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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Deconvolution of fully overlapped reflections from crystals of foot-and-mouth disease virus O1 G67.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus O(1) G67 forms crystals that appear similar to those of the closely related viruses O(1)K and O(1)BFS, both of which belong to space group I23. Statistical disorder in the O(1) G67 crystals means, however, that the measured diffraction data possess higher symmetry consistent with point group 432. It is shown that this is due to intimate twinning, with mosaic blocks randomly distributed between the two orientations. This results in a twofold loss of information due to the exact superimposition of non-identical reflections from the two orientations. A simple procedure has been devised to deconvolute these overlapped reflections by applying constraints in both real and reciprocal space. This procedure works well, providing interpretable electron-density maps for this virus. Other applications are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1973

Inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus with ethylenimine.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was inactivated by ethylenimine (EI) at three concentrations and two temperatures. Comparison of inactivation kinetics and the antigenic and immunogenic potency of EI and N-acetylethylenimine (AEI)-inactivated FMDV indicates that EI has nearly optimal characteristics as an inactivant for FMDV vaccine preparation. Although AEI-inactivated FMDV has proved to be a potent specific immunogen, an equivalent percentage of EI inactivated FMDV at substantially faster rates and produced an equally potent immunogen. In addition, EI inactivated FMDV at rates that were essentially linear throughout the loss of nearly all measurable infectivity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immune response in mice induced by different doses of foot-and-mouth disease virus].

Response against foot-and-mouth disease virus 01 Campos on vaccinated female mice and suckling litter was estimated. Vaccine doses ranged between 0.05 and 30 micrograms of virus. The lower dose protected 39.5% of suckling litter whereas 100% protection was achieved using the higher doses. Serum neutralization indexes in females, at 45 days post vaccination, ranged from 3.60 to 4.86 for 0.05 microgram to 0.10 microgram and 4.86 to 5.50 for the high doses. Although the doses were excessively high (eq. 1 mu/g average live weight) and (OH)3Al was used as adjuvant, no adverse effect on the immune system was detected in any of the vaccinated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Immune response against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle: effect of vaccination].

Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is one of the most feared animal virus and vaccination still has to be used in many countries. In previous reports, using a murine model, we studied the cellular basis of immune responses against FMDV and were able to show that they are atypical. In cattle, although complete protection may be attained after only one dose of killed virus vaccine, very little is known about protection against FMDV, except for antibody responses, but practically nothing concerning the cellular basis of their immune response. Moreover, since neutralizing titers do not always correlate with protection, the potency of vaccines in controlled by viral challenge. Our aim is to study cellular immune responses against FMDV, and to search for a correlate to protection. As a first step, 55 virgin cattle from a non endemic area (Patagonia) were divided into three groups: C: non immunized controls; HS: immunized with saponine containing vaccine; and EO: with oil emulsified vaccine. After vaccination, they were carried to an endemic area (Buenos Aires), where they were challenged with live FMDV. Animals were bled immediately before and 7 days after challenge, and their white blood cells and lymphocyte subpopulations were counted. All animals showed a marked neutropenia and eosinophilia, significantly higher in HS than in EO and C groups; both parameters were significantly better in the 2nd assay. Total lymphocyte counts were normal. Lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies: their proportions were normal and did not change during illness in group C. Several factors could have induced the observed eosinophilia and neutropenia: parasites, stress, saponine, others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Foot and mouth disease--then, now and in the future].

Foot-and-mouth disease was a problem as early as 1862; however, insights into the aetiology and particularly the concept of infectious disease had not yet been elaborated. Our knowledge and the possibilities of dealing with the disease have shown a spectacular increase since then. Foot-and-mouth disease is now under control in large parts of Europe; this is the result of strict measures and mass vaccination of cattle. However, the situation is unstable, as is testified to by the situation in Italy, and there are questions regarding the origin of sporadic cases of the disease. The main question is: how do we reach the ultimate objective: a Western Europe free from foot-and-mouth disease, and where annual vaccination of cattle no longer is applied? The problems are analysed. An international approach appears to be essential.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Riems foot-and-mouth disease oil emulsion vaccines for swine. 1. Development and testing of highly effective and well-tolerated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine for swine using Dessauer oil adjuvants].

Swine plays a very particular role in FMD epizootiology. It is, therefore, absolutely necessary to have highly effective vaccines available for this species at all times. They have to ensure early buildup of long-lasting strong immunity even after one single application. Since the effectiveness of conventional adsorbate vaccines had proved to be insufficient, monovalent and trivalent oil emulsion vaccines were specifically developed of swine, using a GDR-made oil adjuvant. Stable immunity is very soon induced by them to endangered pig stock even against the immunologically problematic sub-types O1 and A5 after one single subcutaneous (s.c.) application of 2 ml (monovalent) or 5 ml (trivalent). Application establishes in s.c. connective tissue an oil emulsion depot that leads to formation of a vaccination granuloma. The immunocompetent cells identified in the latter are morphologically correlated to adjuvant action.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new treatment for ischemic ulcers: foot bath therapy using high oxygen soluble fluid.

We devised a new treatment for ischemic ulcer in which the diseased foot is soaked in perfluorodecalin, a fluorocarbon. Pure oxygen bubbles emerge from the perfluorodecalin, and dissolved oxygen levels reach 35% by volume within 60 minutes. The solution is placed in a bath once or twice a day for 2-3 hours and pure oxygen is allowed to bubble through it (3-5 1/min). Nine patients were treated by this technique. Drugs which seemed to have an effect on ischemic ulcers were not used during the treatment. Ischemic ulcers in three patients (5 X 5 mm, 23 X 6 mm and 10 X 5 mm) healed completely within two weeks and there were no recurrences. In six patients, the ulcers showed 30-70% reductions in size within 4 to 14 days. Four of them later underwent arterial reconstruction, which resulted in complete healing of the ulcers. In two patients, the ulcers reverted to their former size 6 to 12 months after the cessation of perfluorodecalin bath therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation in contact sheep without clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease.

Two non-vaccinated sheep were experimentally infected with FMDV and one day later 4 other sheep were brought in contact. Although the contact sheep showed no clinical signs, serology indicated that all sheep became infected. Various secretion samples, taken over a period of at least one month, and various tissue samples were examined for the presence of FMDV by RT-PCR and by virus isolation. FMDV was most often found in saliva (mouth swabs), followed by nasal secretion and sera. Faecal material, wool and milk were less suitable. The period of detection with the highest frequency of positive isolations was between 2 to 4 days pi for the infected sheep and between 5 to 10 days pc for the contact animals. It was established that in subclinically infected sheep, with a very low amount of virus present, FMD viral RNA could be detected by a sensitive RT-PCR-ELISA although virus isolation and standard RT-PCR remained negative. Moreover there was some evidence of active spreading of FMDV from the contact sheep to two sentinel pigs. This indicates that serologically positive contact sheep without clinical signs may be considered as a danger for the transmission of FMDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Need for education on footcare in diabetic patients in India.

OBJECTIVES: The patient himself plays the crucial role in the prevention of diabetic foot disease and therefore education on foot care is important. In this study, we have evaluated the knowledge of the diabetic subjects regarding the foot problems and the care of feet in order to identify areas that require stress in the education programme. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and fifty, consecutive cases of Type 2 diabetes (M:F, 176:74, age 57.2 +/- 9.7 yrs, duration 12.9 +/- 7.9 yrs) were selected for this study from the out-patient department of our hospital. A questionnaire was filled up for each patient by personal interview. The total score was 100 and a score of < 50 was considered as a low score for foot care knowledge. RESULTS: A score of < 50 was obtained in 67.2%. Low score was more common in women (78.5%) than in men (62.5%) (chi 2 = 5.26, P = 0.022). Low scores (< 50) were more common among those with lower level of formal education (chi 2 = 70.0, P < 0.0001), there were more women with low educational status. Significant foot problems like gangrene, foot ulcers were present in 27.2% and low scores were more common among those with these complications (82% vs 62%) (chi 2 = 8.3, P = 0.004). In general the scores on awareness of general foot care principles and basic facts about the foot complications were poor. Most of them (72%) had good knowledge about the right usage of foot wear. There was a trend to have lower scores with poor formal education (chi 2 = 51.1, P < 0.0001) and also with increasing age. There was no correlation between the scores and the number of hospital visits. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that 31.2% of the variations in the scores were explained by the level of education. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the importance of patient education on foot care principles, especially so, considering the magnitude of the problem of diabetes and the lower levels of literacy and poor socio economic status of many patients in this country.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A review of foot-and-mouth disease with special consideration for the clinical and epidemiological factors relevant to predictive modelling of the disease.

Modelling the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been undertaken since the early 1970s. We review here clinical factors and modelling procedures that have been used in the past, differentiating between those that have proved to be more relevant in controlling FMD epidemics, and those that have showed less significance. During the 2001 UK FMD epidemic, many previously developed FMD models were available for consideration and use. Accurate epidemiological models can become useful tools for determining relevant control policies for different scenarios and, conversely, inaccurate models may become an abuse for disease control. Inaccuracy presents two opposing difficulties. Firstly, too much control (in terms of animal slaughter for 2001) would negatively impact the farming community for many subsequent years, whilst too little control would permit an epidemic to persist. Accuracy however, presents the optimal permutation of control measures that could be implemented for a given set of conditions, and is a prerequisite to boosting public confidence in the use of epidemiological models for future epidemics.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Arthritis of the foot. Pinpointing the disease process involved.

Arthritides of the foot present with inflammatory signs. The age of the patient, location of the pain, findings on foot examination, and radiographic signs can help determine which of the arthritides is present. Accurate diagnosis can help establish the appropriate course of therapy. Rest and the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and shoes fitted with appropriate orthoses can be beneficial in most cases. Surgery is rarely indicated but may be useful to correct severe deformities or to relieve debilitating pain.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1976

Survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cheese.

Persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus during the manufacture of Cheddar, Mozzarella, Camembert cheese prepared from milk of cows experimentally infected with the virus was studied. Cheese samples were made on a laboratory scale with commercial lactic acid starter cultures and the microbial protease MARZYME as a coagulant. Milk was heated at different temperatures for different intervals before it was made into cheese. Food-and-mouth disease virus survived the acidic conditions of Cheddar and Camembert cheese processing but not that of Mozzarella. Foot-and-mouth disease virus survived processing but not curing for 30 days in Cheddar cheese preparaed from heated milk. However, the virus survived curing for 60 days but not for 120 days in cheese (pH 5) prepared from unheated milk. Foot-and-mouth disease virus survived in Camembert cheese (pH 5) for 21 days at 2 C but not for 35 days.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Early antibody responses of cattle for foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent double oil emulsion vaccine.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The multiplicity of FMDV serotypes in animals poses a central problem in the policy of vaccination and is of much concern to health authorities. Hence it is the practice of vaccination with polyvalent vaccine for prophylactic measure. In the present report, we analysed the early antibody responses elicited by FMDV quadrivalent (FMDV O, A, C and Asia 1 serotypes) double emulsion (Montanide ISA 206) vaccines in cattle. We observed variations between various viral serotypes in eliciting early antibody response although neutralizing antibody response against all the four serotypes were detected as early as fourth day following vaccination. The duration of immunity also appeared to maintain for long period. The neutralizing antibody titres were maintained well above 2log(10) even after 6 months of vaccination irrespective of serotypes. Thus, allows the possibilities of two vaccinations per year for the maintenance of herd immunity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1984

Biochemical map of polypeptides specified by foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Pulse-chase labeling of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected bovine kidney cells revealed stable and unstable viral-specific polypeptides. To identify precursor-product relationships among these polypeptides, antisera against a number of structural and nonstructural viral-specific polypeptides were used. Cell-free translations programmed with foot-and-mouth disease virion RNA or foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected bovine kidney cell lysates, which were shown to contain almost identical polypeptides, were immunoprecipitated with the various antisera. To further establish identity, some proteins were compared by partial protease digestion. Evidence for a membrane association of the polypeptides coded for by the middle genome region is also presented. A biochemical map of the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome was established from the above information.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Identification of an exposed region of the immunogenic capsid polypeptide VP1 on foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Iodination of intact foot-and-mouth disease virus results in the selective labeling of VP1, substantiating its exposed location on the virion. A comparison of tryptic peptides revealed that a single tyrosine-containing peptide was labeled with iodine on intact or protease-cleaved virus. The labeled peptide from intact and protease-cleaved virus was characterized by molecular weight sizing and sequence analysis. Carboxypeptidase digestion of intact VP1, limited trypsin-cleaved VP1, and VP1 purified from bacterially contaminated tissue cultures yielded carboxyterminal residues of leucine, valine-arginine, and serine-alanine, respectively. The correlation of these findings with previous data on the amino acid sequence derived from nucleotide sequencing of serotypes A12 and O1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 places the probable exposed antigenic region of VP1 in a serotype-variable region including residues 136 through 144.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Foot ulceration and infections in elderly diabetics.

Foot lesions occur commonly among patients with diabetes, particularly the elderly and those with sensory neuropathy. Because of serious or recurrent infections and impaired healing processes, initially trivial lesions may progress to chronic nonhealing wounds, gangrene, or untreatable infections that can lead to limb amputation. Strategies to prevent amputation depend on understanding the multifactorial nature of diabetic foot disease; providing effective ongoing preventive care, including patient education; and prompt and aggressive treatment of foot lesions when they occur. The approach to treatment of infections depends on many factors, including the severity of the soft tissue infection, whether or not underlying bone or joints are involved, the types of infecting organisms, the patient's social situation, and his other medical problems. Proper diagnostic studies followed by appropriate antimicrobial therapy and local wound care can usually lead to resolution of these potentially serious infections.

Age Factors↗