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Results for “Immunity, Humoral”

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PubMed1995

Prenatal alcohol exposure selectively suppresses cell-mediated but not humoral immune responsiveness.

The present study examined effects of fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) on the ability of peripubertal male and female rats to mount a humoral immune response against T-cell-dependent as well as independent antigens. The appropriate pair-fed (PF) and control (C) cohort rats were included. Serum immunoglobulins (Ig) levels were determined following a primary or secondary immune response. In addition, plasma corticosterone levels were measured in conscious, freely moving FAE, PF and C rats following sensitization with the T-cell-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The study demonstrates that, in response to primary or secondary immunization, serum Ig levels in FAE rats were not significantly different from those in the PF or C cohorts. On the other hand, a marked reduction in mitogen-induced T-cell proliferative response was observed in FAE male rats in the same age group. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were increased almost four-fold 7 days after the primary immunization with SRBC, but there were no significant differences among the FAE, PF or C groups. Taken together, evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies indicates that FAE is associated with a selective impairment of cell-mediated immune function, including mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation, graft versus host as well as contact sensitization responses, but not of humoral immune function.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Humoral immune response to the capsular polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C in an antimeningococcal BC vaccination trial in Antioquia, Colombia].

As a complement to studying humoral immune response to the proteins of an antimeningococcal vaccine (VA-MENGOC-BC) against serogroups B and C, the humoral immune response to polysaccharide C of the vaccine was also evaluated in 142 children from 1 to 5 years of age in an area of the Department of Antioquia, Colombia. Paired pre-(T0) and post-vaccination (T1) sera were tested for IgG response by means of ELISA and for serum lytic capacity against a strain of serogroup C by means of the bactericidal antibodies test (BAT). Response to the vaccine was statistically significant (P < 0.01) by both techniques. PAB demonstrated seroconversion (T1/T0 > or = 4) in 88% (95% confidence interval, CI95%: 80% to 95%) of all those who were seronegative before vaccination. The proportion of seroconversion in children 2, 3, and 4 years of age was 86% or more. Of all the sera tested with ELISA, 93% (CI95%: 89% to 97%) showed response to the vaccine (T1/T0 > or = 2), and 98% (CI95%: 94% to 100%) of the subjects with T0 < or = 500 U/mL seroconverted. In this sample, the vaccine stimulated a specific and protective response as measured by ELISA and BAT, the latter test being utilized to evaluate protection status.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2001

Humoral immune responses of black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) after DNA-mediated immunization with a beta-galactosidase reporter gene.

Humoral immune responses of black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) to DNA-mediated immunization with a beta-galactosidase reporter gene expression plasmid were evaluated. Six male and 6 female adult penguins received either test plasmid, pCMV-beta, containing the beta-galactosidase gene or control plasmid, pCI, lacking a gene for expression. Three birds from each group were used previously in a diluent control group and given one injection of sterile saline. All samples were screened for anti-beta-galactosidase antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with anti-chicken immunoglobulin G as secondary antibody. Antibodies to beta-galactosidase were detected in the sera of pCMV-beta-inoculated penguins, with a peak response on day 21. Antibody titers of the test plasmid group versus both control groups on days 21, 28, and 42 differed significantly. These results demonstrate that black-footed penguins can be safely transfected with the gene encoding beta-galactosidase and will mount a humoral response against the in vivo-expressed protein. Knowledge from this initial study can be applied to the development of DNA-mediated vaccines against specific infectious diseases of penguins.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Primary humoral immune response against tumor membrane antigens and foreign antigens by plasma cell tumor bearer mice.

The MOPC-460 plasma cell tumor possesses tumor specific antigens. It nevertheless grows and kills its syngeneic host. The possible impairment of immune responsiveness in tumor bearing mice was investigated by measuring their ability to mount a humoral immune response against foreign antigens, such as sheep red blood cells or bacteriophage T4. No significant decrease in the response to either antigen was found until the tumor mass exceeded 10-15% of the host's body weight. Moreover, circulating anti-tumor antibodies were detected in the serum throughout the initial period of tumor growth. The possible interference of these antibodies with cell-mediated defence mechanism was ruled out by experiments where the humoral response was selectively suppressed from birth by repeated administrations of anti-immunoglobulin heavy chain antiserum. In a "suppressed" mice, tumors took, grew and developed more rapidly than in controls. It is concluded that, at least in the model studied, the humoral immune response operates as a defence mechanism against expansion of the tumor clone.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Cell-mediated and humoral immune response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs enhanced by dextran sulfate.

The effect of dextran sulfate (DS), known to be cytotoxic to macrophages, on the cell-mediated and humoral immune response to nonviable Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs was investigated. The cell-mediated immune response was determined by means of lymphocyte transformation a test, using uptake of [3H]thymidine in a microculture system and the humoral immune response by means of a microplate complement-fixation test. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from pigs vaccinated with nonviable M hyopneumoniae and DS incorporated substantially more [3H]thymidine than did those from pigs given Mycoplasma or DS alone. The transformation of lymphocytes from M hyopneumoniae-DS vaccinated pigs was enhanced when M hyopneumoniae cells used in the assay system were heated at 60 C for 30 minutes. Similarly prepared M flocculare and M hyorhinis cells also stimulated lymphocytes from M hyopneumoniae-DS vaccinated pigs, but not nearly as great as when M hyopneumoniae cells were used. The humoral antibody response and the cell-mediated immune response to nonviable M hyopneumoniae was markedly enhanced by DS. Pigs were vaccinated with nonviable M hyopneumoniae and/or DS 4 times and challenge exposed intratracheally with viable M hyopneumoniae. Pigs vaccinated with M hyopneumoniae and DS had less severe pneumonia than did nonvaccinated pigs.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Role of B cell antigen processing and presentation in the humoral immune response.

In the 25 years since it was first indicated that lymphocyte subpopulations must interact during the generation of a humoral immune response, there has been an explosion of data on the molecular mechanism of this interaction. It has been demonstrated that T cells recognize a processed antigen fragment presented by a major histocompatibility complex molecule on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. The minimal peptides required for T cell recognition of several proteins have been determined, the molecular genetics of many of the cell surface molecules involved have been defined, and the three-dimensional structure of the T cell receptor and the major histocompatibility antigens have been deduced. Several cell types have been found to act as antigen-presenting cells, although the roles of these populations in vivo remain unclear. However, it is clear that there must be a physical interaction between a B cell and a T cell before the B cell can respond to a T-dependent antigen. This interaction requires processing and presentation of the antigen by the B cell. Therefore this review focuses on antigen processing and presentation by resting B cells, one of the key steps in initiation of a humoral immune response.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Humoral immunity in women with a normally proceeding pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by iron-deficiency anemia].

The authors studied the state of humoral immunity in thirty six female individuals with normal pregnancy, 52 ones presenting with mild anemia, 33 with moderately severe, and 14 with severe anemia, as well as in twelve healthy non-pregnant women. The studies were made by trimesters in the time course of pregnancy. Those pregnant with no anemia demonstrated lowering of B-lymphocytes, rise in circulating immune complexes (CIC) as compared to the non-pregnant individuals; no difference in the immunoglobulins content was noted. In anemia of the pregnant women the immunity B-system gets suppressed with progression of anemia, CIG tend to be on the increase, IgM and IgG get augmented during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The above changes suggest some inadequacy of humoral immunity in anemia of pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Macrophage-derived complement component C4 can restore humoral immunity in C4-deficient mice.

Mice with a disrupted C4 locus (C4(-/-)) have an impaired immune response to thymus-dependent Ags. To test the role of bone marrow-derived C4 in humoral immunity, we reconstituted deficient animals with wild-type bone marrow or an enriched fraction of bone marrow-derived macrophages. C4 chimeras were immunized with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl(5) conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (NP(5)- KLH) or infected with HSV-1, and the Ab response was evaluated. Wild-type bone marrow rescued the humoral immune response to both Ags, i.e., the soluble Ag and HSV-1, demonstrating that local C4 production is sufficient for humoral responses. Although the C4 chimeric animals lacked detectable C4 in their sera, C4 mRNA was identified in splenic sections by in situ hybridization, and C4 protein deposits were identified in the germinal center areas of splenic follicles by immunofluorescence staining. Macrophages derived from bone marrow produced sufficient C4 protein to restore the humoral response to NP(5)-KLH in C4-deficient animals when administered along with Ag. Cell-sorting experiments, followed by C4-specific RT-PCR, identified splenic macrophages (CD11b(+), CD11c(-)) as a cellular source for C4 synthesis within the spleen.

Adoptive Transfer↗

PubMed1999

An enhanced humoral immune response against the swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, compared with the European eel, A. anguilla.

The humoral immune response in the two eel species, Anguilla japonica and Anguilla anguilla against two fractions of antigens in Anguillicola crassus were studied. Within species, both eel species showed significantly elevated titres compared with controls when immunized with antigens from Anguillicola crassus. In interspecific comparison, Anguilla japonica showed significantly elevated titres in comparison with Anguilla anguilla. Immunization of Anguilla anguilla caused a significantly decrease in the plasma levels of protein in comparison with control fish and all groups of Anguilla japonica. In contrast, Anguilla japonica showed significantly lower plasma levels of Ig in all groups compared with Anguilla anguilla. The different susceptibilities to Anguillicola crassus between the natural host, Anguilla japonica, and the naive, Anguilla anguilla, is partly due to differences in the ability of the two eel species to mount a humoral immune response.

Anguilla↗

PubMed1992

Humoral immune response patterns of human mucosae: induction and relation to bacterial respiratory tract infections.

Immunoglobulin-producing cells in mucosal tissues, quantitatively the body's most important humoral immune system, synthesize mainly dimers and larger polymers of IgA (poly-IgA) with incorporated J (joining) chain. Poly-IgA is actively transported to exocrine secretions by a transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein called secretory component. Enhancing secretory immunity by oral vaccination is an interesting possibility, but mucosal antigen uptake and local immune regulation are complex and only partly understood. Immunoglobulin isotype response patterns in the upper respiratory mucosa and distal gut are strikingly different. The preferential production of IgA1 in nasal and bronchial mucosae is intriguing in view of the frequent synthesis of IgA1-specific proteases by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. A relationship of proneness to produce invasive disease and enzymatically induced deterioration of secretory immunity has been proposed. Differences in mucosal immune response patterns among patients with selective IgA deficiency or IgG subclass deficiencies also suggest that local humoral immunity is an important variable in resistance to infections.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Humoral immune response during filarial fever in Bancroftian filariasis.

Humoral immune responses against filarial parasitic infection were studied in 62 cases of acute filarial disease presenting with filarial fever with adenolymphangitis, in a community where Bancroftian filariasis was endemic, during and about one month before and after the febrile episode. Their total leucocyte and differential peripheral blood cell counts and anti-streptolysin O titre were determined and compared. Polymorphonuclear cellular responses and anti-streptolysin O titre did not show any significant alteration during and after fever. Three of 53 previously amicrofilaraemic subjects (9 of whom were initially microfilaraemic) had microfilaria in their circulation during fever, with a significant increase in their geometric mean microfilaria count. Titres of specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgG4 antibody to Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial excretory/secretory antigens (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) decreased significantly during the fever and the lower levels were maintained one month after fever. The mean circulating immune complex level increased significantly during fever, and a significant percentage of cases demonstrated circulating filarial antigen during fever, which declined after one month, suggesting the release of filarial antigen into the circulation during fever which bound to antibodies to form immune complexes. These observations do not support the suggestion that bacterial infection is the aetiology of filarial fever. It is postulated that antigens released from parasites into the circulation during parturition by adult worms may evoke an allergic response in the host, causing periodic febrile episodes.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Donor-specific cellular and humoral immunity after clinical kidney transplantation.

The cellular and humoral immune response against donor lymphocytes was studied in 10 patients transplanted with kidneys from living related donors. Nine of the grafts were functioning well at the time of the study. No direct (T) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against donor cells was demonstrated. Specific anti-donor antibodies were found in two recipients with well accepted grafts. Their antisera were active in antibody-induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity (AICC) and inhibited the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), but were negative in complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC). Thus, no single immunological factor responsible for a favorable clinical course could be demonstrated. Neither complete T nor complete B cell tolerance against donor cells had developed, and a well tolerated graft could co-exist with antibodies directed against donor cells.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1997

Early Lyme disease: Humoral immune status and treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the humoral immune status and the effect of antibiotic treatment in Bulgarian patients with early Lyme disease. METHODS: A total of 34 early Lyme disease patients was examined, 16 with erythema migrans and 18 with non-specific systemic symptoms. Serum samples from all patients and from 12 healthy controls were tested for total immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM), hemolytic activity of complement (CH50) and immune complexes (ICs). The patients were treated with doxycycline (100 mg orally, twice daily for 10 to 15 days, in one or two courses). RESULTS: The patients showed significantly increased IC levels (P<0.01 for patients with erythema migrans and P<0.001 for patients with non-specific symptoms). There were no significant changes in the levels of total hemolytic complement and total immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM). The clinical outcome was satisfactory in 21 of the 34 patients (61.8%) after treatment with doxycycline for 10 to 15 days. The rest of the patients (38.2%) failed to respond to the therapy, and continued to report various complaints, such as arthralgia, myalgia, paresthesia, headache, fatigue or recurrent rash. All of these had elevated levels of IC. After a second course of treatment with the same antibiotic regimen these patients had resolution of symptoms (12 patients) or improvement (1 patient). CONCLUSIONS: Immunologic investigation may be useful in determining treatment strategy in Lyme disease. Elevated IC levels may indicate a need for more prolonged antibiotic therapy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

[Humoral immunity in young hypertension patients].

The state of humoral immunity was investigated in 72 young-age patients suffering of hypertensive disease. It was established that there occurred an increase of the level of immunoglobins, circulating immune complexes and antibodies to lipoproteids of low density in hypertensive disease. This indicates the importance of immunological changes in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Detection of humoral immune response to Gnathostoma spinigerum in mice.

The humoral immune response to early third stage larvae (EL3) and advanced third stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection was studied in mice by Ouchterlony gel diffusion technique. The antibodies was detected at week 3 in mice infected with EL3 and remained up to week 10 after infection. Highest positive sample of sera were demonstrated at week 4 to week 7. Similar results were obtained from AL3 infected sera except the antibodies was found and disappeared earlier (week 2 to week 6). G. spinigerum larvae recovery from mice in both groups showed that the number of advanced third stage larvae located in muscle correlated to the peak of positive sera. No cross reaction was observed on positive sera of G. spinigerum and antigens of A. cantonensis, P. siamensis, T. spiralis, O. viverrini and A. ceylanicum. Cross reaction was shown on the G. spinigerum antigen against rat sera with angiostrongyliasis and bandicoot sera with paragonimiasis.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Cellular mediated and humoral immunity of tuberculosis].

Review on cellular mediated and humoral immunity in tuberculosis, the research of which Robert Koch has fundamentally initiated. Problems of immunity are playing a role in the course of tuberculous infection and disease, in BCG-vaccination and in therapy. T-lymphocytes and activated macrophage system contribute to regulate resistance to tuberculous infection. the role of antituberculous antibodies in the course of tuberculous is still not fully clear. Genetic control mechanisms of immune response seem to exit also in tuberculosis, observed in animal experiments (mice). There can be selected 2 lines of animals with with quite different tuberculous resistance, highly sensible and more resistant strains to tuberculous infection, reacting also differently in their immune response. Immunological methods have a significance already obvious for estimation of prognosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

The T-dependent and T-independent humoral immune response in cobra venom treated mice.

The humoral immune response to T-dependent antigens (SRBC, DNP5BSA, DNP50BSA, DNP-KLH) and T-independent antigens (SIII, Levan, DNP-SIII, DNP-Levan) was studied by hemolytic plaque assay in mice depleted of C3 by Cobra venom treatment. Suppression of the immune response in C3 depleted animals was not restricted only to T-dependent response and also the response to some T-dependent antigens (DNP50-BSA, DNP-KLH) was not suppressed under conditions of the experiment. Results are discussed in relation to postulated exclusive role of C3 in the induction of T-dependent immune response.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The physiological adaptation functions of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with phlegmons of the maxillofacial area].

In order to evaluate the necessity in immunocorrective therapy the patients with maxillofacial phlegmons were tested for their cellular and humoral immunity. A slight increase or decrease in immunity indices before surgery in several patients were not beyond the physiological norm. Postoperative repetitive investigations the immune parameters attained the mean levels or even went higher without immune-correcting therapy. The above changes are characteristic of the peculiarities of cellular and humoral immunity in individual patients and do not require any interference into the immune system.

Adaptation, Physiological↗