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Results for “Functional Laterality”

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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Heart and soul/PRKCi and nagie oko/Mpp5 regulate myocardial coherence and remodeling during cardiac morphogenesis.

Organ morphogenesis requires cellular shape changes and tissue rearrangements that occur in a precisely timed manner. Here, we show that zebrafish heart and soul (Has)/protein kinase C iota (PRKCi) is required tissue-autonomously within the myocardium for normal heart morphogenesis and that this function depends on its catalytic activity. In addition, we demonstrate that nagie oko (Nok) is the functional homolog of mammalian protein associated with Lin-seven 1 (Pals1)/MAGUK p55 subfamily member 5 (Mpp5), and we dissect its earlier and later functions during myocardial morphogenesis. Has/PRKCi and Nok/Mpp5 are required early for the polarized epithelial organization and coherence of myocardial cells during heart cone formation. Zygotic nok/mpp5 mutants have later myocardial defects, including an incomplete heart tube elongation corresponding with a failure of myocardial cells to correctly expand in size. Furthermore, we show that nok/mpp5 acts within myocardial cells during heart tube elongation. Together, these results demonstrate that cardiac morphogenesis depends on the polarized organization and coherence of the myocardium, and that the expansion of myocardial cell size contributes to the transformation of the heart cone into an elongated tube.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Temporal control of the Cre recombinase in transgenic mice by a tetracycline responsive promoter.

Gene-targeted mice derived from embryonic stem cells are a useful tool to study gene function during development. However, if the mutation is embryonic lethal and the gene is deleted from the onset of development, later functions in adult animals cannot be studied. Recently, the bacterial Cre-loxP site-specific recombination system has successfully been used in transgenic animals to produce tissue-specific and temporal deletions [Gu et al. (1993) Cell, 73, 1155"""""" Gu et al. (1994) Science, 265,103--106; Kuhn et al. (1995) Science, 269, 1427-1429]. We have evaluated the tetracycline responsive binary system [Gossen and Bujard (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 5547-5551] for its ability to transiently express the Cre recombinase in transgenic mice. In this system, a transactivator fusion protein composed of the tetracycline repressor (tetR) and the acidic domain of the herpes simplex viral protein 16 (VP16) can regulate the expression of the Cre gene from a promoter containing tet-operator (tetO) sequences. In the absence of tetracycline, the Cre gene is expressed and will induce site-specific recombination between two loxP sites. In the presence of tetracycline, the Cre gene will not be expressed and recombination will not occur.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Zebrafish serotonin-N-acetyltransferase-2 gene regulation: pineal-restrictive downstream module contains a functional E-box and three photoreceptor conserved elements.

Pineal function is defined by a set of very narrowly expressed genes that encode proteins required for photoperiodic transduction and rhythmic melatonin secretion. One of these proteins is serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT), which controls the daily rhythm in melatonin production. Here, pineal-specific expression of the zebrafish aanat-2 (zfaanat-2) was studied using in vivo transient expression analyses of promoter-reporter constructs; this revealed that specificity is determined by two regions located 12 kb away from each other. One is the 5'-flanking region, and the other is a 257-bp sequence, located 6 kb downstream of the transcribed region. This 3'-sequence, designated pineal-restrictive downstream module (PRDM), has a dual function: enhancement of pineal expression and inhibition of extrapineal expression. The former is an autonomic property of PRDM whereas the later function requires interaction with the upstream regulatory region of zfaanat-2. Functional analyses of the PRDM sequence revealed that three photoreceptor conserved elements (TAATC) and a single perfect E-box (CACGTG) are crucial for the dual function of PRDM. These results indicate that pineal specificity of zfaanat-2 is determined by the dual functionality of the PRDM and the interaction between upstream regulatory region and downstream photoreceptor conserved elements and E-box element.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Genetic analysis of slipper/mixed lineage kinase reveals requirements in multiple Jun-N-terminal kinase-dependent morphogenetic events during Drosophila development.

Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) function as Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) kinase kinases to transduce extracellular signals during development and homeostasis in adults. slipper (slpr), which encodes the Drosophila homolog of mammalian MLKs, has previously been implicated in activation of the JNK pathway during embryonic dorsal epidermal closure. To further define the specific functions of SLPR, we analyzed the phenotypic consequences of slpr loss and gain of function throughout development, using a semiviable maternal-effect allele and wild-type or dominant-negative transgenes. From these analyses we confirm that failure of dorsal closure is the null phenotype in slpr germline clones. In addition, there is a functional maternal contribution, which can suffice for embryogenesis in the zygotic null mutant, but rarely suffices for pupal metamorphosis, revealing later functions for slpr as the maternal contribution is depleted. Zygotic null mutants that eclose as adults display an array of morphological defects, many of which are shared by hep mutant animals, deficient in the JNK kinase (JNKK/MKK7) substrate for SLPR, suggesting that the defects observed in slpr mutants primarily reflect loss of hep-dependent JNK activation. Consistent with this, the maternal slpr contribution is sensitive to the dosage of positive and negative JNK pathway regulators, which attenuate or potentiate SLPR-dependent signaling in development. Although SLPR and TAK1, another JNKKK family member, are differentially used in dorsal closure and TNF/Eiger-stimulated apoptosis, respectively, a Tak1 mutant shows dominant genetic interactions with slpr, suggesting potential redundant or combinatorial functions. Finally, we demonstrate that SLPR overexpression can induce ectopic JNK signaling and that the SLPR protein is enriched at the epithelial cell cortex.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The effects of kainic acid-induced lesions in the lateral septal area on cell-mediated immune function.

The lateral septal area (LSA) is a primary control region for psychoneuroendocrine functions, and we have previously reported that kainic acid (KA) lesions in the LSA and the hippocampus have inhibitory and facilitatory effects, respectively, on the humoral immune response of female rats. Thus, these limbic structures may selectively participate in directing neuroimmune regulation. In order to assess the fundamental role of the LSA in neuroimmune regulation, we have evaluated the effects of neurotoxic septal lesions on various cell-mediated immune measures. Animals received stereotaxically guided bilateral infusions of KA (2.0 micrograms/microliter) or physiological saline (SHAM) into the LSA. Following a 2-week recovery period, animals were sacrificed and the spleen cells analyzed for natural killer (NK) cell activity and T-cell responsiveness to mitogen (ConA) or to anti T-cell receptor mAb (R73). A separate group of LSA-lesioned animals were immunized with sheep red blood cells 4 days prior to harvesting the spleen for plaque forming cell (PFC) number determination and measurement of TNF-alpha secretion from splenic macrophages. The results indicate that rats with KA lesions in the LSA have significantly higher NK cell activity, significantly lower numbers of splenic PFCs, and significantly reduced TNF-alpha secretion from splenic macrophages, relative to controls. There was a statistical tendency (p < .1) for reduced T-cell lymphoproliferative responses to ConA stimulation in LSA-lesioned animals, relative to SHAMs. However, the T-cell lymphoproliferative response to specific activation via the T-cell receptor was not significantly different between lesioned and control groups. These results further demonstrate the importance of KA-sensitive LSA neurons in neuroimmunoregulation. Moreover, selective alterations of different components of the immune system are observed in LSA-lesioned animals, suggesting that the LSA is involved in the complex and differential regulation of immunity.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Functional decline of the elderly in a nursing home.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to determine if risk factors present on admission to the nursing home could be predictive of later functional decline and to determine the causes of decline. METHODS: This is a retrospective case-control study conducted in 2000 at a voluntary welfare nursing home. Functional decline was defined as deterioration in two or more of the five activities of daily living (ADLs), namely: mobility, toileting, bathing, dressing and feeding, from the time of admission to the study period. Potential risk factors for decline studied were: age, sex, marital status, number of medical diagnoses and medications, types of medical diagnoses, and the presence of dementia on admission to the home. Causes of decline were categorised as (A) Development of new illness, (B) Progression of chronic illness, or (C) Both of the above. RESULTS: 36 out of 103 residents had functional decline. On analysis, univariate and multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for length of stay, yielded the same significant risk factors for decline, namely: age (p-value is 0.02) and dementia (p-value is 0.04). Majority of decline (78 percent) was due to progression of chronic illnesses, most commonly dementia (15 out of 36), eight percent were due to acute illness (stroke), and 14 percent were due to both. In January 2003, 18 out of the 36 residents who declined had died. CONCLUSIONS: Functional decline is common in the nursing home. More attention should be paid to the older residents and those with dementia, right from the point of admission.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization.

A comparison of the architecture of the human prefrontal cortex with that of the macaque monkey showed a very similar architectonic organization in these two primate species. There is no doubt that the prefrontal cortical areas of the human brain have undergone considerable development, but it is equally clear that the basic architectonic organization is the same in the two species. Thus, a comparative approach to the study of the functional organization of the primate prefrontal cortex is more likely to reveal the essential aspects of the various complex control processes that are the domain of frontal function. The lateral frontal cortex appears to be functionally organized along both a rostral-caudal axis and a dorsal-ventral axis. The most caudal frontal region, the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and direct sensorimotor mappings, whereas the caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher order control processes that regulate the selection among multiple competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. Further rostrally, the mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an even more abstract role in cognitive control. The mid-lateral prefrontal region is itself organized along a dorsal-ventral axis of organization, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex being involved in the monitoring of information in working memory and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal region being involved in active judgments on information held in posterior cortical association regions that are necessary for active retrieval and encoding of information.

Anatomy, Comparative↗

PubMed1990

Does breast-feeding protect the hypothyroid infant whose condition is diagnosed by newborn screening?

Neuropsychological abilities at 1, 3, 5, and 6 years of age were compared in 107 children with congenital hypothyroidism identified by newborn screening who had been either breast-fed or formula fed during infancy. The thyroxine level was significantly higher in breast-fed children than formula-fed children at 1 and 2 months of age, but the level was not higher later during the first year of life. Controlling for parent IQ, socioeconomic status, and dose level, no differences in overall neuropsychological functioning were observed. Children with ectopic glands showed a significant advantage with breast-feeding on several tasks at 3 years of age. These results signify that thyroxine levels in infancy from breast-feeding are not necessarily reflected in improved intellectual functioning later in childhood.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed1984

Functional diversity within the suppressor phenotype as defined by monoclonal antibody in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.

A patient with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is described. The malignant T-cells from the patient were predominantly Leu-2-positive, indicating a suppressor phenotype. The cells were then tested to determine their functional capabilities. The patient's Leu-2-positive cells initially suppressed B-cell proliferation, as predicted by their phenotype but later functioned as T helper cells in the pokeweed mitogen system without a change in phenotype. The cells also responded inadequately to alloantigen and mitogen despite addition of exogenous T-cell growth factor (TCGF). Leu-2-positive prolymphocytes from the spleen of the patient were constitutive producers of TCGF. Surface phenotype using monoclonal antibody was inadequate to predict T-cell function of the cells from this patient with T-PLL. In addition, these data suggest there may be functional subpopulations within the OKT8+ phenotype. Constitutive TCGF production by malignant post-thymic T-cells may represent a mechanism by which these cells sustain their own growth.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1999

Early events in dendritic cell maturation induced by LPS.

Immature dendritic cells (Dcs) are characterised by high antigen uptake ability and poor T-cell stimulatory function. In contrast, mature DCs have a high stimulatory function and poor antigen uptake ability. Inflammatory stimuli induce DC maturation and migration from nonlymphoid tissues to lymphoid organs. We investigated the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on DC antigen uptake and migratory function at early and late stimulation time points. We observed that the transition from the immature to the mature state is not a progressive itinerary, but it is characterised by precise functional stages. At early time points after LPS stimulation DCs significantly decrease their intrinsic migratory ability and increase the antigen uptake function. Later, around 4 h after LPS activation, DCs show recovery of migratory ability and start to progressively lose their antigen uptake function until the mature stage in which they show poor antigen uptake and migratory activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

MRI morphometry of mamillary bodies, caudate nuclei, and prefrontal cortices after chemotherapy for childhood leukemia: multivariate models of early and late developing memory subsystems.

Neurotoxic intrathecal chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) affects developing structures and functions of memory and learning subsystems selectively. Results show significant reductions in magnetic resonance imaging morphometry of mamillary bodies, components of the corticolimbic-diencephalic subsystem subserving functionally later developing, single-trial memory, nonsignificant changes in bilateral heads of the caudate nuclei, components of the corticostriatal subsystem subserving functionally earlier developing, multitrial learning, significant reductions in prefrontal cortical volume, visual and verbal single-trial memory deficits, and visuospatial, but not verbal, multitrial learning deficits. Multiple regression models provide evidence for partial dissociation and connectivity between the subsystems, and suggest that greater involvement of caudate may compensate for inefficient corticolimbic-diencephalic components.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Radionuclide study of functional resolution of unilateral renal vein thrombosis.

The diagnosis of unilateral renal vein thrombosis was established in a 50-year-old woman. A functional evaluation, by means of Tc-99m DTPA, was performed almost immediately, and at intervals up to nearly eight months later. Functional return of the involved kidney could be documented by plotting the ratio of affected kidney/total kidney activity. Conservative therapy was accompanied by a return of function of the kidney to 45% of total renal activity.

Female↗

PubMed1991

[Development of the sense of smell, a review].

The pre- and postnatal development of human olfaction is described. Data from animal experiments a partially reviewed as a base for understanding of the results of olfactory testing of babies and children. In rat fetuses the vomero-nasal-organ is used as detector of molecules in the amnion fluid. The perinatal aeration of the nasal cavity allows the adequate stimulation of the olfactory epithelium. The early postnatal olfaction is a brainstem function; later the olfactory cortical area are used for the discrimination between odorants. There are only a few investigations about the olfactory function in childhood, so that the testing of olfaction for detecting abnormal brain developments is just in the beginning.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Expression of a voltage-dependent potassium channel protein (Kv3.1) in the embryonic development of the auditory system.

The present study traces the development of a voltage-dependent potassium channel protein (Kv3.1) in the avian homologue of the cochlear nucleus, in the cochleovestibular ganglion, and in the otic epithelium from early developmental stages until near hatching. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies to the carboxy terminus (recognizing the Kv3.1b splice variant) and to the amino terminus (recognizing either form of Kv3.1) was used on Hamburger-Hamilton-staged chicken embryos. There were three periods in the relative levels of immunostaining in these regions. Early (E2-6), when precursor cells proliferate, migrate, and form axons, there was staining when using either antibody. In the middle period (E6-11), marked by hair cell differentiation, dendritic growth, and early synapse formation, staining levels decreased. In the late period (E11-19), when auditory function begins, staining increased rapidly, especially for Kv3.1b. Early Kv3.1 expression occurs in neuronal and hair cell precursors before they differentiate or function. Later, in the otic epithelium, a high level of Kv3.1 in cilia may precede or coincide with the onset of hair cell function. In neurons, some features of its localization correlate with axon outgrowth and synapse formation, others with the onset of neural activity and function.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

CD18 antibody treatment limits early myocardial reperfusion injury after initial leukocyte deposition.

Following myocardial ischemia, initial reperfusion with whole blood impairs the recovery of ventricular function. The exact mechanisms underlying early myocardial reperfusion injury are not clear, but leukocytes play an important role. In this study, we tested if treating the initial blood reperfusate with a monoclonal antibody (CL26) against the leukocyte adhesion protein (CD18 would reduce the leukocyte contribution to early reperfusion injury. We reasoned that blocking CD18 would reduce the initial retention of leukocytes in the heart and thereby limit the inflammatory response. Rat hearts were isolated and perfused at constant flow with a red cell-rich solution (K2RBC). The perfusate was not recirculated. Baseline measures were made of coronary flow, perfusion pressure, and ventricular pump function. No-flow, normothermic ischemia was induced for 30 min, followed immediately by reperfusion, at the preischemic flowrate, with diluted whole blood (DWB, treated with either vehicle or CL26). Reperfusion was continued with K2RBC for 40 min more, during which postischemic measures were made. We found that the cardiac retention of leukocytes was not significantly different for the two groups, nor were the recoveries of ventricular function. Later in reperfusion (R35), the coronary blood flowrate and the coronary vascular resistances were not different; however, the recoveries of ventricular pump function were significantly different (+dP/dt @ R35 (%Pre-I): Vehicle: 27 +/- 9% (n = 8); CL26: 51 +/- 6% (n = 7); P < 0.05). Also, at R35, the voltage required to capture and pace the vehicle-treated hearts was significantly greater than the voltage required to pace the CL26 hearts (P < 0.05). Because the coronary flowrate and leukocyte retention were similar for both groups, the improved recovery observed in the CL26-treated group was not due to either improved flow or to reduced leukocyte retention. Rather, the findings suggest that the beneficial effect of antibody treatment was to attenuate step(s) in the acute inflammatory response that occurred after the initial deposition of leukocytes in the heart.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Significant correlations between the flow volume of patent ductus venosus and early neonatal liver function: possible involvement of patent ductus venosus in postnatal liver function.

BACKGROUND: The biochemical features of portosystemic venous shunt with high flow volume are hypergalactosaemia, hyperammonaemia, prolonged blood coagulation time, and raised serum bile acid concentration. The ductus venosus remains open with shunt flow in most neonates for a certain period after birth. However, the effects of blood flow through the ductus venosus on neonatal liver function remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effect of patency of the ductus venosus on liver function in early neonates. METHODS: Subjects were divided into three groups by gestational age (group I, 29-32 weeks; group II, 33-36 weeks; group III, 37-41 weeks). The shunt flow volume through the ductus venosus was examined serially using ultrasonography, and correlations between flow volume and liver function in the respective groups were calculated during the first week after birth. RESULTS: Group I had a higher flow volume and later functional closure than the other two groups. Plasma ammonia and serum total bile acid concentrations correlated with flow volume in groups I and II, and blood galactose and galactose 1-phosphate concentrations correlated significantly with flow volume in group III. Percentage hepaplastin also correlated significantly with flow volume in all groups, but plasma vitamin K concentration did not in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Patent ductus venosus has a considerable effect on crucial liver functions such as ammonia detoxification, blood coagulation, and regulation of serum total bile acid concentration in early neonates.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1991

[The surgical treatment of calcaneus fractures].

The treatment of intra-articular fractures of os calcis has so far been controversial. For reconstruction of static and dynamic conditions of the foot, complex deformities must be corrected. Besides intra-articular malformation of the talocalcaneal joint that is supposed to lead to posttraumatic arthritis, there are malalignments like lateral displacement, widening and shortening of the heel, depression of talocalcaneal angles and deviation of talocalcaneal or talocuboidal axes. Even if perfect reconstruction of the talocalcaneal joint is not attained, reconstruction of form will provide a better chance for later function. ORIF is therefore superior to conservative techniques. For indication and planning of the procedure fracture analysis including CT is necessary. A lateral approach allows reconstruction and plate fixation of all intra-articular fracture types. For repositioning, temporary lateral external distraction by external fixation is recommended. The operative technique and results are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

The contribution of risk factors to the effect of early otitis media with effusion on later language, reading, and spelling.

A cohort of 946 children who were screened for otitis media with effusion (OME) from the ages of 2 to 4 were studied for language, reading, and spelling at 7 years of age. The effects of OME in combination with single risk factors and with increasing numbers of risk factors were investigated. An interaction with an additional risk factor was found only for gender and OME, with boys' spelling influenced negatively by a history of OME. OME in combination with preterm birth and low birthweight also appears to put children at risk for later language and educational problems. Although a negative linear relation between the number of risk factors and later functioning was found, it is suggested that OME, even when combined with a number of other risk factors, produces only minor effects on later language, reading, and spelling.

Child↗