfeit. Examination of the contents revealed no phentermine, but caffeine and phenylpropanolamine. The usual microcrystalline and spectrodensitometry was used to confirm results of spectrophotometric identity tests.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of illicit amphetamine seizures by capillary zone electrophoresis.

Capillary zone electrophoresis was applied for the determination of amphetamine and related substances in seized drugs. A buffer made of 0.1 M phosphoric acid adjusted to pH 3.0 with triethanolamine was selected. With this background electrolyte, triethanolamine is adsorbed to the capillary wall and the electroosmotic flow is reversed. This gives rise to peaks with good symmetry, high efficiency and reproducible migration times. The separation of the different analytes was performed in a fused-silica capillary thermostatted at 25 degrees C and the applied voltage was 25 kV. Under these experimental conditions, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine, N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butamine and ephedrine were resolved within 8 min and without interference from adulterants usually found in illicit powders. Their identification by the migration time was confirmed by their UV spectra recorded with a diode array UV detector (190-350 nm). The selected method was then applied to identify these substances in illicit tablets known as "Ecstasy" and the MDMA determined in these samples according to a laboratory validation procedure.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed2003

Methamphetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid and plasma after controlled oral methamphetamine administration to human volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine (AMP) concentrations in 200 plasma and 590 oral fluid specimens were used to evaluate METH pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral administration of sustained-release METH. METHODS: Eight participants received four oral 10-mg S-(+)-METH hydrochloride sustained-release tablets within 7 days. Three weeks later, five participants received four oral 20-mg doses. Blood samples were collected for up to 24 h and oral fluid for up to 72 h after drug administration. RESULTS: After the first oral dose, initial plasma METH detection was within 0.25-2 h; c(max) was 14.5-33.8 micro g/L (10 mg) and 26.2-44.3 micro g/L (20 mg) within 2-12 h. In oral fluid, METH was detected as early as 0.08-2 h; c(max) was 24.7-312.2 micro g/L (10 mg) and 75.3-321.7 micro g/L (20 mg) and occurred at 2-12 h. The median oral fluid-plasma METH concentration ratio was 2.0 across 24 h and was highly variable. Neutral cotton swab collection yielded significantly higher METH and AMP concentrations than citric acid candy-stimulated expectoration. Mean (SD) areas under the curve for AMP were 21% +/- 25% and 24% +/- 11% of those observed for METH in plasma and oral fluid, respectively. After a single low or high dose, plasma METH was >2.5 micro g/L for up to 24 h in 9 of 12 individuals (mean, 7.3 +/- 5.5 micro g/L at 24 h); in oral fluid the detection window was at least 24 h (mean, 18.8 +/- 18.0 micro g/L at 24 h). The plasma and oral fluid 24-h METH detection rates were 54% and 60%, respectively. After four administrations, METH was measurable for 36-72 h (mean, 58.3 +/- 14.5 h). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived advantages of oral fluid for verifying METH exposure compared with urine include simpler specimen collection and reduced potential for adulteration, but urine offers higher analyte concentrations and a greater window of detection.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

[Physostigmine for the immediate treatment of a patient with the central anticholinergic syndrome induced by cocaine cut with atropine].

A 34-year-old man was admitted in a coma after a nightlong abuse of cocaine and alcohol, whereupon he fell and convulsed at home. There was a fracture of the nose, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia and hypertension. Dry mouth and mydriasis were suggestive of anticholinergic poisoning. Physostigmine 3 mg were slowly administered intravenously, followed by complete neurological recovery and normalisation of the body temperature. There was no brain damage. Cocaine and atropine were found in the patient's urine. Several users of cocaine in various European countries have recently developed a central anticholinergic syndrome due to adulteration of cocaine with atropine. In the presence of indications for such an intoxication, physostigmine is the antidote of first choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Chinese herbal medicine induced acute renal failure.

A patient with acute interstitial nephritis secondary to ingestion of a Chinese herbal medicine adulterated with mefenamic acid is presented. Following hemodialysis and cessation of the medication the patient's renal function returned to normal.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2001

Preliminary studies of a fast screening method for cocaine and cocaine metabolites in urine using hollow fibre membrane solvent microextraction (HFMSME).

A simple and efficient screening method for cocaine and cocaine metabolites has been developed using an inexpensive, disposable hollow fibre membrane. Drug extraction was achieved using hollow fibre membrane solvent microextraction (HFMSME). Extraction and separation, using a gas chromatograph, was achieved in less than 7.5 min. Using HFMSME, concentrations below 0.050 microg mL(-1) were measurable. Good reproducibility was achieved when an internal standard was used, producing relative standard deviation values averaging 5.4%. The effects of various adulterants and interferents on the screening technique were studied and a direct comparison to drop solvent microextraction was made.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Chemical-induced autoimmune reactions and Spanish toxic oil syndrome. Focus on hydantoins and related compounds.

Autoimmune diseases comprise a wide spectrum of overlapping, systemic and organ-specific disorders. Although, etiology and pathogenesis of such disorders are largely unknown, endogenous host factors and exogenous agents, such as viruses, bacteria, and small molecular weight chemicals, drugs and food components, are believed to be involved. The toxicological significance of low molecular weight compounds on induction of autoimmune disorders is illustrated by the toxic oil syndrome (TOS), a chemically induced epidemic, observed in Spain since 1981. The causative chemical(s) of TOS is still elusive, but an association between ingestion of refined aniline-adulterated rapeseed oil and the syndrome is well-documented. Epidemiological, clinical and immunopathological symptoms of TOS are briefly reviewed. The striking resemblance with immunological disorders, observed in man upon medication with hydantoins and related compounds, is demonstrated. The likeliness of formation of a hydantoin-related compound in the aniline-adulterated oil is evidenced and its role as possible toxic agent in TOS is proposed. Further, the presence of hydantoins and related compounds in food is briefly reviewed and it is suggested that these chemicals may account for a portion of idiopathic autoimmune diseases observed in man. The need for development of animal models to assess this kind of immunotoxicological effects is stressed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Chromatographic fingerprint analysis--a rational approach for quality assessment of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine (TCHM) contain multiple botanicals, each of which contains many compounds that may be relevant to the medicine's putative activity. Therefore, analytical techniques that look at a suite of compounds, including their respective ratios, provide a more rational approach to the authentication and quality assessment of TCHM. In this paper we present several examples of applying chromatographic fingerprint analysis for determining the identity, stability, and consistency of TCHM as well as the identification of adulterants as follows: (1) species authentication of various species of ginseng (Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, Panax noto-ginseng) and stability of ginseng preparations using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint analysis; (2) batch-to-batch consistency of extracts of Total Glycosides of Peony (TGP), to be used as a raw material and in finished products (TGP powdered extract products), using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analysis with a pattern recognition software interface (CASE); (3) documenting the representative HPLC fingerprints of Immature Fruits of Terminalia chebula (IFTC) through the assessment of raw material, in-process assay of the extracts, and the analysis of the finished product (tablets); (4) HPLC fingerprint study demonstrating the consistent quality of total flavonoids of commercial extracts of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaves (EGb) along with detection of adulterations. The experimental conditions as well as general comments on the application of chromatographic fingerprint analysis are discussed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Adulteration of South African traditional herbal remedies.

Traditional herbal remedies are used as alternative medicine by a large proportion of people worldwide. Herbals are generally perceived as safe, harmless, and free from side effects, but there have been reports of adulteration of Asian herbal remedies with Western pharmaceuticals, a practice that has not hitherto been observed in Africa. The authors present 2 cases from South Africa in which herbal remedies, consumed by patients admitted to hospital, were found to be adulterated with commercially available Western medicines. The adulterants were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors alert clinicians to the fact that adulteration of herbal remedies may become more common and should be considered, especially in cases where the symptoms are confusing in light of the history.

Acidosis, Lactic↗
PubMed2006

Ginkgo biloba use in nursing home elderly with epilepsy or seizure disorder.

PURPOSE: Ginkgo biloba, among the most widely used herbs, possesses the capacity both to induce and to inhibit seizures. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of ginkgo and other common herb prescribing in a sample of nursing home (NH) elderly diagnosed with epilepsy/seizure (Epi/Sz) disorder and to determine demographic, clinical, and functional factors associated with ginkgo use. METHODS: This was a 1-year prevalence study of 68,403 NH residents living in 557 nursing facilities throughout the United States. RESULTS: Overall, herb use in the NHs was very low (0.41%). Ginkgo was prescribed 162 times, more than any other herb. St. John's wort was prescribed 40 times; garlic, 29 times; and all others, <20 times, for a total of 307 herb orders. Among all residents with an herb order, ginkgo was prescribed for 61.9% of residents with an Epi/Sz diagnosis and 58.0% (p = 0.820) of residents without an Epi/Sz diagnosis. Dementia, educational level, and the interaction of age group with cognitive impairment were all significantly associated with herb use among Epi/Sz residents. Cognitive impairment and the interaction of Epi/Sz disorder with dementia were associated specifically with ginkgo use. CONCLUSIONS: Ginkgo is the most frequently prescribed herb in this population in which >50% of all herb orders were written for ginkgo. The concern with ginkgo use among elderly with Epi/Sz is the lack of standardization that characterizes ginkgo products. In the absence of standardization, the likelihood is increased that ginkgo products may be adulterated with the Ginkgo biloba plant parts most commonly associated with seizure provocation.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1986

Legal and regulatory aspects of genetically engineered animals.

The commercialization of genetically engineered food animals will pose a number of legal and regulatory questions. These may be grouped into questions of process and questions of products. The process of animal genetic engineering with artificially constructed vectors will probably be regulated in much the same manner as other veterinary procedures. There may be some discussion, however, as to whether animal drug or animal biologic regulations are more applicable. The products of animal genetic engineering, i.e., transgenic food animals and food products made from them, also raise important questions about product safety and identity. These include whether and how genetically engineered food animals will be subject to federal inspection for wholesomeness, whether artificial vectors, foreign genes, or gene products will adulterate recipient animal tissues, and how food products made from such animals will be labeled. Prior federal experience with the inspection of interspecific hybrids of cattle and buffalo provides a useful basis for further policy developments in the inspection and labeling of genetically engineered food animals. In particular, the inspection of cattle/buffalo hybrids has established a phenotypic (based on appearance) criterion for deciding how novel food animals should be inspected. As the genetic engineering of food animals on a production basis draws nearer, it may be necessary to supplement the phenotypic criterion with genetic (based on pedigree) criteria to assure that the essential characteristics of animals slaughtered under current food statutes are maintained.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1996

Effect of sub-chronic cocaine and lidocaine exposure on the lymphoid tissues in neonatal rats.

Illicit cocaine varies in purity and is often adulterated with local anesthetics such as lidocaine. Chronic cocaine exposure is associated with immunological modulation in humans and animal models. The effect of sub-chronic oral exposure to cocaine (COC) and lidocaine (LIDO) alone and in combination on the lymphoid organs was assessed in neonatal rats. Lewis rat pups were orally administered saline (SAL), COC, LIDO or both drugs in combination, 20 mg/kg each, from birth to day 21. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) decreases in lymphocyte and total leukocyte levels as well as decreases in spleen weight were observed in pups treated with COC alone. LIDO alone did not affect these parameters in comparison to SAL treated controls. Rats receiving COC and LIDO did not display a significant reduction in spleen weight or in the blood cell populations studied. However, rats treated with COC and LIDO in combination had significantly decreased serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration. Quantitative plasma and tissue analyses ascertained the concentrations and tissue disposition of each drug following oral administration. The results suggest that the effect of COC on the lymphoid tissues and white blood cell parameters is modified in the presence of LIDO in the developing rat.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased food intake by neuropeptide Y is due to an increased motivation to eat.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), administered intracerebroventricularly, is a potent orexigenic agent. To determine if NPY-induced eating represented an increase in motivation to eat (e.g., hunger) rather than pathological or stimulus-bound eating, we determined its effect on eating in three paradigms, including lever press, appetitive passive avoidance and quinine-adulterated milk. NPY-injected mice consumed more milk when required to work for it in a lever press apparatus and tolerated shock to the tongue for drinking milk. Increasing the dose of NPY also allowed mice to overcome a taste aversion for quinine-adulterated milk. Overall, these studies support the hypothesis that NPY causes a specific increase in the motivation to eat, rather than nonspecific or stimulus-bound behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Two cocaine-induced fatalities.

Two deaths due to cocaine are described. The first is the result of an intravenous injection of the drug. The second death resulted when, in an attempt to smuggle a large amount of the drug into this country, a number of rubber balloons located in the deceased's lower gastrointestinal tract ruptured. Blood and tissue concentrations were determined by using a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector; propylbenzoylecgonine was used as the internal standard. Aliquots of the solid material were analyzed and the concentration of cocaine quantitated. The presence and concentrations of adulterants were also determined.

Adult↗