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PubMed1990

Adolescence and changing family relations in the Central Canadian Arctic.

This paper reports on a ten-year longitudinal study of adolescent development and socialization conducted in the Copper Inuit community of Holman. This research has documented how demographic, social, and economic changes have dramatically altered the patterning and sequencing of traditional Inuit life stages, thus giving rise to a prolonged adolescent life stage which was non-existent in the precontact period. At the same time, Inuit family relations have undergone drastic changes as a result of population increase, population concentration, access to government housing, introduction of formal schooling, and the availability of social subsides. Today, the Copper Inuit family has lost its focus as the primary agent of socialization and learning, and many young Inuit now spend most of their time within the context of a greatly expanded peer group which has gradually acquired the values and aspirations of the southern adolescent sub-culture. This paper will discuss the impact of these changing attitudes upon parent-child relations as well as the social adjustment problems experienced by young Inuit as they strive to find a place in the North's changing social landscape.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The emergence of colonic diverticulosis in urbanised Indians. A report of 23 cases.

Of a total of 969 barium enemas performed over a three year period, 23 (2.4%) showed colonic diverticulosis. The mean age of the patients was 58 years and the commonest site involved was the sigmoid colon. All the patients were urbanised and were obligatory vegetarians. Six (25%) of the patients had a complication of the disease and three of them required surgery. The possible relationship of the disease with socio-economic changes is highlighted.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Unresolved issues in the future of pharmacy.

The effect of the major forces shaping pharmacy's future--technology, economics, and social values--is discussed. Pharmacy can best respond to these forces by expanding the informational component of pharmacy practice and by returning to its fundamental relationship with society--that is, by accepting responsibility for drug-use control. To accomplish this, pharmacy must go through a process of occupational reconstruction and self-renewal. Technological forces shaping pharmacy practice include computers and robotics, communications, and therapeutics. Regarding economic changes, medical-care decisions are shifting away from individuals toward "third parties." This factor, combined with output-based payment systems, may lead to a consolidation of service providers. Marketing pharmaceutical services and organizing pharmacy's internal structure will become important. Some of the social forces affecting pharmacy's future include the aging population, the weakening of professional authority, and pharmacy's public image. Just as society goes through the "information revolution," pharmacy will need to undergo a "reprofessionalization." Pharmacy's societal function should involve "pharmaceutical care," a concept that includes both drug-product control and clinical pharmacy services. Pharmacy should return to its preindustrial origins in valued, complex, specific, and committed public service if it wishes a happy postindustrial future.

Pharmacy↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Socio-medical problems of senescence].

Epidemiological studies by international groups have shown a demographic structure which in Latin America, by the year 2000, will cause especially complex problems demanding important social, political and economic changes. Between them, they emphasize the overall increase of population size (more than doubling, from 280 to 600 million people), the large urban concentration (64% of the total population), with rural depopulation, on 18% decrease in fertility, and an increased life expectancy. With regard to this point, 36 Latin American and Caribean countries will have an average life expectancy of 65 years, and 19 of 70 years. Increased longevity, causing a large elderly population, is an achievment of civilisation, but is also an overwhelming problem. Biophysiological and psychological considerations of the ageing process are raised, as are the inherent problems of forced retirement, which have influence in working, emotional and family sheres, in a poorly-understanding society, too disorganized to provide help. This, by feedback, creates a special emotional deterioration in the elderly individual (considered for this purpose as being an age of more than 60 years for men, and 55 years for women), which is made considerably worse by increased incidence of illness. The need for, and importance of, social care for this group, which concalves health as part of the greater concept of wellbeing and quality of life, is emphasized. It shows how the modern concept of social welfare as part of the state, with reference to securing the wellbeing of the elderly, should not be a charity which is offered but an obligation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1986

The changing pattern of cholelithiasis in Lagos.

Colo-rectal carcinoma, diverticular disease and cholecystitis which are prevalent in the industrialised world are very rare in the African population. The last two decades have, however witnessed a big socio-economic change with incorporation of western dietary items, especially in the Nigerian urban areas. Collection of 69 cases of cholecystitis over a five year period contrasts sharply with the earlier reports in Nigeria. The female to male ratio is 5.3 to 1. The age range is 10-66 years, median female 36.9 +/- 11.3 S.D., and male 49 +/- 7.1 S.D. Probable factors contributing to the increased occurrence may include increased admittance to hospitals, incorporation of the western dietary items in the diet of the urbanised Nigerians and oral contraceptive pills.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Acceleration of fetal growth].

By random sampling, a total of 656 newborn infants were selected, whose mothers knew the first day of their last menstruation. Newborn infants were divided into 3 groups: premature, at-term and postmature infants. Weight and height were measured in 583 at-term infants in 1954 and 1979. It was found that newborn infants of primiparas and multiparas from 1979 were statistically significantly heavier and longer than newborn infants from 1954. Newborn infants in 1979 of primiparas were 184.38 gm heavier and 2.33 cm longer and those of multiparas were 151.51 gm heavier and 2.31 cm longer than those in 1954. The differences were the same for male and female infants. In the same period, no statistically significant changes occurred in the frequency of at-term labours. In the 25-year period significant socio-economic changes occurred in the Zadar region which enabled better employment of the population in all economic branches, especially in tourism and industry.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1985

Infant mortality in the Saniyo-Hiyowe population, Ambunti District, East Sepik Province.

In this small East Sepik population, the infant death rate is extremely high, about 400 per 1000. It has remained at least as high in the generation after contact in the early 1960s as in the generation born prior to first contact with government and missionaries, despite many other kinds of social and economic change. Simple aid post treatment available year round and twice yearly immunization patrols remain a pressing need for small, peripheral populations like this one who are still without these services.

Birth Intervals↗

PubMed1980

[Aging as an effect of socialization through work (author's transl)].

It is hypothesized that there is a parallel between psychological change in the course of aging and effects of socialization through work, and that therefore such change in partially produced by work experience. In support of this thesis, it is necessary to combine three fields of research: aging, socialization/developmental psychology, and sociology/psychology of work. The life-time dimension of socialization through, work can be specified on three levels: (1) the cumulation over time of every-day (repetitive) work experiences; (2) the age-specific distribution and consequences of substantial changes in the conditions of working (as a result of technical or economic changes); (3) the temporal structure of coping with work (subjective economy of time). It is plausible to assume that the negative effects of socialization through work increase in the second half of the working-life, and that, therefore, the "middle years" present a crucial phase in the aging process (albeit with differential impact for the different cohorts).

Aging↗

PubMed1983

The health care industry in the marketplace: implications for nursing.

Recent economic changes have had a substantial impact on health care. For nursing to survive, nurse administrators must develop strategies based on economic theories and realities. Reaganomics is based on many of Milton Friedman's theories and frameworks. This article explores these theories as they apply to future nursing opportunities. As a nurse administrator you feel the economic crunch--now it's time to base your strategies on these realities.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Trypanosoma rhodesiense African human trypanosomiasis foci in Burundi (vector : Glossina morsitans). Historic and present aspects (author's transl)].

From 1954, Trypanosoma rhodesiense trypanosomiasis affects North East Burundi in an endemic way. However, for two years (1979-1980) in spite of a constant monitoring, no new trypanosomiasic patient has been detected. The author, in order to appreciate the epidemiological prospects, reviews the history of trypanosomiasis in Burundi and considers the role of the geographical environment, the socio-economic changes and the various attempts to control the disease. Nowadays the existence of animal reservoirs is not proved and the human reservoir seems almost in existant. The vector still exists and the main danger might come from the Tanzanian foci.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Economic antecedents of child abuse and neglect.

Previous cross-sectional studies of economic influences on child maltreatment reveal that higher rates of child abuse are associated with undesirable economic conditions. The cross-sectional approach, however, is inherently unable to reveal causal direction and leaves open the possibility that the relationship between the economy and child maltreatment is due to some third variable. The present study employs an aggregate longitudinal approach to test the hypothesis that undesirable economic change leads to increased child maltreatment. Cross-correlational analyses of data over a 30-month period reveal that increases in child abuse are preceded by periods of high job loss. This finding is replicated in 2 distinct metropolitan communities under very conservative criteria which rule out most "third-variable" explanations. The loss of jobs in a community may endanger the well-being of children.

California↗

PubMed1981

Implications for women of changing marriage transactions in Bangladesh.

Recent changes in marriage transactions in Bangladesh have led increasingly to a shift in the burden of marriage expenses from the groom's family of the bride. This reversal in the direction of wealth exchanges, which may not be in the best interest of the bride, reflects social and economic changes that have increased the income potential of the groom, which now surpasses previously valued attributes of the bride. In this paper, anthropologist Shirley Lindenbaum examines the effects of these changes on women and their implications for female fertility and mortality. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the New York Academy of Science on 25 February 1980.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The sanitary inspection in the conditions of social and economic transformation in Poland.

A great number of small, privately-owned companies appeared in Poland during the last five years as a result of the transformation process of the whole national economy. Continuous economic changes determine new requirements for the occupational hygiene branch of the State Sanitary Inspection which is designated to exercise control and sanitary supervision over working conditions in individual companies. The Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations are not capable now of ensuring permanent monitoring of various harmful agents even at those workposts which create true risk of health impairment. Lack of adequate legal regulations poses a significant problem in preparing a list of companies to be supervised. The majority of newly-formed, privately-owned companies not only fails to be subjected to any working-environment assessment procedures but also to be kept on any file. One of the crucial problems to be solved in the nearest future is to develop the efficient system for the supervision of working conditions and, at the same time, to find the ways how to improve them. Courses to train occupational hygiene specialists and to advance the skills of occupational hygiene workers seem to be equally important.

Health Policy↗

PubMed1994

Occupational exposures to carcinogens in developing countries.

There have been very few studies of exposure to occupational carcinogens in developing countries, and even fewer studies of the health consequences of such exposures. However, all industrial chemicals, occupations and industrial processes classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 or Group 2A (carcinogenic or possibly carcinogenic to humans) have been described in developing countries, and there is growing concern that the health impact of many chemicals used in the developing world has been underestimated. In all regions a very large workforce is employed in the construction industry, in which substantial exposure to asbestos may occur, and there has been a rapid increase in production in countries such as Brazil and India. There is, for instance, a similar pattern for tyre production with a large increase in production in developing countries in the 1980s. Thus, the number of workers in industries entailing a carcinogenic risk is increasing in developing countries, partly as a result of the transfer of hazardous industry from industrialized countries. There is much that could be achieved in the prevention of occupational cancer in developing countries, and there have been a number of successful initiatives. However, the greatest progress in the prevention of occupational cancer in developing countries is most likely to come from political and economic changes.

Carcinogens↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Blueprint for integrating nurse extenders in critical care.

As more and more hospitals use the techniques of work restructuring to reduce their operating budget, no nursing department can escape change. Intensive care units can effectively and economically change skill mix by using a design that incorporates essential staff input and a structured educational program. Implementing a Patient Care Specialty Technician role in critical care serves as a driving force to control costs while maintaining quality care and patient satisfaction.

Cost Control↗

PubMed1994

[Social and psychological aspects of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1993].

Every war is the deepest compassion of political fightings turned out with weapon in purpose of biological, economic, social, political and culture destroying of people. This aggression has all these components. Aggressors are Serbia and Monte Negro, and Croatia, and extreme Serbs and Croats living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and their purpose is the destroying of Bosnian State, and its division into ethnic rules, and making great Serbia and Croatia. This inormal dirty war (war against the civilians, there are no two armies, genocid war, destroying one population) makes injuries, illnesses. It makes hard social economic changes, which change the whole life of the population, making striking changes of spirit and life of people. The most important fact which the people have in war is fear for own family and social survival. Main characteristics of the war is the horrible violence: killing people, raping, kidnapping and torturing in the concentration camps, robbing everything that worth, and making people refugees. This is the war against the civilisation. The last consequences of all these are deep emotional changes in people and groups, and this is the biggest social and medical problem of the community. That is the theme of this project.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗

PubMed1994

Opportunities for women through reproductive choice.

Women around the world hope for the future--for better lives for themselves, education and prosperity for their children, and security for their families. A broad array of social and economic changes is necessary to overcome the poverty, lack of education, and limited control over their own lives that often keep women's hopes from coming true. But women can take an important step forward when they make their own reproductive choices--about marriage, sex, childbearing, and contraception.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗

PubMed1976

Historical recollections of freeze-drying.

The history of freeze-drying is surprisingly recent. Although Altmann used freeze-drying for the preparation of histological sections as early as 1890, his technique went unnoticed for over 40 years. Shackell independently rediscovered the technique in 1909 for the preservation of biologicals. The industrial applications of freeze-drying do not appear to have been appreciated prior to the patients of Tival in 1927 and Elser in 1934, rapidly followed by the important contributions of Flosdorf in the United States and Greaves in England who were largely responsible for making large scale applications of freeze-drying possible. Stimulated particularly by a series of symposia in England and the United States and the renowned courses on freeze-drying organized by Rey in France, the atmosphere in the 1950s and early 60s was one of optimism for the future of freeze-drying, particularly in its application to food stuffs. Many of the dreams of that time remain unfulfilled, largely because of the higher costs of quality processing. Nevertheless, although the optimism may have somewhat dimmed, the promise remains, and economic changes in the future may well stimulate another surge in development.

Freeze Drying↗