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PubMed1989

Studies on the techniques of topical application with fluoride gel. III: Oral fluoride retention following three different topical application techniques in young adults.

Eighteen young adults volunteered to be subjects for topical fluoride gel application using the paint-on technique with cotton pellets and two tray techniques with improved sponge tray and a custom-fitted tray. The subjects' teeth were dried with compressed air, and the fluoride gel was applied topically for four minutes. The amounts of fluoride applied and/or recovered from the mouth were measured, and those retained in the mouth were also estimated for each technique. Furthermore, the amounts of excessive gel that were wiped off with a gauze and expectorated one minute after application were also evaluated, and these efforts were effective in reducing the amounts of oral fluoride retention. The net amounts of fluoride that were orally retained in each technique were very small (1.6 to 3.0 mg). It was found that the application techniques in the present study had no risks of causing some deleterious effects by applying excessively large amounts of fluoride.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Antiplaque potential of topical stannous fluoride.

Sterile enamel samples treated by topical application of 10% stannous fluoride were incubated with S mutans and S sanguis respectively and with a mixed culture to which L casei had been added. The results were compared with sterile nonfluoridated enamel samples subjected to the same procedures. The parameters compared were postincubation pH values, bacterial concentrations on the surfaces, and enamel surface alterations. Stannous fluoride treated samples consistently yielded higher pH readings than nonfluoridated samples; the concentration of microorganisms adhering to the surfaces was conspicuously reduced on the pretreated enamel when compared by scanning electron microscopy to untreated samples, as were enamel surface alterations. These findings lend support to other recent investigations which have shown that fluorides act in several ways to inhibit cariogenesis in addition to reducing hydroxyapatite solubility.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The bonding of a polymeric fissure sealant to topical fluoride-treated teeth.

The tensile bond strength of a polymeric fissure sealant to enamel treated with a variety of topical fluorides was determined. Application of acidulated phosphate fluoride solutions (APF) prior to and after acid etching reduces the tensile bond strength of Nuva Seal from 36-6+/-9-0 kg/cm2 to 4-9+/-3-3 kg/cm2 and 23-8+/-6-3 kg/cm2 respectively. The treatment of the etched enamel with freshly prepared 8% stannous fluoride solution prior to Nuva Seal application significantly increases the tensile bond strength to 55-7+/-17-1 kg/cm2. It is recommended that clinical procedures such as the application of fissure sealants, acid etch composite restorations and the direct attachment of orthodontic brackets, all of which involve etching of the enamel, should not be precedded by the topical application of APF solutions.

Dental Bonding↗
PubMed1983

[Local effect of various fluoridation substances].

The topical fluoride application is a caries-preventive treatment. The fluoride uptake in surface and subsurface sound human enamel differs, depending on the fluoride preparation. Fluoride tablets, solutions, gels, tooth pastes and varnishes are widely used as anticaries agents. The rate of fluoride uptake by the surface enamel from three different fluoride applications (sodium fluoride, amine fluoride and fluorosilicate) was determined. When enamel war treated with amine fluoride the highest and most stable fluoride concentrations were obtained.

Amines↗
PubMed1993

Protective effect of topically applied fluoride in relation to fluoride sensitivity of mutans streptococci.

The aim of the present in vitro experiments was to determine whether the protection of enamel by topically applied fluoride against demineralization by bacterial acids would depend on the fluoride sensitivity of the bacteria. Glucose-agarose gel suspensions of fluoride-sensitive and fluoride-resistant mutans streptococci were placed on bovine enamel specimens with different amounts of fluoride. One group of specimens was untreated, a second group had been pretreated with a F-lacquer, and a third group had been pretreated with the F-lacquer and rinsed subsequently with a KOH-solution, to remove deposited CaF2. After 22-hour incubations at 37 degrees C, the amounts of calcium and lactate and the pH of the agarose gels were determined. This procedure was repeated on three consecutive days. Two parent S. mutans strains, one parent S. sobrinus strain, and five fluoride-resistant derivatives were tested. Both pretreatments gave a significant protection to the enamel specimens. For the S. mutans strains, the degree of protection did not depend on the fluoride sensitivity of the strains. For the S. sobrinus strains, the results suggested a reduced protection against demineralization by the fluoride-resistant derivatives. Only from the second group of enamel specimens was enough fluoride released for inhibition of bacterial metabolism. Presumably, it was released by the dissolution of CaF2. It is concluded that a possible adaptation of mutans streptococci in dental plaque to frequent exposures to fluoride will not necessarily decrease the caries-preventive effects caused by topically applied fluoride agents.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1985

Three-year caries increments after fluoride rinses or topical applications with a fluoride varnish.

251 9-12-yr-old children completed a 3-yr, double-blind, clinical trial of two caries preventive fluoride programs. Caries increments and progression patterns were compared in two groups of children who rinsed every fortnight with a 0.2% NaF solution or received biannual topical applications with a fluoride varnish (Fluor-Protector). Clinically recorded mean DFS increments were 3.3 +/- 0.2 (SE) in the rinse group and 3.5 +/- 0.2 in the varnish group. In both groups nearly half of these increments were recorded in the occlusal surfaces of second molars. The mean incremental DFS recorded radiographically on approximal surfaces of posterior teeth were 1.1 +/- 0.2 and 1.5 +/- 0.2 in the rinse and varnish group, respectively. None of the inter-group differences were statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Detailed analyses of the radiographic scores revealed a similar and extremely slow caries progression in the two study groups and they strengthened the conclusion of equal clinical efficacy of the two treatments. None of the fluoride programs had been able to change preestablished patterns of caries development among the children.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caries-preventive effect of topical amine fluoride in children with high and low salivary levels of mutans streptococci.

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the salivary mutans streptococci (SMS) level and the effectiveness of a preventive intervention based on a biannual application of an amine fluoride solution (AmF). A total of 284 schoolchildren aged 6 years were recruited from eleven classes of a primary school in Milan and randomly assigned to an experimental (A) and a control group (B). SMS counts were obtained at baseline and caries incidence data (diseased, missing, filled teeth, DMFT) were recorded every 6 months for 5 years. The participants of the experimental group received application of an AmF 1% F(-) solution twice a year on the enamel surfaces of the first permanent molars for 5 years. Control group subjects received application of a placebo solution twice a year on the enamel surfaces of the first molars for the same period. The mean DMFT in the experimental and control groups were 0.56 and 0.22, respectively, at the beginning and 1.14 and 2.06 after 5 years. SMS data allowed children to be classified into low- (0-10(5) CFU/ml of saliva) and high- (>10(5) CFU/ml of saliva) SMS subjects. Survival analysis, performed on the first molar data split by SMS group, showed a significantly higher caries reduction in low-SMS experimental group subjects compared to low-SMS control group subjects after 5 years. No significant differences were found between the two high-SMS experimental and control groups. These findings indicate that the preventive effects of the treatment were significantly lower in subjects who had high SMS. It is concluded that the effectiveness of a simple and economical topical fluoride intervention applicable at a community level is significantly influenced by the SMS level of the subjects involved. Simple AmF preventive interventions, applied on low-SMS subjects, can give significant results in terms of caries reduction.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Provision of diagnostic and preventive services in general dental practice.

OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis and prevention are among the most frequently provided services in Australian private general dental practice, and have increased over recent times. The aims of this study were to examine the provision of examinations, radiographs, prophylaxis and topical fluoride, and to assess whether these services varied by patient, visit and oral health characteristics. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Data were collected by a mailed survey of a random sample of dentists from each State/Territory in Australia in 1998-99 with a response rate of 71%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data were collected from a log of service items provided on a typical day. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses of services showed that emergency visits were associated with higher rates [RR = Rate ratio, 95%CI] of radiographs (RR = 1.32, 1.06-1.66) but lower rates of prophylaxis (RR = 0.37, 0.29-0.48) and topical fluoride (RR = 0.20, 0.08-0.47) compared to non-emergency visits. Capital city patients had a higher rate of topical fluoride (RR = 2.06, 1.17-3.64) services than non-capital city patients. Patients with decayed teeth had a lower rate of prophylaxis services (RR = 0.82, 0.68-0.99) than patients with no decay. Compared to the reference of caries, patients with aesthetic problems had lower rates of radiographs (RR = 0. 19, 0.08-0.47) and topical fluoride (RR = 0.24, 0.08-0.71), those with cuspal fracture/failed restoration also had lower rates of radiographs (RR = 0.54, 0.37-0.80) and topical fluoride (RR = 0.52, 0.28-0.95), those with denture problems had lower rates of examinations (RR = 0.53, 0.32-0.87), radiographs (RR = 0.05, 0.01-0.28), prophylaxis (RR = 0.13, 0.04-0.37) and topical fluoride (RR = 0.04, 0.01-0.32), those with periodontal disease had higher rates of examinations (RR = 1.45, 1.13-1.85) and prophylaxis (RR = 2.39, 1.79-3.19), those with pulpal/periapical infection had lower rates of examination (RR = 0.55, 0.42-0.74) and prophylaxis (RR = 0.36, 0.19-0.66), but higher rates of radiographs (RR = 1.92, 1.48-2.50), those with recall/maintenance care had higher rates of examinations (RR = 2.23, 1.85-2.69), prophylaxis (RR = 2.63, 2.05-3.38) and topical fluoride (RR = 2.88, 1.76-4.70), while those with other diagnoses had lower rates of prophylaxis (RR = 0.60, 0.37-0.97) and topical fluoride (RR = 0.28, 0.10-0.77) services. CONCLUSIONS: Radiographs may often be used to confirm disease rather than in early detection, and prevention was mainly provided to asymptomatic patients in routine maintenance schedules. Many emergency patients and those with oral diseases present missed the benefits of prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

In vitro evaluation of fluoride varnish on overdenture abutments.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: No clinical study has evaluated the efficacy of fluoride varnish as a topical fluoride agent for the protection of overdenture abutments from dental caries. PURPOSE: This study assessed the efficacy of a fluoride varnish in protecting overdenture abutments from demineralization in an in vitro environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty caries-free, extracted teeth were sectioned and domed immediately below the cementoenamel junction, simulating overdenture abutment preparations. Acid resistant nail varnish was painted on all surfaces except for a window (1 x 4 mm) on the prepared occlusal dentin surfaces. Teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups of 20 specimens: control, washed with deionized/distilled water; Daily Gel, treated with Karigel-N (5,000 ppm) for 4 minutes daily; Weekly Gel, treated with Karigel-N for 4 minutes weekly; and Weekly Varnish, treated with Duraflor (22,600 ppm) weekly. The varnish was removed using a blade 24 hours after each application to simulate the clinical loss of the varnish. Teeth were then placed in a cycle of demineralization (2.2 mMol/L CaCl(2)2H(2)O, 2.2 mMol/L KH(2)PO(4), and 50 mMol/L acetic acid at pH 4.3) for 6 hours and remineralization (1.5 mMol/L CaCl(2)2H(2)O, 0.9 mMol/L KH(2)PO(4), and 150 mMol/L KCl at pH 7.0 for 17 hours) for 21 days. Half the teeth in each group were brushed with no dentifrice for 10 seconds, twice daily. Teeth were sectioned at 100 +/- 10 microm buccolingually and evaluated under polarized light microscopy and contact microradiography. The depth of each lesion and the width of the remineralization bands were measured (mm). Analysis of variance models and T-tests were used to assess the effects of different treatments (alpha=.05). Duncan multiple range tests were then chosen as post hoc tests to evaluate the statistical significance of all pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: The control group had the deepest lesions (mean depth 400 +/- 39 microm). The lesions from the varnish and daily gel groups were significantly shallower than the lesions in both the control group and the weekly gel group. The remineralization bands in the varnish group were 52% wider than the control group bands. However, the daily gel group had the largest increase in band width (117% increase) compared with the control group. There were significant differences between all groups for net depth (lesion depth minus the remineralization band) (P<.0001). Daily application of fluoride gel was significantly more effective than the other treatments tested. Brushing was not a significant factor. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, treatment of overdenture abutment with various topical fluorides significantly inhibited demineralization and enhanced remineralization of cut occlusal dentin surfaces. Daily use of Karigel-N was the most effective treatment, followed by the weekly application of Duraflor varnish.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

History of water fluoridation.

Fluoride, the milestone element of pediatric dentistry, as well as modern dentistry, has been utilized for the last six decades in practice. Researchers all over the world have used fluoride in several forms in the prevention of tooth decay. Today, we are aware that most of this work has involved clinical research with children. It is particularly pertinent that the subject be adequately presented in the field of pediatric dentistry. In 1940's and 1950's were the years of ten-year studies, where caries reductions were first described. The industry of systemic fluoridation, public campaigns and advertisements became popular mostly in western world in 1960's and 1970's. The fluoridated dentifrices and changes of dentifrice formulations were established in 1980's. Many stated that children should receive one form of systemic fluoride and appropriate forms of topical fluoride in 1990's. Analyses showed that maximum protection against caries is obtained when teeth erupt into an environment with low concentrations of ionic fluoride. The similarity in caries reductions obtained in water fluoridation studies and long-term studies with topically administered fluoride regimens, including fluoride-containing dentifrices, indicates that the pre-eruptive effect of fluoride is of borderline significance relative to the more significant post-eruptive effect. It has taken a long time to show that water fluoridation and topical fluoride programs were thus important measures for the control of caries at the community level. Today, we are aware of the fact that the trio of diet, dentifrice and supplementation should exceed the optimal levels.

Americas↗
PubMed1977

Fortnightly fluoride rinsing combined with topical painting of fluoride solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions.

The possibility of achieving a caries-reducing effect by a combination of fortnightly mouthrinsings with 0.2% NaF-solutions and topical painting with solutions containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions was examined in a 4-year clinical study. In addition to the fluoride rinses one of two randomized groups was given three paintings per year with a 0.2% NaF-solution. The other group was painted three times per year with a potassium fluoride solution containing Al-, Fe-, and Mn-ions. This group developed significantly less caries during the study than the NaF-group. The results indicate that certain metal ions can enhance the caries-prophylactic action of the fluoride ions.

Child↗
PubMed1982

Fluoride deposited by topical applications with stannous fluoride in human enamel.

The aim of this study was to quantify the fluoridating effect of a 4% aqueous solution of SnF2 applied for 5 min. and 30 min. resp., and to measure the amounts of KOH soluble fluoride and acquired fluoride separately (APF gel data being included for comparison). Blocks of intact enamel were treated with the topical agents and subsequently exposed to 1 M KOH solutions for 24 h. No significant amount of fluoride was dissolved from control specimens by this treatment. Subsequently, the acquired F in the enamel was determined by the acid etch technique. The amount of fluoride in the KOH solutions after 5 and 30 min. SnF2 application are comparable : 6.2 and 7.4 micrograms . cm(-2) resp. A single topical treatment of SnF2 of 5 and 30 min. did not produce a significant enrichment of fluoride in the enamel. The considerable accumulation of fluoride reaction products on the outer enamel surface was only 1/3 of the amount deposited by APF gels.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗