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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Hemorrhages of dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in congenitally hydrocephalic HTX rat.

The effects on the brain caused by hydrocephalus have been examined in detail. However, only little attention has been paid to the possibility that hydrocephalus may affect the spinal cord and the spinal ganglia via the spinal canal. Therefore, the present study focused on the pathological changes seen in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia. A total of 651 congenitally hydrocephalic HTX rats were used in this study. The age ranged from postnatal day 0 to postnatal day 520. All of the HTX rats were from littermates raised in our laboratory. Macroscopic and microscopic investigations demonstrated hemorrhages of the dorsal root ganglia in 134 rats among the 235 affected HTX rats. The hemorrhages of the dorsal root ganglia were observed most frequently in the lumbar ganglia and, less frequently, in the cervical ganglia. Of the 134 rats with hemorrhages in the dorsal root ganglia, 34 rats had hemorrhages both in the spinal cord and in the dorsal root ganglia. The spinal cord hemorrhages were distributed mainly around the central canal and in the ventral parts of the posterior funiculus at the lower thoracic and upper lumbar cords. These hemorrhages were seen only in those rats having progressive hydrocephalus. These findings suggest that increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure can cause congestion of the radicular veins, leading to hemorrhages of the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Early events in rabies virus infection of the central nervous system in skunks (Mephitis mephitis).

Twenty-four striped skunks were inoculated intramuscularly (long digital extensor muscle of right pelvic limb) with street rabies virus. Groups of two clinically normal skunks were killed at various times after inoculation; skunks that developed rabies were killed in early stages of the clinical signs. Four clinically normal skunks (numbered 1-4) had slight infection in lumbar spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain. These four skunks were used for detailed immunohistochemical (rabies antigen) studies that included examination of sections from every segment of the spinal cord, most of the spinal ganglia from the 2nd cervical to the 2nd coccygeal (sections at 25-microns intervals of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal ganglia) and brain (sections at 50-micron intervals). In skunks 1-4, there was increasing distribution of antigen-containing neurons that was not correlated with the time elapsed since inoculation. In three skunks (nos. 1, 2 and 3), antigen-containing neurons were predominantly in caudal regions of the spinal cord, caudal right lumbar and sacral spinal ganglia and certain nuclei/regions of the brain (medial reticular formation, right interpositus and lateral vestibular nuclei, left red nucleus, left motor cortex, and left reticular nucleus of the thalamus). Skunk 4 had more extensive infection than skunks 1-3, but the previous pattern was still evident. The results are consistent with viral entrance into the lumbar spinal cord, initial replication mainly at the L2 and L3 levels, local spread in the cord by propriospinal neurons and early transit to the brain via long ascending and descending fiber tracts (bypassing the grey matter of the rostral spinal cord). These mechanisms could provide for early and rapid dissemination in the brain before a significant immune response develops and could induce behavioral changes before the animal is incapacitated by extensive spinal cord infection. Based on the distribution of antigen-containing neurons, the tracts considered most likely to serve as viral transitways from spinal cord to brain include: rubrospinal, corticospinal, spinothalamic, spino-olivary, vestibulospinal and/or spinovestibular, reticulospinal and/or spinoreticular, cerebellospinal and/or spinocerebellar, and dorsal column pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Cholecystokinin in mammalian primary sensory neurons and spinal cord: in situ hybridization studies in rat and monkey.

The peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been suggested to be involved in nociception, but its exact localization at the level of the spinal cord and in spinal ganglia has been a controversial issue. Therefore the distribution of messenger RNA (mRNA) for CCK was studied by in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes on sections of adult rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia following unilateral section of the sciatic nerve and on sections of untreated monkey trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord and spinal ganglia from all levels. For comparison, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mRNA was also studied in the monkey tissue using the same techniques. Peripheral sectioning of the sciatic nerve in the rat resulted in the appearance of detectable CCK mRNA in up to 30% of remaining ipsilateral L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglion neurons 3 weeks after surgery, with a distinct but more limited appearance also in the contralateral ganglia. No cells, or only single cells, could be seen in normal control rat ganglia. In contrast, in the normal monkey, approximately 20% of dorsal root ganglion neurons, regardless of spinal level, and 10% of trigeminal ganglia neurons expressed mRNA for CCK. CGRP mRNA was expressed at detectable levels in approximately 80% of these monkey dorsal root ganglion neurons. In the monkey spinal cord, CCK mRNA was detected in the dorsal horn and in motoneurons, whereas CGRP mRNA was only seen in motoneurons. The present results suggest that CCK peptides can be involved in sensory processing in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in normal monkeys and in rats after peripheral nerve injury, adding one more possible excitatory peptide to the group of mediators in the dorsal horn.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A study on the central neural pathway of the heart, Nei-Kuan (EH-6) and Shen-Men (He-7) with neural tracer in rats.

The purpose of this morphological study was to investigate the relations between meridians, acupoints and viscera using neuroanatomical tracers. The labeled areas of the spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and the brain projecting to the heart, Nei-Kuan (EH-6) and Shen-Men (He-7) were observed following injection of WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRV). The results were as follows. Overlapping bilaterally labeled ganglion areas after heart, Nei-Kuan (EH-6) or Shen-Men (He-7) injection of WGA-HRP were found in middle cervical, stellate and T4 sympathetic and T2-T6 spinal ganglia. In brain, labeled neurons from all three sites were found in the A1 noradrenalin cell group/C1 adrenalin cell group/caudoventrolateral reticular n., n. tractus solitarius, n. ambiguus, rostroventrolateral n., C3 adrenaline cell group, raphe obscurus n., raphe pallidus n., raphe magnus n., lateral paragigantocellular reticular n., locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus n., Kolliker-Fuse n., A5 cell group, central gray matter, paraventricular hypothalamic n. and arcuate hypothalamic n.. In conclusion, these morphological results suggest that the interrelationship of acupoints (Nei-Kuan and Shen-Men) and viscera (heart) may be related to the central autonomic centers of the spinal cord and brain.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1983

Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the newt (Triturus cristatus).

The distribution of immunoreactive substance P (sP)-containing structures in the newt brain and spinal cord was explored with an indirect immunofluorescence method. Five sP-positive elements were detected: perikarya, dots, fibers, pericellular appositions, and pipe-shaped structures. Perikarya were seen at the levels of the spinal ganglia, spinal cord, raphe nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, mesencephalon, preoptic area, infundibulum, dorsocaudal part of the ventral hypothalamus, habenula, and corpus striatum. Pericellular terminals were observed in periventricular areas, known to be rich in catecholaminergic cells; pipe-shaped structures were observed from the corpus striatum to diencephalon, and in mesencephalon. The olfactory nerve and nuclei were devoid of sP-positive elements. Six sP-immunofluorescent pathways were detected. One of them is composed of axons with huge varicosities and extends from the lateral spinal cord area to the mesencephalon. This pathway has not been described as yet in other animals and could be peculiar to the newt.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The evolution of intracellular responses to acrylamide in rat spinal ganglion neurons.

Acrylamide (30 mg or 50 mg/kg/day, 5 days each week) was injected intraperitoneally into rats for up to 4 weeks. Lumbar spinal ganglia, spinal cord and lumbrical muscle spindles were examined by light and electron microscopy at various times during this period. The first abnormalities in spinal ganglion neurons were seen at 7 days when an apparent increase in numbers of mitochondria, some being hypertrophic, were found in a few large light cells. This was 10 days before any significant Wallerian degeneration was found in muscle spindle sensory fibres. Mitochondrial changes became more marked with time and were later associated with RER disruption, loss of neurofilaments and peripheral displacement of the nucleus thus mimicking chromatolysis of the axon reaction. All these changes began, however, before axon degeneration. Evidence of increased satellite cell activity was maximal at 21 days. These changes are discussed in the light of the possibility that calcium entry into the cell may be seriously increased early in the intoxication as a direct result of the presence of acrylamide and that many of these cellular features are secondary responses to such an event. Distal degeneration of axons seems likely to be secondary to the perikaryal changes.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1983

The development of substance P, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in sympathetic and spinal sensory ganglia of the chick embryo.

Antisera to substance P, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were produced in rabbits and used to establish radioimmunoassays. The specificities and sensitivities of the assays were characterised before using them to measure the levels of these peptides in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia and spinal sensory ganglia of embryonic chicks. The immunoreactive materials in the developing ganglia were shown to be identical with the peptides by the criterion of co-elution on reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of the peptides varied independently during the developmental period studied between day 8 and hatching at day 20 of incubation. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was first detectable on day 12 in the sympathetic ganglia and the levels increased through to hatching, at which time it first became detectable in the sensory ganglia. In contrast, substance P and somatostatin were detectable in both sensory and sympathetic ganglia throughout the period studied: the content of substance P increased up to day 18 after which time it declined, and somatostatin was present initially (day 8) at high levels before rapidly declining to a minimum at day 10 and then slowly increasing again, in parallel with the general growth of the ganglia, reflected by their protein contents. The differential changes in levels of substance P, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide during development indicates that different regulatory mechanisms are responsible for the ontogenesis of individual peptide phenotypes in the peripheral nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Assessment of immunological properties of neurofilament triplet proteins.

The relationship between mammalian neurofilament triplet proteins was studied immunologically using rabbit and guinea pig antibodies to bovine neurofilament triplet proteins. Neurofilament proteins were separated by preparative electrophoresis, each protein being isolated and re-electrophoresed to enhance purification. Antisera to 68,000 (P68), 150,000 (P150) and 200,000 (P200) dalton neurofilament proteins showed greatest activity with the corresponding protein immunogen but also revealed cross-reactivity with the other two neurofilament proteins when assessed by the ELISA method. The same antigenic inoculum elicited variable cross-reactivity, more in the guinea pig than in the rabbit. Rabbit antisera to P68 was specific in that it did not cross-react with P150 or P200. Rabbit antisera to P150 and to P200 were rendered specific by absorption with P200 and P150, respectively. By electron microscopy, isolated neurofilaments became decorated with an uniform coat of antibodies when exposed to specific antisera for each of the neurofilament proteins. By indirect immunofluorescence, each antisera showed identical patterns of tissue localization, corresponding to the distribution of neurofilaments in peripheral nerve, spinal ganglia, spinal cord, cerebellum and cerebrum. Neurofilament antigens were not detected in liver, kidney, spleen, lung, bladder, intestine, aorta, heart or tongue.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Murine Hox-1.11 homeobox gene structure and expression.

The Hox-1.11 gene encodes a protein 372 amino acid residues long that contains a conserved pentapeptide, a homeodomain, and an acidic region. The amino acid sequence of the homeodomain of Hox-1.11 is identical to that of Hox-2.8, and the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of Hox-1.11 are similar to those of human HOX2H, which is the equivalent of murine Hox-2.8. The Hox-1.11 gene was shown to reside on murine chromosome 6, which contains the Hox-1 cluster of homeobox genes. One species of Hox-1.11 poly(A)+ RNA approximately 1.7 kb long was detected in mouse embryos, which is most abundant in 12-day-old embryos and progressively decreases during further embryonic development. The most anterior expression of Hox-1.11 poly(A)+ RNA in 12- to 14-day-old mouse embryos was shown by in situ hybridization to be in the mid and posterior hindbrain. Hox-1.11 poly(A)+ RNA also is expressed in the VII and VIII cranial ganglia, spinal cord, spinal ganglia, larynx, lungs, vertebrae, sternum, and intestine.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

[Diurnal rhythm of sensitivity of nerve cell genome activity to changed motor regime].

Diurnal variations in the incorporation of labelled precursors of RNA and proteins into the spinal, stem, and cerebral cell populations of the rat nervous system were studied on surviving brain slices under standard conditions and during exercise by swimming. Cosinor analysis of the relative level of 3H-uridine incorporation into spinal ganglia L5, superior cervical ganglia, spinal cord L5, hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and cerebellar cortex revealed that the arrangement of the calculated acrophases of these organs in the dark period of a day. The acrophases of visual and somatosensory cortical cells were observed in the light period of a day. The calculated maximum values of the rate of 3H-leucine incorporation into nerve cell proteins (the internal acrophases ranged from 3 to 9 hours) were seen at certain intervals. Thus, the processes providing the function of a protein-synthesizing apparatus of nerve cells are characterized by a definite time organization and these processes vary significantly in their activity during a diurnal cycle. Depending on the time of a day when exercise was performed, there were differences in the changing activity of genetic and protein-synthesizing apparatuses during nerve cell reactions. This is associated with the different time of the onset of a reaction, passage of its some stages, with the rate of processes, and with the periods of normalization. The curves of a phasic response are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Neurotrophic interaction of spinal cord ganglia with different tissues].

Spinal ganglia L5-L6 together with mesocolon (innervated from these ganlia) and tongue epithelium were transplanted into the anterior chamber of the cat eye. In 2 months survival of some of the sensory neurons and intensive regeneration of their nerve fibers was observed. At the same time the mesocolon tissues with the mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles) were found to survive. Destruction of the tongue epithelium was revealed. The trophic effect of definite sensory ganglia on the tissue corresponding to them provided structural intactness of this tissue and of its receptor apparatus. It is suggested that the metabolic conformity of the tissue and the source of its innervation is necessary for the tissue survival.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Changes in galanin immunoreactivity in rat lumbosacral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia after spinal cord injury.

Alterations in the expression of the neuropeptide galanin were examined in micturition reflex pathways 6 weeks after complete spinal cord transection (T8). In control animals, galanin expression was present in specific regions of the gray matter in the rostral lumbar and caudal lumbosacral spinal cord, including: (1) the dorsal commissure; (2) the superficial dorsal horn; (3) the regions of the intermediolateral cell column (L1-L2) and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (L6-S1); and (4) the lateral collateral pathway in lumbosacral spinal segments. Densitometry analysis demonstrated significant increases (P < or = 0.001) in galanin immunoreactivity (IR) in these regions of the S1 spinal cord after spinal cord injury (SCI). Changes in galanin-IR were not observed at the L4-L6 segments except for an increase in galanin-IR in the dorsal commissure in the L4 segment. In contrast, decreases in galanin-IR were observed in the L1 segment. The number of galanin-IR cells increased (P < or = 0.001) in the L1 and S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after SCI. In all DRG examined (L1, L2, L6, and S1), the percentage of bladder afferent cells expressing galanin-IR significantly increased (4-19-fold) after chronic SCI. In contrast, galanin expression in nerve fibers in the urinary bladder detrusor and urothelium was decreased or eliminated after SCI. Expression of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was altered in the spinal cord after SCI. A significant increase in BDNF expression was present in spinal cord segments after SCI. In contrast, NGF expression was only increased in the spinal segments adjacent and rostral to the transection site (T7-T8), whereas spinal segments (T13-L1; L6-S1), distal to the transection site exhibited decreased NGF expression. Changes in galanin expression in micturition pathways after SCI may be mediated by changing neurotrophic factor expression, particularly BDNF. These changes may contribute to urinary bladder dysfunction after SCI.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed2002

Regulation of neurogenesis by neurotrophins in developing spinal sensory ganglia.

Neurons and glia in spinal sensory ganglia derive from multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells. In contrast to neural progenitor cells in the central nervous system, neural crest progenitors coexist with differentiated sensory neurons all throughout the neurogenic period. Thus, developing sensory ganglia are advantageous for determining the possible influence of cell-cell interactions in the regulation of precursor proliferation and neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are important regulators of neuronal survival in the developing vertebrate nervous system and, in addition, they appear to influence precursor behavior in vitro. Studies in mice carrying mutations in neurotrophin genes provide a good system in which to analyze essential actions of these factors on the different developing neural populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Fenestrated blood capillaries in rat cranio-spinal sensory ganglia.

Several fenestrated capillaries were seen in the endoneurium of trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia from two young adult albino rats treated with tetraethylthiuram disulfide. The finding is regarded as normal, although the possibility exists that intoxication with tetraethylthiuram disulfide may have enhanced the intensity and/or rate of this cytologic specialization of some isolated endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of forelimb amputation and denervation on protein synthesis in spinal cord ganglia of the newt.

Analysis of the effects of forelimb amputation and denervation on [35S]methionine incorporation into the protein of newt brachial plexus nerve ganglia showed that amputation increases the level of protein synthesis about 4-fold as compared with that of control (nonamputated) animals. Denervation without amputation nearly doubles the level of protein synthesis as compared with controls. Analysis of labeled protein by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and radioautogram revealed incorporation patterns that are similar to controls; this observation suggests that amputation affects nerve cells quantitatively rather than qualitatively, in influencing the production of putative neurotrophic agents. A group of basic proteins ranging in Mr from 15,000 to 31,000 are prominently expressed in these radioautograms from experimental ganglia and may be important in promoting forelimb regeneration in the newt.

Amputation, Surgical↗