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PubMed1997

Factors affecting compliance with colorectal cancer screening in France: differences between intention to participate and actual participation.

This study aimed to identify the social, cultural and psychological characteristics influencing behaviour in a cancer mass screening campaign in a French population. The intention to take a screening test and actually doing it was studied, in particular. A self reported-questionnaire was mailed in December 1992 to a random sample of people living in Caen (western France), and aged from 45-74 years. The sample was formed by random selection from electoral registers. The study was population based, in the Caen area, department of Calvados, France. The questionnaire comprised 26 open and close questions. Starting in February 1993, the occult blood screening test (haemoccult IIR) for colorectal cancer was offered by general practitioners (GPs), occupational health doctors and pharmacists in the Caen area to all those aged 45-74 years. From 1 February 1993 to 30 June 1994, the data on the mass screening campaign were centralized and the study population divided into those who took the screening test and those who did not. Of the 1,129 persons contacted, 645 (57.1%) returned the questionnaire. After exclusions, 585 questionnaires were used for analysis. The results show that whether a person will actually take a screening test cannot be predicted from their intention to do so. The sociodemographic and cultural characteristics influencing the intention to take the test differ from those influencing execution of the test. Among the variables tested here, the following four sociodemographic and cultural characteristics were independently predictive of actually taking the screening test for colorectal cancer: compliance with the health insurer's advice; low or medium sociodemographic status, living with a partner (or widowhood); and not knowing someone with cancer. The analysis of the quantitative and qualitative differences between the intention to take the test and actually doing it could elucidate the reasons underlying refusal. Poor screening compliance has multiple causes. A record of intention to take a screening test alone is not appropriate. This type of study should no longer be carried out to determine the mechanisms underlying behaviour towards secondary prevention.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

Implementation intentions and facilitation of prospective memory.

Forming detailed implementation intentions for a future behavior can increase the probability that the behavior is actually completed. We investigated whether this intention effect could be used to improve prospective memory in older adults. As expected, participants who formed an implementation intention were more than twice as likely to self-initiate the intended behavior (writing down the day of the week on every sheet of paper received during the experiment) compared with participants who either were merely instructed to do so or actively rehearsed the instruction. Forming an implementation intention, however did not improve performance on a task that required a response to salient cues. We conclude that detailed implementation intentions facilitate prospective memory on tasks that lack salient cues and require self-initiation.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Correlates of intent for repeat HIV testing among low-income women attending an urgent care clinic in the urban south.

A central challenge of the AIDS epidemic among African American women is promoting acceptance of repeat HIV testing among those at risk of infection. We conducted an exploratory study designed to identify behavioral and psychosocial correlates of intent for repeat HIV testing among women disenfranchised from traditional health care delivery systems. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 143 women attending an urgent care center in the urban South. In multivariate analyses, three psychosocial correlates were significantly associated with women's intent for repeat testing. Women who expressed less worry about HIV were substantially more likely, than those expressing greater worry, to report low intent for repeat testing [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 10.6, p = 0.001]. Concern about having blood drawn was also robustly associated with intent (AOR = 7.3, p = 0.002). Finally, a one unit increase on the 5-point scale assessing less agreement that having HIV would make life complicated corresponded to 3.3 greater odds of indicating low intent (AOR = 3.3, p = 0.002). Study findings provide a potential focal point for efforts designed to promote repeat HIV testing among women from the study population.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1991

Predisposing effects of cigarette advertising on children's intentions to smoke when older.

Six hundred and forty Glasgow children, initially aged between 11 and 14 years, were interviewed twice, with approximately one year between interviews. Children whose intentions to smoke when older became more positive between the two interviews tended to be more aware of cigarette advertising at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were negative at both interviews). Children whose intentions to smoke became more negative between the interviews tended to be less appreciative of cigarette advertisements at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were positive at both interviews). Since both groups differed from their respective contrast groups before their declared intentions changed, these findings support the view that cigarette advertising has predisposing as well as reinforcing effects on children's attitudes and behaviour with respect to smoking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Knowledge of treatment intent among patients with advanced cancer: a longitudinal study.

Increasingly, patients with cancer wish to be more fully informed about their disease, treatment and prognosis, and to participate in decision making. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge of diagnosis and goals of treatment among patients with advanced cancer, and also to assess whether this knowledge changed over time. A cohort of 181 subjects with advanced cancer receiving palliative therapies were interviewed at entry and again 12 weeks later. Knowledge of disease diagnosis, treatment intent, and the main sources of information were determined. Twenty per cent of subjects considered their illness to be non-life threatening, and 46% correctly perceived treatment intent as non-curative; 29% believed the intent of treatment was cure. Subjects resident in rural areas were more likely to misunderstand the goal of their treatment. Treatment modality was significantly associated with knowledge of treatment intent, and subjects in the last 6 months of life had clearer understanding that treatment intent was non-curative. Many patients with advanced cancer do not understand the goals of treatment. Excessive optimism may lead to impaired decision making. Further empirical research into information transfer and predictors of accurate patient understanding would assist clinicians in their discussions of prognosis and potential treatment outcomes with patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Practice nurses' intentions to use clinical guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that, although nurses are increasingly using clinical guidelines to ensure higher quality of care, there is a wide variance in their adherence to them. The utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has not been previously investigated in explaining this variance in community nursing. AIM: This paper reports a study whose primary aim was to examine the utility of the TPB in explaining variations in practice nurses' intentions to offer smoking cessation advice in accordance with coronary heart disease guidelines. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using a postal questionnaire was carried out. A 52-item questionnaire was administered to 48 practice nurses in England. The questionnaire was designed to assess the components of the TPB, and included measures of intentions to offer smoking cessation advice, self-reported past behaviour, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural controls (PBCs), behavioural beliefs and evaluations, normative beliefs and motivation to comply, and control beliefs and evaluations. RESULTS: The TPB explained up to 40% of variance in intentions to offer smoking cessation advice. Attitudes and PBCs were the most important predictors of intention. Among other elements of the TPB, indirect attitudes and indirect PBCs made significant positive contributions to explaining variance in intention. DISCUSSION: Future trials of interventions to increase practice nurses' adherence to clinical guidelines could attempt to address the elements identified in this study as important factors. Further studies are required to examine the utility of the TPB in predicting practice nurses' behaviour.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Nurses' perceptions of severe acute respiratory syndrome: relationship between commitment and intention to leave nursing.

AIMS: This paper reports a study which aimed to: (1) investigate the relationship between nurses' commitment to the nursing profession and organization and their intention to leave; (2) investigate nurses' perceptions of the possibility of acquiring severe acute respiratory syndrome infection and its moderation of their commitment to the nursing profession and the organization and their consequent intentions to leave the profession and the organization following the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. BACKGROUND: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003 resulted in a fatality rate of approximately 11%. Nurses in hospitals caring for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome maintained close contact with the infected patients. The high risk of infection and death associated with caring for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome had a great impact on nurse retention in hospitals. Nurse turnover in many countries where these outbreaks occurred has been high since the first outbreak occurred in March 2003. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty nurses working at a Taiwan hospital during the time of the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak completed the Meyer, Allen & Smith Organizational and Occupational Commitment Scales, Intention to Leave and Perceived Stress of Infection Scales between July and August 2003. RESULTS: All three components of occupational and organizational commitments were negatively associated with nurses' intentions to leave the nursing profession and the organization. Nurses' perceptions of the possibility of acquiring severe acute respiratory syndrome infection through caring for these patients had a moderating effect on the relationship between commitment and the intention to leave. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived risk to life from infection has a possible influence on the commitment/intention-to-leave model in hospital nurses caring for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome, and this information can inform hospital and nursing managers about nurse retention following a severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak and the management of commitment in the context of nursing human resources management.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Delayed therapy with curative intent in a contemporary prostate cancer watchful-waiting cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of delayed therapy with curative intent, an increasingly common option in contemporary patients with prostate cancer who initially choose watchful waiting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The characteristics of all patients at one institution and diagnosed with T1-4NXM0 prostate cancer between 1993 and 2000 were prospectively recorded. Factors recorded included: age, tumour stage, histological type, Gleason score, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate volume, PSA density (PSAD), percentage of positive biopsy cores, and the initial treatment selection. Outcomes, including all cancer-directed interventions, all serum PSA values, and initial outcomes of all interventions with curative intent, were determined by review of all medical records and cancer registry data. RESULTS: Of 187 patients on watchful waiting, 175 had stage T1 or T2 cancer and were analysed primarily. Thirty-eight (22%) of these patients received delayed intervention with curative intent (15 radical prostatectomy, 17 external beam radiotherapy, six brachytherapy). Age (P < 0.001) and percentage of positive biopsy cores (P = 0.042) were significant independent predictors of intervention with curative intent. When the PSA doubling time was added to the model it became a significant predictor (P = 0.018), with percentage positive biopsy cores (P = 0.022) and age (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with curative intent is common in contemporary patients with prostate cancer who initially choose watchful waiting. Age and percentage positive biopsy cores are independent predictors of such intervention, with PSA doubling time also an independent predictor.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2005

Radical cystectomy in patients aged > or = 75 years: an updated review of patients treated with curative and palliative intent.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the morbidity and mortality of radical cystectomy in a group of unselected patients aged > or = 75 years who were treated with curative and palliative intent. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 53 patients aged 75-90 years (median 78.8 years) who had radical cystectomies between May 1994 and July 2002. The patients were divided into two groups: 46 were treated with curative intent (group A) and seven with palliative intent (group B). The indications for cystectomy in group A were recurrent and otherwise therapy-resistant bladder cancer, severe irritative voiding symptoms, and recurrent macrohaematuria. The indications in group B were advanced pelvic malignancy with severe irritative voiding symptoms, severe pain, and recurrent macrohaematuria requiring blood transfusions. Patients were categorized according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, with a score of II in 28 patients, III in 21 and IV in four. Complications and mortality before, during and after surgery, and the duration of hospital stay and clinical outcome, were assessed. RESULTS; The early mortality rate in group A was 4% (2/46); in group B two patients died after prolonged complications. The median (range) hospital stay was 28 (6-56) days, and was significantly longer in patients with complications, at a median (range) of 36 (6-70) days. The complication rates early and late after surgery in group A were 22% and 11%, respectively, and in group B, five of seven (early). The total median survival was 2 (0.33-7) years. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly people undergoing radical cystectomy have a greater risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality, especially those with very advanced pelvic malignancies who have had cystectomy with palliative intent. The incidence of early and late complications in patients treated with curative intent is acceptable, but the hospital stay is prolonged.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Two- and three-year-olds infer and reason about design intentions in order to categorize broken objects.

In naming artifacts, do young children infer and reason about the intended functions of the objects? Participants between the ages of 2 and 4 years were shown two kinds of objects derived from familiar categories. One kind was damaged so as to undermine its usual function. The other kind was also dysfunctional, but made so by adding features that appeared to be intentional. Evidence that 2-, 3- and 4-year-olds were more likely to apprehend the broken objects than the intentionally dysfunctional objects as members of the familiar lexical categories favors the conclusion that, in naming, children may spontaneously infer and reason about design intentions from an early age. This is the first evidence that 2- and 3-year-olds not only take design intentions into account in object categorization, but that they do so even without explicit mention of the objects' accidental or intentional histories. The results cast doubt on a proposal that young children's lexical categorization is based on automatic, non-deliberative processes.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2006

Change in children's understanding of others' intentional actions.

The study investigated children's intention understanding using a longitudinal design. Thirty-two Italian children were tested on the 'Demonstration of Intention' in the Re-enactment paradigm devised by Meltzoff (1995a), at two ages. Mean age was 12 months at the first session and 15 months at the second session. Previous research by Meltzoff showed that 18-month-olds are able to re-enact what the adult intended to do, when an adult tried but failed to perform certain target acts. Bellagamba and Tomasello (1999) found that, compared to 18-month-olds, 12-month-olds are less able to imitate unsuccessful goal-directed actions. The current study had two main goals. The first was to replicate earlier findings on intention understanding in 12- and 15-month-olds longitudinally assessed. The second goal was to analyse which actions children perform when not producing the target act. A coding scheme was devised to evaluate these non-target actions. Results confirmed previous findings, i.e. children's tendency to produce the target act was higher at an older age. At a younger age the most frequent response was 'undifferentiated manipulation' of target objects, followed by 'approximation to the target action'. Since children differed in their intention understanding performance at the first session, we decided to check whether these individual differences remained stable at the second session. Individual children with high intention understanding performance at 12 months tended to remain high at 15 months of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1990

Event-related potentials and recognition memory for pictures and words: the effects of intentional and incidental learning.

Event-related potentials were recorded under conditions of intentional or incidental learning of pictures and words, and during the subsequent recognition memory test for these stimuli. Intentionally learned pictures were remembered better than incidentally learned pictures and intentionally learned words, which, in turn, were remembered better than incidentally learned words. In comparison to pictures that were ignored, the pictures that were attended were characterized by greater positive amplitude frontally at 250 ms and centro-parietally at 350 ms and by greater negativity at 450 ms at parietal and occipital sites. There were no effects of attention on the waveforms elicited by words. These results support the view that processing becomes automatic for words, whereas the processing of pictures involves additional effort or allocation of attentional resources. The N450 amplitude was greater for words than for pictures during both acquisition (intentional items) and recognition phases (hit and correct rejection categories for intentional items, hit category for incidental items). Because pictures are better remembered than words, the greater late positive wave (600 ms) elicited by the pictures than the words during the acquisition phase is also consistent with the association between P300 and better memory that has been reported.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

What predicts breastfeeding intention in Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women? Evidence from a national survey.

We examined the effects of a series of predictors on the prepartum intention to breastfeed in both Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women. A national sample included 430 Mexican-American women and 3659 non-Hispanic white women who had a pregnancy in 1988. Prenatal behavioral, sociodemographic, and biomedical information was obtained through the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Two dependent variables were constructed to identify significant predictors of breastfeeding intention: exclusive versus partial and bottle-feeding, and exclusive and partial versus bottle-feeding. Results from the multiple logistic regression models indicated that advice to breastfeed at prenatal care was the strongest predictor of intentions in both Mexican-American (OR = 2.15, OR = 1.86) and non-Hispanic white mothers (OR = 2.29, OR = 3.61). In Mexican-Americans the father's being Hispanic was negatively associated with breastfeeding intention (OR = 0.63). In non-Hispanic whites the advice to formula feed at the Women, Infants, and Children's nutrition program was a significant negative predictor of breastfeeding intention (OR = 0.33, for exclusive and partial breastfeeding vs exclusive bottle-feeding). These results have important implications for public health policy and practice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Personality disorder and suicide intent.

Studies of suicide intent have found a link between seriousness of the attempt and personality. Following a parasuicide, 60 patients were assessed using measures of depression, suicide intent and personality. Personality disorder was found to be present in over 65% of these and was mainly of explosive type. It was significantly more common in men than women and the dimension measuring sociopathy was equivocally linked to male gender. There were no other associations between gender and the other dimensions measured. Using a categorical approach to personality, suicide intent was not significantly different between the categories of personality; there was no correlation between dimensional or categorical measures of personality and suicide intent, when the severity of depression was controlled. By itself personality did not contribute significantly in determining variance in intent but it did interact significantly with age.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Hopelessness, impulsiveness and intent among suicide attempters with major depression, alcohol dependence, or both.

The present study examined differences in hopelessness, impulsiveness and suicide intent between suicide attempters with either major depression or alcohol dependence, comorbid major depression and alcohol dependence, and those without these disorders. A sample of 114 patients from consecutive cases of attempted suicide referred to a general hospital in Helsinki was interviewed and diagnosed according to DSM-III-R. Suicide intent was measured by the Beck Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) and hopelessness was assessed by the Beck Hopelessness Scale (HS). Impulsiveness of the suicide attempt was measured by two items of the SIS. Suicide attempters with major depression without comorbid alcohol dependence had higher suicide intent and lower impulsiveness than attempters with non-depressive alcohol dependence. Suicide attempts may differ between subjects with major depression, alcoholism or both disorders in terms of impulsiveness and suicide intent.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Understanding the intention of dentists to provide dental care to HIV+ and AIDS patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the intention of dentists to provide dental care to HIV+/AIDS patients. METHODS: A representative sample of 791 dentists from the province of Quebec completed a questionnaire assessing their intention to provide dental care to individuals with HIV+/AIDS as well as their attitudes, perceived social norm, perceived behavioral control, perceived behavioral norm and personal normative belief regarding this behavior. Past experience with providing dental care (habit) to HIV+/AIDS patients, fear of AIDS and socio-demographic characteristics were also assessed. RESULTS: Overall, dentists have a strong intention to provide dental care to HIV+/AIDS patients. Nevertheless, 25% of the respondents expressed a low intention to provide dental care to these patients. The main factors explaining 71% of the variance in intention were perceived behavioral control (beta=0.52, P<0.0001), personal normative belief (beta=0.33, P<0.0001) and habit of treating HIV+/AIDS patients (beta=0.12, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: To improve the motivation of dentists to treat HIV+/AIDS patients, emphasis should be placed on increasing self-efficacy to cope with the difficulties of providing dental care to HIV+/AIDS patients as well as on the importance of acting in agreement with the Dental Association's Code of Ethics.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Predicting physical activity intentions using a goal perspectives approach: a study of Finnish youth.

Physical activity intentions were studied in 12- to 16-year-old Finnish girls (n= 186) and boys (n=215). Theoretical predictions were used to establish a model that was then tested separately for each sex using path analysis. Firstly, it was hypothesised that malleable conceptions of the nature of sport ability positively influence enjoyment in physical activity and intentions to participate in physical activity, mediated by a task-oriented achievement goal independent of variations in perceptions of competence. Secondly, it was hypothesised that fixed conceptions of the nature of ability decrease enjoyment in physical activity and intentions to participate, mediated by an ego-oriented achievement goal and by perceived competence. The modified models were shown to fit the data. Overall, the results showed that 63% (boys) and 45% (girls) of the variance in intentions was explained by the model. The motivational importance of task orientation and, among the boys, perceived physical competence was confirmed with their direct prediction of intentions.

Achievement↗

PubMed1999

Predicting physical activity intentions using a goal perspectives approach: a study of Hungarian youth.

Utilising a goal perspectives framework, a study predicting physical activity intentions in 12 to 16-year-old Hungarian adolescents was conducted with two samples. Theoretical predictions established a model that was tested through path analysis. Beliefs thought to underpin goal orientations were hypothesised to predict ego orientation (general and gift beliefs) and task orientation (learning and incremental beliefs). Task orientation was hypothesised to predict intentions directly, while ego orientation was hypothesised to predict intentions indirectly through perceived competence. Results from the first sample (n=301) suggested that the model could be improved by adding paths between general beliefs and perceived competence and between task orientation and perceived competence. This modified model was shown to fit data from a second sample (n=422) very well. Multi-group analysis confirmed a good fit and so the two samples were combined. The model fitted the data well for the total sample (n=723). Overall, results showed that 20.8% of the variance in intentions was explained by the model, and that sport ability beliefs were moderately associated with task orientation but only weakly associated with ego orientation. The motivational importance of a task orientation was confirmed with its direct prediction of intentions.

Achievement↗