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PubMed2006

A direct electrochemical route from ilmenite to hydrogen-storage ferrotitanium alloys.

An unrecognised but predictable need for a hydrogen-supported society is tens or even hundreds of million tonnes of hydrogen-storage materials, and thus challenges existing technologies in terms of resource and economical realities. Ilmenite is an abundant mineral, and ferrotitanium alloys are among the earliest known hydrogen-storage materials. At present, industrial production of ferrotitanium alloys goes through separate extraction of individual metals, followed by a multistep arc-melting process. In particular, the extraction of titanium from ilmenite is highly energy intensive and tedious, accounting for titanium's high market price and restricted uses. This article reports the electrochemical synthesis of various ferrotitanium alloy powders directly from solid ilmenite in molten calcium chloride. More importantly, it demonstrates, for the first time, that such produced alloy powders can be used without further treatment for hydrogen storage and perform comparably with or better than similar products by means of other methods, but cost just a fraction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Quantification of the carbapenem antibiotic ertapenem in human plasma by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method.

BACKGROUND: Ertapenem (Invanz) is a newly developed carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotic. LC-MS is the method of choice for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of a variety of drugs including antibiotics. No validated LC-MS method for ertapenem quantification is described in the literature so far. METHODS: A rapid and robust LC-MS quantification method for ertapenem was developed and validated for clinical routine application in plasma samples. After immediate stabilisation with MES buffer (pH 6.5), samples were prepared for LC-MS analysis using simple protein precipitation. LC-MS coupling was realised by the use of a Phenomenex Synergi 4micro Polar-RP A80 Mercury LC column (10 x 2.0 mm) in combination with a Single-MS (Agilent 1100 LC-MSD SL) operating in negative selected ion monitoring (SIM) detection mode with ceftazidime as internal standard for adequate selective and sensitive analysis. RESULTS: LC-MS method validation by means of determination of limit of detection (LOD 0.1 microg mL-1), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ 1 microg mL-1), linearity (0.1-50 microg mL-1), recovery (> 90%), intra- and inter-day precision (RSD < 10%), accuracy (> 90%), inter-subject variability (< 10% at LLOQ), drug stability in plasma (> 3 months) and in post-extracted samples (> 99% for 24 h), and matrix effects (process efficiency > 90%) showed excellent performance parameters considering Guidance for Industry - Bioanalytical Method Validation. CONCLUSION: This method is perfectly appropriate for routine quantification of ertapenem and possibly other polar carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotics.

Calibration↗
PubMed1982

Ginger--chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation: part 1.

Ginger is used in more ways than any other spice. This monograph, published in two parts, comprehensively reviews production, trade, processing, chemistry, and evaluation of quality. Botany, world varieties, agronomy, crop improvement and potential are reviewed briefly with emphasis on the yield of functional components. Processing for the market, international trade patterns, and factors influencing them are discussed. Derived products such as ginger powder, syruped ginger, volatile oil, and oleoresin are discussed in greater detail. The increasing world demand for quality products of added value such as the oleoresin and volatile oil show prospects for their production in the growing countries. The chemistry of the components which contribute aroma and pungency that characterize ginger is critically reviewed. The second part deals with evaluation of quality. The physico-chemical parameters prescribed as a measure of quality for ginger and its products in the existing standards can assure only hygienic quality and purity, and possibly the source, when new parameters such as GC-fingerprints are included. The importance of sensorily evaluating flavor quality is emphasized to understand the variation in flavor quality required by the industrial and retail markets. Related areas, such as problems in sensory evaluation of intense flavored substances, objective flavor profile analysis, and correlation of instrumental and sensory data, are discussed and our recent work in this area is summarized. Areas where more research are needed are indicated. Other areas briefly discussed are functional, physiological, and toxicological properties in use of ginger; biosynthetic aspects of the components stimulating flavor; and structure and pungency and chemistry of spices from allied species and genera. A comprehensive bibliography is provided to aid in further study and research.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Removal of phenol and substituted phenols by newly developed emulsion liquid membrane process.

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) stabilized by non-Newtonian conversion of the liquid membrane phase and dispersed in a Taylor-Couette flow was applied to treat model industrial wastewaters containing phenols and selected substituted phenols (hydroquinone, three chlorophenols and two nitrophenols) at relatively high concentrations. Under optimized operating conditions, all the compounds except hydroquinone were extracted with the maximum extraction efficiency of over 96% and the time to reach maximum extraction ranged from 2 to 30 min. For 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2-nitrophenol, maximum extraction efficiency of over 99% was reached in less than 2 min of contact time. Extraction of these compounds from the mixture was also highly efficient. Factors that affected the overall extraction efficiency such as acid-base speciation of the target compounds and the affinity between the target compounds and the membrane phase were determined. This study suggested that the newly developed ELM process might provide a promising alternative technology to treat industrial wastewaters containing high concentrations of phenolic compounds.

Emulsifying Agents↗
PubMed1990

Pilot- and process-scale techniques for cell disruption.

Microorganisms are a source of protein with catalytic and/or biological activity, which are of increasing commercial interest for applications in industry or therapy. For the isolation of intracellular products cell disruption is necessary. In principle, chemical, biological, or physical means may be employed to release proteins from cells. These different approaches are reviewed with special emphasis on scale-up and possible industrial operation. Mechanical devices have been improved considerably in recent years and appear most universally suited to cell disintegration. Chemical extraction or enzymatic lysis offers improved selectivity but requires individual procedures for each product. For a final process design, product yield and cost of the unit operation must be considered as well as the possible implications for the subsequent steps in product recovery, especially on solid/liquid separation.

Cell Membrane Permeability↗
PubMed1994

An overview of a feasibility study for the production of industrial enzymes in transgenic alfalfa.

The overall aims of the research are to develop genetically engineered alfalfa producing high levels of industrially important enzymes and to develop rapid methods for extracting and purifying these enzymes from alfalfa juice. Using a reporter gene beta-glucuronidase (GUS) as a model system, we were able to demonstrate production of a foreign protein in alfalfa and gain valuable insight into the molecular approaches required for the expression and accumulation of foreign proteins in leaf tissue. GUS activity varied among individual transformants, and GUS was expressed in all plant tissues. GUS activity was shown to segregate in sexual progeny. There was no correlation between copy number of the GUS gene and activity. We have recently demonstrated the production of Mn-dependent lignin peroxidase and alpha-amylase in transgenic alfalfa. Concurrent research in the agricultural engineering aspects of this feasibility study focused on extraction strategies for the recovery of alfalfa juice, and on an evaluation of methods for processing and concentrating the juice. Thus, we are in a position to use plants expressing enzymes that have current or potential industrial importance to complete a feasibility study, and determine whether we can indeed economically recover target enzymes from field-grown transgenic alfalfa plants. The technology developed for these enzymes can be used to extract other value-added products from plants in the future.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2005

Leaching efficiency of copper from industrial sludge with traditional acid extraction (TAE) and microwave assisted treatment (MAT).

In this study various leaching technologies were applied to extract heavy metals from sludge from the printed circuit board process. These methods included traditional acid extraction (TAE) and microwave assisted treatment (MAT). The target heavy metal was copper. Experiments were performed to determine the acid the leaching efficiency by changing operating conditions, including acid type and concentration, leaching time, microwave power, and solid to liquid ratio (S/L). The TAE method demonstrated that copper leaching from a sludge of fine particle sizes (d < 150 microm) was 74% efficient at an S/L of 1/6, a leaching time of 18 hr, using nitric acid in the leaching solution. Then, when the microwave powers were 800 W and 400 W; the leaching time was 30 mins, and the coarse particle size (d < 9.5 mm) was by 1 N sulfuric acid, the copper leaching effects were 93% and 77%, respectively. The MAT procedure reduced the leaching time and improved the leaching efficiency above that obtained by TAE.

Copper↗
PubMed2005

Contaminant yeast detection in industrial ethanol fermentation must by rDNA-PCR.

AIMS: The present work focuses on the possibility to use conserved primers that amplify yeast ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA locus (rDNA) to detect the presence of non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in fermentation must of bioethanol fermentation process. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total DNA was extracted from pure or mixed yeast cultures containing different cell concentrations and different contaminant/fermenting yeast concentrations and submitted to PCR. Upon improvement of detection limits and DNA extraction protocol, must samples of distillery were checked for the presence of contaminant yeast. Contaminant rDNA bands were detected only in industrial samples during contamination episodes, but not in noncontaminated must. CONCLUSIONS: The method described here could detect the presence of contaminant yeast from industrial must in eight hours after sampling. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The improved procedure may help to avoid severe contamination episodes at fermentation industries by decreasing the detection time from 5 days to 8 h and possible quantification of contaminant yeasts that can impose economical loss to the process.

DNA, Ribosomal↗
PubMed2006

Extracting quantitative information from tissue--an industrial perspective.

The focus of this article is to provide an overview of the current technologies for the pharmaceutical and biotech industry. Disease processes express themselves in the functional and structural disturbance of cellular systems. Cells and their metabolites constitute the building blocks of tissues and entire organisms. Studying the spatial and temporal phenotype of disease processes in tissues at the cellular level reveals a multitude of information about the progress and status of a disease. Detailed exploration of tissues by slide-based cytometry is an important source of information about disease processes. Technological and analytical advances allow us to shed a new light on tissues and to come to a better understanding of the complexity of disease processes. Dealing with complex multidimensional datasets from tissue samples requires an advanced approach to image processing and data management. The increase in computing power and the continuing research into imaging algorithms allow us to improve the exploration of the data content of tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes for sustainable development.

Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) is a kind of technology that integrates solvent and salt dissociation. It can realize salt conversion without second salt pollution or provide H+ and OH-/alkoxide ions in situ without salt introduction. Thus, it inherently possesses economical and environmental benefits. Moreover, its technological compatibility gives rise to new functions when it couples with other technologies, such as complexion, ion exchange, extraction, and adsorption. In view of the above peculiarities, EDBM has found many interesting applications in chemistry, food processing, biochemical industries, and environmental protection. However, its development has been restricted by such factors as lack of recognition of its contribution to industrial ecology, high membrane cost, insufficient research investment, and scarce operation experience. This paper compiles an introduction to this technology from the perspective of industrial ecology and conducts an extensive examination into EDBM applications. Its purpose is to gather synergic strength from academia, industry, and government to perfect EDBM for sustainable development.

Dialysis↗
PubMed1987

[Separation of emulsions during extraction of antibiotics from native solutions].

The separating capacity of a laboratory cup centrifuge and industrial centrifugal separator was compared. It was shown that the process of emulsion centrifugal separation could be modeled under laboratory conditions: antibiotic fermentation broth filtrate--organic solvent in industrial apparatus under similar conditions of preliminary mixing aqueous and organic phases.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Expanded bed chromatography and radial flow column chromatography: the approaches for adsorption chromatography of biomolecules on industrial scale.

Adsorption of proteins directly from unclarified feed-stocks, has gained importance in the recovery of biomolecules on Industrial scale. Adsorption in expanded beds and radial flow gives significantly better results compared to conventional column chromatography methods for downstream processing of variety of proteins from particulate-containing feed-stocks, such as fermentation broths and cells extracts. The simple operation of these techniques reduces the complexity of downstream processing by eliminating steps such as filtration, centrifugation and concentration. One step purification, with simple equipment, these techniques enable to recover pure protein with 95% yield in biotechnological industry. The principles, operating procedures, adsorbents and applications of these techniques are discussed.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

Isolation, characterization, and identification of bacterial contaminants in semifinal gelatin extracts.

Bacterial contamination of gelatin is of great concern. Indeed, this animal colloid has many industrial applications, mainly in food and pharmaceutical products. In a previous study (E. De Clerck and P. De Vos, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 25:611-618), contamination of a gelatin production process with a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated. In this study, bacterial contamination of semifinal gelatin extracts from several production plants was examined. Since these extracts are subjected to harsh conditions during production and a final ultrahigh-temperature treatment, the bacterial load at this stage is expected to be greatly reduced. In total, 1,129 isolates were obtained from a total of 73 gelatin batches originating from six different production plants. Each of these batches was suspected of having bacterial contamination based on quality control testing at the production plant from which it originated. For characterization and identification of the 1,129 bacterial isolates, repetitive-element PCR was used to obtain manageable groups. Representative strains were identified by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, species-specific gyrB PCR, and gyrA and rpoB sequencing and were tested for gelatinase activity. The majority of isolates belonged to members of Bacillus or related endospore-forming genera. Representative strains were identified as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus fumarioli, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sonorensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus gelatini, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Anoxybacillus contaminans, Anoxybacillus flavithermus, Brevibacillus agri, Brevibacillus borstelensis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The majority of these species include strains exhibiting gelatinase activity. Moreover, some of these species have known pathogenic properties. These findings are of great concern with regard to the safety and quality of gelatin and its applications.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Recovery of phenolic antioxidants from wine industry by-products.

The recovery process of the phenolic compounds contained in the wine industry by-products and their antioxidant activity were examined in this work. To this purpose, a combined process of liquid and supercritical solvent extraction was employed. At first the effect of various process parameters of the liquid solvent extraction--the type of solvent and the pretreatment of the raw material (composition (skins, seeds, stems) and crushing)--on the antioxidant activity of the extract was examined. It was shown that an extract of a higher antioxidant activity was obtained by using ethyl acetate as solvent and raw material free of stems. These extracts were further treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO(2)) at various extraction pressures, which resulted in their significant enrichment in phenolic compounds and the improvement of their antioxidant and organoleptic properties, especially at pressures higher than 100 bar. The antioxidant activity of the products was determined by using the Rancimat method, as well as a simple and not time-consuming free radical method. It was proved that both the ethyl acetate extracts and those treated with SC CO(2) had antioxidant activity comparable to that of antioxidants commonly used in industry, that is butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, and Rosemary extract, a widely known natural one.

Acetates↗
PubMed2001

The wheat-grain proteome as a basis for more efficient cultivar identification.

The wheat-grain proteome was investigated, as a basis for devising more efficient methods of cultivar identification or discrimination. Australian wheats (Halberd, Cranbrook, CD87 and Katepwa) were used as the basis of this study. These cultivars were selected on the basis of differences in the quality types represented, in terms of dough-processing attributes that can suit one cultivar better than another for specific types of industrial utilisation. Total wheat endosperm (flour) protein extracts were prepared from mature wheat for two-dimensional electrophoresis, across both acidic (pH 4-7) and basic (pH 6-11) pH ranges. Three particular regions of the proteome maps were chosen for close comparison, involving two sets of gluten proteins and a nongluten protein region (involving small heat shock proteins), based on previous protein characterisation. Differences in the nongluten protein regions (heat shock proteins and other unidentified polypeptides) are of particular interest as being possible targets for use in developing new approaches to cultivar discrimination, such as the development of simple immunoassays.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional↗
PubMed1990

Occupation and pancreatic cancer risk in Louisiana.

To study the relation of occupational exposures and pancreatic cancer, we evaluated data from males (198 cases and 209 controls) participating in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in a high-risk area of Louisiana between 1979 and 1983. The questionnaire obtained information on lifetime occupational history, as well as dietary, smoking, and drinking habits and demographic characteristics. After adjustment for smoking and dietary patterns, white collar occupations showed consistent elevations in risk, whereas associations for other occupations were in general unremarkable. Although not significantly elevated, risks for truck drivers (OR = 1.7) and those with long-term employment in machine repair or as mechanics were suggestive (OR = 2.5). No association was found for jobs in oil refining or oil and gas extraction (ORs were 0.5 and 0.4, respectively), although risks were slightly elevated for long-term workers in the chemical processing industry (OR = 1.2). While these associations deserve further study, our findings are consistent with results of other studies which do not suggest that occupational exposures are important determinants of pancreatic cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗