The role of opticianry in preventing ocular injuries.
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Athletic Injuries↗
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Results for “Eye Protective Devices”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Laser injuries of the eye.
With the increasing use of lasers in the military and industry, a moderate number of significant retina injuries have occurred. These injuries have been due to lasers in the visible and near-infrared spectrum primarily, with a pulse duration in the nanosecond range. Use of lasers in the ophthalmic community has resulted also in structural damage to the cornea, lens, IOL, and retina. Because we have no proven treatment for most injuries to the retina, we must continue to strongly emphasize the use of wavelength-specific protective goggles to try to prevent future eye injuries.
Animals↗
The case for radioprotective eyewear/facewear. Practical implications and suggestions.
Numerous eyeglass lens materials have been recommended for protection of radiologists' eyes from the cataractogenic effect of radiation during fluoroscopic procedures. For the most part, these lenses coincidentally attenuate x-ray beams because they contain elements of high atomic number that are added to increase refractive index. With a bean hardened to simulate scatter, direct transmission ratios were measured for 32 commercially available lens materials. Scatter to the eye, both through and around the glass lenses and secondary scatter to the eye from the radiologist's head, was determined with lenses mounted on a head phantom and a 1-cm3 ion chamber in the position of the eye. Transmission ratios for the various lenses ranged from 3% to 98% for an 80 kVp x-ray beam (HVL = 4.5 mm Al). Measurements with the head phantom in place show that secondarily scattered radiation from the fluoroscopist's head contributes significantly to ocular exposure. Optimal radiation protection of the eyes during fluoroscopy depends not only on eyeglasses with leaded glass, but also on shielding of sufficient size and shape to reduce exposure to the surrounding head.
Cataract↗
Laser safety in health care facilities: a national standard of Canada.
CSA Standard Z386, Laser Safety in Health Care Facilities, was designed by the consensus process and is intended to minimize the health and safety hazards associated with the operation of medical laser systems. During its development, every effort was made to project where laser technology would be in the future. The specific requirements of the standard include a classification system; procedures to reduce the physical, chemical, and biological hazards; duties of a laser safety committee and officer; engineering, administrative and procedural controls; risk management and quality assurance; training and education; and acquisition and acceptance of lasers. Thus, this standard has a wider scope than other standards on laser safety. The standard has been well received within Canada's healthcare community.
Canada↗
Eye injuries in women's lacrosse: strict rule enforcement and mandatory eyewear required.
OBJECTIVE: To inform practitioners of the risk of ocular injury in women's lacrosse and to advocate the mandatory use of protective eyewear. DESIGN, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Athletes reported retrospectively, via a questionnaire, on the nature and circumstances leading to their injuries. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Four case reports of injury to ocular and adjacent nasal structures are presented. None of the athletes was wearing protective equipment at the time that her injuries were incurred. CONCLUSIONS: Mandatory eye protection should be introduced into the game of women's field lacrosse. Eyewear may have prevented the injuries reported in this article.
Adolescent↗
Head and face injuries in scholastic women's lacrosse with and without eyewear.
PURPOSE: The use of protective equipment has been absent or inconsistent in scholastic women's lacrosse leading to increasing concern for eye and head injury. There is a paucity of field data, however, on which to base strategic decisions on how best to prevent head injuries in young athletes. METHODS: This study examined the effects of protective eyewear on injury rates in scholastic women's lacrosse in a cohort of approximately 700 varsity and junior varsity players in central New York studied prospectively for 2 yr during a transition from sparse to almost complete eyewear use. RESULTS: The overall head/face injury rate was 0.71 injuries per 1000 exposures (games and practices) and was 16.5% lower in goggle wearers. In games alone, where more aggressive play and stick use prevails, the rate associated with protective eyewear use was markedly lower (51%). Considering specific regions, the rates for peri-orbit and forehead injuries among goggle users were substantially lower than for nonusers (6% and 13%, respectively). Cheek and scalp injury rates tended to be higher among goggle wearers, but not statistically significantly so. Significant compensatory increases with goggle wear at other sites were not observed. Only a few injuries appeared to be mediated by the goggles themselves and potentially could have been more serious if the goggles had not been present. No direct eye (orbit) injuries were reported throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: On balance, then, the use of eyewear in women's lacrosse appears to be beneficial when users are compared with nonusers.
Adolescent↗
Tests for glass and plastic safety lenses.
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Eye Protective Devices↗
Effects of wearing the Bausch & Lomb SoflensTM while skydiving.
The use of Soflenses as a method of ametropic correction and ocular protection while skydiving is explored. The use of the Soflens with and without the addition of protective goggles is compared. Vision is seen to be relatively stable and clear while jumping with the Soflens, yet stability and clarity improve significantly when protective goggles are worn over the Soflenses. Stability and clarity improve significantly when protective turbulence in the facial area increases due to more involved skydiving maneuvers. A definite short-term corneal epithelial disturbance is observed when lenses are blown off the eyes due to wind turbulence.
Adult↗
The effects of PUVA on the eye.
Psoriasis is a common skin disease which may be treated with 8-methoxy psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA). Eye protection is provided during and after treatment to prevent the development of photokeratitis and cataracts. Fifteen patients, treated with medication and ultraviolet A (UVA) had an initial complete eye examination and a repeat examination after each treatment. No patients developed cataracts but almost one-half of the patients had a mild form of photokeratoconjunctivitis. The ocular manifestations included photophobia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and dry eyes. Tear break-up time was reduced significantly immediately after treatment for two patients but returned to normal 8 hr later. Dermatologists who employ PUVA treatments should be concerned about photokeratoconjunctivitis and the dry-eye ocular manifestations included photophobia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and dry eyes. Tear break-up time was reduced significantly immediately after treatment for two patients but returned to normal 8 hr later. Dermatologists who employ PUVA treatments should be concerned about photokeratoconjunctivitis and the dry-eye ocular manifestations included photophobia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and dry eyes. Tear break-up time was reduced significantly immediately after treatment for two patients but returned to normal 8 hr later. Dermatologists who employ PUVA treatments should be concerned about photokeratoconjunctivitis and the dry-eye syndrome.
Adult↗
Reaction time to spatial frequencies using yellow and luminance-matched neutral goggles.
The popularity of yellow goggles for outdoor activities has long been a paradox to visual scientists as previous tests of their effectiveness have failed to show any visual advantage. The achromatic/chromatic theory of color vision suggests a possible solution to the paradox which was tested by measuring reaction times to spatial frequencies of varying contrast. Reaction times were faster with yellow goggles than with luminance-matched neutrals under certain conditions. These conditions included frequencies in the middle of the range of human sensitivity and, specifically, the lower contrasts of these frequencies. The theoretical and practical applications of the results are discussed.
Color Perception↗
Children's sunglasses: caveat emptor.
Spectrophotometric measurements were obtained on 40 pairs of children's sunglasses. Some of these sunglasses provide excellent protection from the potentially damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), whereas others fail to provide adequate protection for the crystalline lens and retina. Some labels were ambiguous and misleading with respect to whether the sunglass provided adequate absorption of UVR.
Child↗
Color defective drivers and safety.
At least seven million drivers in North American cannot reliably identify red and green lights. The common assumption by traffic authorities that no serious problems exist is contradicted by the data on color vision, the testimonies of color defective drivers, studies under controlled conditions, and by reliable accident statistics. Color defective drivers can be provided with the same measure of traffic light safety as for normals. Brake lights on vehicles can be made equally effective for color defectives. Suggestions are provided to help those with color defective vision to compensate for their problems.
Accidents, Traffic↗
The Charles F. Prentice Medal Award Lecture 1992: optometry and the preservation of visual health.
The discovery that sunlight is the primary causal factor in a family of serious eye diseases is doubly significant because it offers a simple, safe, and inexpensive means of preventing all of them simultaneously. The need for prevention is underscored by the terrible expense of sunlight-related eye diseases--$50 billion for cataract surgery in the U.S. during the past decade, plus the added cost to society of visual impairment and blindness. There is widespread scientific agreement that the use of eyewear with lenses that preferentially absorb the high-energy components of the solar spectrum, including 100% of UV radiation, will substantially reduce the risk of all sunlight-related eye diseases without interfering with visual function. A program to preserve visual health by such means can be based primarily on public education. Because the method of preventing these diseases is the use of appropriate eyewear, this unprecedented opportunity falls within the field of expertise of optometry.
Awards and Prizes↗
Statistical procedures for impact resistance testing at increased drop-ball heights.
PURPOSE: Impact resistance testing of prescription eyewear and nonprescription sunglasses is normally performed at a drop-ball height of 50 in (1.27 m). This paper presents a statistics-based testing method that uses increased drop-ball heights. METHODS: Impact resistance values for glass and plastic lens materials were obtained from the available literature. These values were used to determine the characteristics of marginal quality and high quality batches of lenses. Impact resistance testing procedures were then developed that accepted these batches at low and high probabilities, respectively. RESULTS: A large number of test parameter combinations met the requirements of the impact resistance testing procedure. In general, increasing the drop-ball test height decreased the sample size needed to demonstrate that a batch of lenses was impact resistant. CONCLUSIONS: Impact resistance testing at increased drop-ball heights is an alternative to traditional statistics-based testing procedures. Sample size can be smaller, and equipment is relatively inexpensive and readily available.
Eye Protective Devices↗
Impact resistance of Transitions Plus spectacle lenses.
Although it has been shown that photochromic glass industrial lenses do not provide adequate occupational impact protection, they are frequently requested by outdoor workers wanting sunglasses. The recent introduction of Transitions Plus (TP), a photochromic plastic lens, may meet the needs of these workers. The impact resistance of 60 TP lenses of dress thickness was studied using a ballistic test. Lenses were edged and mounted in metal industrial frames. The completed spectacles were placed on a headform for ballistic testing using a 6.5 mm (1/4 in) steel ball propelled from an airgun. The lenses were divided into test groups that received: (1) a single impact at the geometrical center by a ball traveling at 18 m/s (59 ft/s) and (2) 50 consecutive impacts at 18 m/s, or (3) a single impact at 46.5 m/s (152 ft/s). All lenses passed the single impact test at 18 m/s. Four lenses broke under repeated impact. All lenses subjected to the high-speed impact test failed, either breaking or being dislodged from the frame. These findings show that dress thickness TP lenses provide impact protection from small blunt missiles traveling at moderate speed, and that they are durable under repeated low energy impact. However, thicker lenses must be used when the wearer has a high risk of ocular exposure to small high-speed missiles in the workplace. It can be concluded that TP lenses may be used in occupational eyewear for many outdoor workers who want photochromic sunglass lenses, provided that other needs for vision and occupational safety are also satisfied.
Equipment Safety↗
Use of protective filters by fluorescein angiography nursing staff.
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Adult↗
Ophthalmic lens retention in safety frames.
Lens retention in metal and zyl safety frames was tested using both a high mass (500 g), low velocity impact (HM-LV), and a low mass (1.04 g), high velocity impact (LM-HV) for plano polycarbonate lenses of various thicknesses. The results showed that the metal safety frames retained lenses better than the zyl (p < 0.01) after a HM-LV impact. For the LM-HV impact, metal and zyl frames performed equally (p = 1.00). Lens thickness was not a factor in lens in frame retention for the HM-LV impact (p = 0.958). However, for the LM-HV impact, 1.6-mm thick lenses were more easily displaced than lenses with thicknesses of 2.0, 2.4, and 3.2 mm (p = 0.003).
Eye Protective Devices↗
Use of eyepatches in phototherapy: effects on conjunctival bacterial pathogens and conjunctivitis.
We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of eye occlusion on the risk of eye infection in full term newborn infants receiving phototherapy. Among 102 infants whose eyes were occluded with eyepatches, pathogens were isolated from 50 eyes of 33 infants. The positive isolation rate was significantly higher than that of a group of control infants (n = 101) whose eyes were protected by a headbox made of light-proof plastics. Among the latter group pathogens were detected in 22 eyes of 14 infants. In addition significantly more infants in the eyepatches group had purulent eye discharge (23 of 102 vs. 9 of 101, P = 0.013) and clinical conjunctivitis (13 of 102 vs. 2 of 101, P = 0.004) than the controls. Proper eye care is imperative when eyepatches are used on infants receiving phototherapy, and alternative methods of eye protection should be considered.
Bacteria↗