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PubMed1976

[Development of the neuronal structure of the hippocampus during pre- and post-natal ontogenesis in the albino rat. I. Neurohistological demonstration of the development of lung-axonal neurons in the CA3 and CA4 regions].

In this paper qualitative investigations by means of light microscopy (Golgi impregnation) considering the ontogenesis of efferent neurons of the CA3, CA4a, CA4b regions in the rat hippocampus are presented following the already described development of CA1 pyramids (MINKWITZ and HOLZ 1975). After the migration of neuroblasts the types of projective neurons can be distinguished in the mentioned regions at the end of the prenatal period. During the first postnatal time particularly the basal dendritic tree develops expressing more distinctly the typical forms of pyramids (CA3, CA4a) and the of the multipolare neurons of CA4b. No distinct qualitative jumps at the transition of the regions in contrast to the CA3--CA1 boundary can be observed. Temporal retardations in the appearance of postsynaptic structures (microdendrites, excrescenses, spines) at pyramidal neurons from CA4 to CA3 and CA1 are regarded as signs of earlier development of the phylogenetic older pool of cells. During the early postnatal developmental period (until stage P10) proceedings of the growth are predominant. Later on, during the late postnatal period, the maturation of the neurons takes place with a considerable multiplication of spines distributed in similar ways as known from other pyramids. At stage P20 neurons of all hippocampal regions cannot be distinguished from adult ones without using morphometric procedures. The development of parts of the intrahippocampal network including mossy fibre system and SCHAFFER collaterals is discussed with regard to in this way appearing boundaries between fascia dentata and regio inferior CA4, CA3) and regio superior (CA1). These fibre systems establish by their stepwise construction one of the basic elements to hippocampal functioning.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

[Evaluation of visceral impairments by exercise testing: practice and problems in recently-developed exercise testing in disabled patients and an introduction of a newly-developed instrument for monitoring cardiopulmonary and postural parameters].

OBJECTIVE: Exercise testing plays a major role in evaluation of visceral impairments in disabled patients. We introduced recently-developed exercise testing and a newly-developed instrument for monitoring cardiopulmonary and postural parameters. We also evaluated the effects of cardiac phase II rehabilitation, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. METHODS: 1) The ratio of ischemic heart disease in stroke patients was assessed by exercise testing. 2) The physical status of the patients with myocardial infarction (MI) was assessed before and just after our hospitalized cardiac phase II rehabilitation program, and at a 6-month follow-up by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. 3) The physical status of the patient with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia was assessed before and after pulmonary rehabilitation by a six-minute walking test. 4) The physical status of the patients with pulmonary emphysema (PE) was assessed before and 3 months after LVRS. 5) We introduced a newly-developed instrument for monitoring cardiopulmonary and postural parameters (MCPP). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in stroke patients was 18%. Our hospitalized phase II cardiac rehabilitation program improved the management of cardiac risk factors and the physical status in patients with MI. The physical status of the patient with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia was markedly improved after pulmonary rehabilitation, and she did not need to undergo lung transplantation. The physical status and lung function of PE was significantly improved 3 months after LVRS. MCPP was made and used in the field of rehabilitation medicine. MCPP shows the picture and cardiopulmonary and postural parameters at the same time on a monitor, and is a very useful tool to evaluate the activities of daily living of the patients undergoing rehabilitation. MCPP may provide useful information to develop more efficient strategies for rehabilitation planning and patients' education.

Exercise Test↗

PubMed2001

[Development and the developmental disorders of human brain. I. Early development of the cerebrum].

The recent discovery of many genes that regulate brain development is revolutionizing our knowledge of neuroembryology and, moreover, our understanding of how gene defects cause human birth defects. The first 8 weeks of the development of the cerebrum can be subdivided into 23 stages, with early development of mostly the spinal cord and the brain stem. Regionalization of the brain has been related to genes that play a part in it. A characteristic developmental disorder for this early phase in the development of the forebrain is holoprosencephaly, a brain patterning disorder. Numerous genes play a part in its occurrence; abnormal function of signal factors as well as of transcription factors may lead to holoprosencephaly.

Brain↗

PubMed1975

[The relationship between the development of the clinical picture of the disease and the rate of development of the intracranial focus (an experimental study)].

Experiments on 53 dogs with a slowly increasing limited brain cavity depicted some traits in the development of intracranial hypertension and in the clinical development of the disease with regard to the rate of intensification of the focus. The rate of an increasing focus exerts great influence on the correlation between the duration of the period of larvated (compensated) and manifest development of the pathological by volume process in the brain cavity. The author distinguishes 4 types in the development of the disease: chronic, subacute, acute and stroke-like conditioned by the degree of expressiveness in the compensatory mechanisms and factors leading to a breakdown of compensation.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1976

Studies on the development of endocrine glands in fishes. V. Development of the thyroid gland in two species of teleosts.

In Channa punctatus the thyroid anlage is seen 40 h after hatching and is recognized as cells aggregating in the form of follicles with no colloid. During subsequent stages of development the thyroid follicles increase in number and in 5 days old larva an active division of cells and many follicles in the form of epithelial cords are seen. In 2 months old juvenile fish several thyroid follicles and lymphatic vessels are seen enclosed by connective tissue capsule. In Clarias batrachus the thyroid anlage is seen as a group of cells around tiny colloid droplets and is situated just below the bifuration of the 1st branchial artery. This stage is seen in 60 h old larva and is developed into thyroid follicles which is a long chain along the jugular vein and ventral aorta during latter stages of development. It is concluded that during early larval period of these fishes, the thyroid cells begin to trap iodine from the blood and synthesize it in the form of thyroid hormone which is stored as colloid and is also liberated in blood stream simultaneously. The compact nature of the thyroid gland in C. punctatus is because of development of connective sheath around follicles during early stages.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Experiences from practical guideline development--proposal of a more standardized guideline development process].

In this article, the authors of the ,,General Practitioners' Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Incontinence" describe the logical and procedural steps involved in the development process of this evidence-based GPs' guideline for the management of urinary incontinence. Specifically, the following factors have been identified as crucial for a successful primary care guideline development process: The work group (authors) should comply in size with current recommendations for successful project work teams. It is recommended that authors should belong to opposing ends of the spectrum of practical versus theoretical medicine. We argue that the integration of both practical experience and theoretical knowledge/research experience be combined in order to collate guideline recommendations that are firmly grounded in scientific evidence and both applicable and acceptable in everyday practice. Proper work on a guideline development project should only start after ensuring that the well-known theoretical requirements for sensible guidelines are met, i.e. the problem in our special focus should be widespread or of considerable economic/public health importance, be amenable to proper medical intervention, and some quality issue regarding the current handling of this problem should have been demonstrated. Subsequently, a clear logical analysis of the problem's inherent functional/logical/practical subdivisions has to be conducted. Each author is then allocated his or her fair share of the work. The next step is considered to be extremely important and consists of discovering one's "illusive correlation", i.e. inherent ideas one has on the subject without being aware of one's own bias. The proposed "trick" now consists of making the implicit bias an explicit fact in the further guideline development process. The remaining work steps build on the integration of one's preformed ideas with current, published opinion from standard textbooks, as well as existing guidelines and non-guideline recommendations on the subject; plus taking into account the practical experience gathered from interviews and "on-location-visits". This integration process is performed within a structured framework to facilitate objectivity and transparency of the entire guideline.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗

PubMed2003

The contemporary drug development process: advances and challenges in preclinical and clinical development.

We are in a new era of drug discovery, in which it is feasible to develop therapeutic agents targeted at a particular protein or biological activity in a living cell. This has been made possible by major advances in our understanding of cell and molecular biology, epitomized by the 2001 Nobel prize award for Physiology or Medicine to Lee Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Paul Nurse, who were recognised for their work on key regulators of the cell cycle. Technological advances have also played a decisive role, leading to the sequencing of the human genome and increased throughput at many stages of the drug discovery and development process. For example, developments in high throughput screening, structural biology and microarray technology are increasing the speed of drug discovery. In this chapter we focus on the long, and often difficult, pathway which leads from identification of a hit in a screen to regulatory approval of a drug for disease treatment. The emphasis in this chapter is on the development of anticancer drugs, as this is our own area of expertise and also because cancer is a disease in which the cell cycle is already a major target for therapeutic intervention. However, many of the concepts, approaches and issues are generally common to other therapeutic areas.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Using the Macarthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI'S) to assess the lexical development of cochlear implanted children.

BACKGROUND: Clinical demands motivated the use of the adapted form of The Macarthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI'S) to assess the lexical development of cochlear implanted children (CI). AIM: To present the application of Part I of the Protocol of Words and Sentences, adapted to the Brazilian Portuguese language, to follow lexical development. METHOD: Two children, with ages of 2.3 and 3.9 years, implanted at 18 and 36 months respectively, were investigated. RESULTS: Linguistic elements that have a function and/or meaning that are predominantly syntactic are used later than elements that have a concrete meaning. CONCLUSION: The inventory of words facilitated the follow up of the lexical development of the children in this study.

Articulation Disorders↗

PubMed2004

[Serial 1 Development of jaws; over view--development of jaws in vertebrates].

Mouth is entrance to the alimentary canal of the animal. One of the most significant evolutionary advances made in the evolution of vertebrate was the development of jaws. The presence of jaws manipulated by muscles allows an organism to grasp feed firmly. From primitive amphibian to primitive reptile, there had only primary oral cavity, but an advanced mammal-like reptile was divided primary oral cavity between oral and nasal cavity. An advanced mammal-like reptile was able to maintain breathing easily while the mouth is functioning in eating, fore get the development of a secondary palate. In the development of vertebrate it made many characteristic forms of jaws. In this series we will discuss that development and morphological character of the jaws.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Destigmatizing day-to-day practices: what developed countries can learn from developing countries.

The nature of and threshold for stigma associated with mental disorders appears to be different between developed and developing countries. Decreasing stigma can be achieved through a combination of the best Western educational and media strategies and the systematization of some important lessons from developing countries. At the macro-level, this involves: societal changes leading to being more inclusive and re-integrating people with mental illness into our communities; finding socially useful and culturally valued work roles for such marginalized people; re-extending our kinship networks, and re-valuing contact with people with mental illness and learning from their experiences. At the micro-level, this involves developing more destigmatizing day-to-day clinical practices, including: more holistic appraisal of disorder, abilities and needs; therapeutic optimism; a strengths orientation; engaging family and redeveloping an extended support network; celebration of age appropriate rites of passage; invoking the language of recovery; valuing veterans of mental illness as "spirit guides"; promoting consumers' community living as full citizens; engaging and involving the local community in taking responsibility for their own mental health.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

A flourishing time for flower development. Workshop on Flower Development, sponsored by Fundación Juan March, Madrid, Spain, March 11-13, 1991.

Molecular genetics has recently erupted in the field of flower development, an area of research traditionally cultivated by plant physiologists. The isolation and molecular characterization of seven homeotic genes (four in Antirrhinum majus and three in Arabidopsis thaliana) that control both floral organogenesis and the transition from inflorescences to floral meristems is leading to major breakthroughs in the understanding of the mechanisms governing flower development. This has already had a great impact among plant physiologists, who are incorporating mutant analysis into studies of floral induction and flower development. We are still missing data about the nature of the pollen product of the S-locus in self-incompatibility systems, although current experimental approaches might provide this information in the near future. Gene technology appears to have a high potential in hybrid seed production through the construction of male sterile plants as well as of plants able to restore fertility. The study of genes regulating pigment formation in flowers continues to provide interesting data on gene expression in plants, in which phenomena such as co-suppression and methylation seem to play an important role. Altogether, one can predict that very exciting times are coming in the field of flower development.

Gene Expression Regulation↗

PubMed1990

A comparison between hepatocellular carcinoma-developing and non-carcinoma-developing patients with cirrhosis over a long follow-up period.

An attempt was made to identify possible risk factors for developing hepatocellular carcinoma by comparing 48 autopsy cases that developed hepatocellular carcinoma and 40 autopsy cases that did not develop hepatocellular carcinoma during a follow-up period of more than three years after the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, Child's A grade and a family history of chronic liver disease and/or HBV carrier were significant independent risk factors for the progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05, respectively). Hepatocellular carcinoma tended to develop in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive males with a history of excessive alcohol intake. These results suggest that more careful and frequent examinations with various imaging modalities are needed for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with these risk factors.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗

PubMed1989

[Development of mandibular movements associated with growth and development of stomatognathic system].

In order to clarify the development of mandibular movements associated with growth and development of the stomatognathic system, we compared the mandibular movements of children with normal occlusion at different Hellman's dental age between IIA and IIIB, during tooth tapping movements using the following 7 different kinds of frequency; ad lib.; 1 time/sec, 2 times/sec and 3 times/sec movements with reguration; 1 time/sec, 2 times/sec and 3 times/sec movements without reguration. Then, we determined the correlation between the results and the subjects' chronological age and obtained the following findings. 1) During 5 strokes between the 3rd and 7th strokes after the start of the tooth tapping movements, mandibular movements were not very diversified among 30 tooth tapping movements using the 7 different kinds of frequency, and the mean values were almost consistent. 2) In the 5 strokes between the 3rd and 7th strokes at all dental age, each determined item showed minimal dispersion during the 3 times/sec unregurated movements. 3) In the following items, changes related to age were noted during the 3 times/sec unregurated movements. (1) Cycle time decreased and became closer to the calculated value (333.33 msec), and maximum velocity in closing increased as age advanced. (2) Although there was no significant correlation with the subjects' chronological age, degree of mandibular opening, duration of opening phase, duration of closing phase, duration of occluding phase and velocity peak time in opening decreased, and maximum velocity in opening increased as age advanced. (3) Velocity peak time in closing was only slightly influenced by age. 4) These results indicate that mandibular movements develop in the course of growth and development of the stomatognathic system.

Humans↗

PubMed1985

Studies on the development of infant foods from plant protein sources. Part III. Preparation, processing and properties of various products developed.

Studies have been carried out on the development of a low-cost, high-quality infant food of low paste viscosity from rice, chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and cow's milk. In order to improve the overall quality of the product, chickpea was processed by different methods prior to its incorporation. A number of formulations was prepared by mixing 52% rice, 30% each, the processed chickpea sample, and 18% whole milk powder. These mixtures were processed by extrusion cooking or drum drying. In the case of the extrusion cooking method, from the nutritional and technological points of view, it was found advantageous to incorporate milk powder after cooking a mixture of rice and chickpea. The values of net protein ratio (NPR) of the products developed, whether processed by extrusion cooking or drum-drying methods, were statistically equal, and not significantly different from those of casein. Supplementing the product with methionine and threonine showed no effect in improving the NPR value, suggesting that these amino acids were not limiting. There were slight differences in the digestibilities of proteins in the products developed and all were lower than that of casein. Depending on the processing method, differences were observed in paste viscosities of the products. After partial hydrolysis of the products with pounds amylase, both the cold and hot paste viscosities were greatly reduced and were comparable with those of whole milk powder. From the results herein reported, it can be concluded that the drum-dried product prepared using rice:chickpea (carbonate presoaked):milk (52:30:18) is the best of all the products developed. Its amino acid composition compares favorably with that of the milk proteins.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1984

The development of infections of the genitourinary tract in the wives of infertile males and the possible role of spermatozoa in the development of salpingitis.

Genitourinary tract infections developing in wives during marital life in 1,350 infertile couples were examined. Women married to men with a history of genital tract infection had a significantly higher incidence of vaginitis, urinary tract infection, salpingitis and genital herpes when compared with women whose husbands did not have genital tract infections before the marriage. Of the variables examined, the two factors that showed the most significant association with the tendency to develop salpingitis were the sperm count and the length of time the couple had been trying to achieve a pregnancy. The wives of azoospermic males did not have pelvic inflammatory disease develop but had the same incidence of infection of the lower part of the genital tract as the other studied groups. It is suggested that the bacterial flora of the seminal fluid can play a role in developing salpingitis in the female and that spermatozoa may be involved in delivering bacteria to the higher genital tract structures.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Development of the optic nerve in Xenopus laevis. I. Early development and organization.

Development of the Xenopus laevis optic nerve was studied by light and electron microscopy from embryonic stage 26, before the retina has formed, to juveniles, 8 months postmetamorphic. Low-power EM photographs of sections through the retinal optic nerve (RON), middle optic nerve (MON) and chiasmatic optic nerve (CON) were prepared at different stages and the areas containing large axons (0.5 micron) were traced in optic nerve reconstructions. Ordering of fibre size along a dorsoventral axis was noted in the embryonic nerve, and this pattern persisted throughout development. Most large fibres, myelinated and unmyelinated, occupy an eccentric dorsocentral position in the MON while small axons are seen in a ventral peripheral crescent. In the CON, the dorsal one third to one half is occupied by large fibres while the ventral CON contains small fibres exclusively. If, as assumed, large axons are older than small axons (0.1-0.3 micron), then patterns of large and small axons along the nerve might reveal a chronotopic fibre ordering. Chronotopic ordering was confirmed by autoradiographic analysis of the distribution of old, labelled fibres and young, unlabelled newly arriving fibres in optic nerves between stage 51 and 57. The young-old labelling pattern corresponds to the small and large axon patterns respectively, in all sections of the optic nerve. Chronotopic ordering of fibres in the developing optic nerve can be explained, in part, by the dorsoventral asymmetric marginal growth of the developing retina and the phenomenon of fibre following as ganglion cell axons join near neighbour fascicles in the retina, converge at the optic disc and grow through the optic nerve.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Criteria for development of animal models of diseases of the respiratory system: the comparative approach in respiratory disease model development.

Advances in the understanding of human respiratory disease can come from careful clinical studies of the diseases as they occur in man, but such studies are naturally limited in terms of experimental manipulation. In the last 2 decades, an increasingly complex plethora of experimental respiratory disease models has been developed and utilized by investigators, but relatively less attention has been paid to the naturally occurring pulmonary diseases of animals as potential models. This paper is aimed at presenting selected examples of spontaneous pulmonary disease in animals that may serve as exploitable models for human chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, interstitial lung disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, hyaline membrane disease, and bronchial asthma. Chronic bronchitis in dogs is characterized by chronic cough, excessive mucus production, and chronic inflammatory changes in bronchial walls. The disease affects mainly smaller-breed dogs of middle age or older. Equine chronic bronchitis tends to be a small airway disease with marked goblet cell proliferation and excessive mucus production, which may be accompanied by alveolar emphysema. Many animals develop bronchiectasis or bronchiolitis obliterans secondary to chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, but chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of rats may be the most useful model of bronchiectasis. Models for emphysema must include actual alveolar destruction and ideally should be accompanied by appropriate pathophysiologic decrements. Many animals occasionally develop emphysema, but the disease has not been well documented, except possibly in horses. The interstitial lung diseases of man represent a complicated and poorly understood group of entities and near-entities. The same is true for animals, although interstitial lung disease in animals is much less common than bronchopneumonia. Cattle seem prone to develop interstitial lesions. Proliferative interstitial pneumonia of cattle includes many morphologic similarities to the spectrum of human interstitial pneumonitides. Fibrosing alveolitis of cattle is a morphologic end point that may have its origins in different forms of interstitial injury. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has been best detailed in cattle and in horses and is clinically, etiologically, immunologically, and morphologically similar to the disease in man. Hyaline membrane disease has been poorly documented in animals, with the possible exception of the neonatal respiratory distress syndromes of foals and piglets. Bronchial asthma is similarly not well established as a spontaneous disease in animals, although experimental models exist. Eosinophilic bronchiolitis of cattle may represent a useful asthma model but has been poorly detailed. In order to make them useful as models, more attention should be paid to detailing the clinical, morphologic, and etiologic aspects of these naturally occurring animal pulmonary diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Patients who develop postanesthesia shaking increase body temperature at the same rate as those who do not develop shaking.

Postanesthesia shaking is a common complication occurring after general anesthesia. Although the cause is unknown, some nurses believe that shaking is useful and beneficial for patients because it increases body temperature and that shaking stops when patients are no longer hypothermic. The primary purpose of this study was to examine changes in body temperature among patients who developed and who did not develop shaking. Secondary purposes were to examine changes in body temperature among patients who received or who did not receive intravenous narcotic-analgesic medication treatment to stop shaking and among those who either stopped shaking or who continued to shake until spontaneous cessation occurred minutes to hours later. The convenience sample consisted of 36 shaking patients and 56 nonshaking patients who were extubated, were over 18 years of age, had an intact intravenous line, and received isoflurane anesthesia. Shaking was established when patients reached and sustained grade 2 or 3 shaking on a 0-to-3 visual scale for 3 minutes (no shaking to forceful shaking). Shaking was determined as having stopped when patients achieved grade 2 on a 0-to-2 visual scale (continues shaking to stopped shaking). Axillary temperature was measured on PACU admission and again after 60 minutes. The six hypotheses were supported. Patients who developed shaking (mean = .67 degrees C [1.2 degrees F]) changed body temperature at the same rate as those who did not develop shaking (mean = .72 degrees C [1.3 degrees F]). Administration of intravenous narcotic-analgesic medication to stop shaking did not alter the rate of body temperature change in patients who received or who did not receive treatment for shaking and those who did or who did not stop shaking. Findings suggest that postanesthesia shaking does not increase body temperature. This finding does not support the long-held belief that shaking is useful and beneficial for patients because it increases body temperature. Findings also indicated that the administration of intravenous narcotic-analgesic medications to stop shaking does not alter the rate of body temperature change. Suggestions for further research focus on systematically examining nursing interventions currently implemented to stop shaking. Research findings will provide evidence that either supports or fails to support the implementation of therapeutic interventions that effectively stop shaking within 5 minutes.

Adult↗