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PubMed1998

[Gerontologic studies in South Africa--a report].

The paper reviews the present state of gerontological research in South Africa and provides examples of relevant studies. So far, most of the research has focused on socioeconomic conditions, e.g, financial status, living arrangements, and intergeneration family relations. During recent years another topic has gained prominence, e.g., the subjective well-being of the elderly. Another aspect of research in this area is its inter- and multidisciplinary nature and its concern with practical relevance. Terms often used in new research on aging are "empowerment of the elderly" and "self-care strategies". In this context, the elderly are beginning to be considered as significant brokers in development planning. In the last part of the paper, the trend to qualitative methods is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The dynamics of elderly support. The transmission of solidarity patterns between generations.

This paper analyses the support given to the handicapped elderly by their children on the basis of a large survey done in France where both the elderly and their middle-aged children were interviewed. These data allow us to address such questions as: "Who helps?", "Who receives help?" and "According to what principles?". Besides the principle of need which is at work, the results show that there is also the principle of equity, which functions through reciprocity. This study highlights two main processes in the dynamics of support for the elderly, its redistributive effects (family support mainly benefits the poorest elderly), and its complementarity with the state health care systems (family support is mainly directed towards those who also receive public help). Can we make the deduction that the more generous the welfare state, the more developed family solidarity is? Nevertheless, some difficulties arise: support is mostly given by women. Furthermore there are a small number of people on whose shoulders it falls to take care of everybody else in the family. One sign of these difficulties is that the carers are more often in less good health than the non-carers of the same age. Comparisons from one generation to the other, including the youngest (the children of the middle generation who were also interviewed) shows that the younger generation will not want to be so completely involved in parental care at the expense of their own private time and life. Most probably family involvement will be maintained in the future, but to a lesser extent.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Ageing, families and welfare systems: comparative perspectives.

Some convergence between countries may be observed in total welfare spending during the later decades, but while levels are becoming more similar, the profiles are still very different. Some welfare states are high on transfers, others on services, and among services--some give priority to institutions, others invest more heavily in community (home) care. Discussed in this article is how different family cultures are reflected in welfare systems, and conversely--how welfare systems in turn may influence families. The article argues that home care services tend to have lower priority in countries with familistic policies, and higher priority where social policies are individualistic. What model is the more sustainable for the future, given the social and demographic changes to be expected?

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Intergenerational solidarity and caregiving.

In this paper the topic of caregiving and intergenerational solidarity will be explored in four parts. First, relevant aspects of caregiving will be pointed out. Second, general theoretical models will be used to analyse the problem of caregiving. Third, the German situation and especially the still rather new long-term care insurance will be described. Fourth and finally, the basic outline of a European research project (OASIS), which is devoted to the topic of intergenerational solidarity and the use of service systems, will be presented.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Where am I? Locating myself and its implications for collaborative research.

This paper examines how a younger white female graduate student and an African American female undergraduate viewed the relationship between the graduate student and older African American working class women. This relationship was formed around a community garden project. The graduate student understood the relationship to be based on gender and class background similarities; the undergraduate viewed it based on race differences and unexamined white privilege. Both interpretations are challenged as unidimensional. Through this re-telling, questions are raised about why situating ourselves via our identities is not practiced more frequently. Possible explanations of this lack of attention to situativity include a Cartesian philosophy of science that separates objectivity and subjectivity, a general unawareness of privilege by those who have it, and a dominant scientific discourse that neglects the role of the researcher. This paper illustrates why reflexivity is crucial for the work of community psychology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Intergenerational communication beliefs across the lifespan: comparative data from Ghana and South Africa.

This paper examines (for the first time) young adult American, Ghanaian, and Black South Africans' perceptions of communication and aging. Irrespective of cultural background, as age of target increased, so did trait attributions of benevolence, norms of politeness and deference, and communicative respect and avoidance; however, attributions of personal vitality and communication satisfaction decreased linearly. Young adults' reported avoidant communication with older people negatively predicted their conversational satisfaction and enjoyment of it. In addition, communicative respect was more strongly predictive of Africans' satisfaction while certain age stereotypes had contrastive effects for the Ghanaian and South Africans' enjoyment of intergenerational communication.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Older Asian Indians resettled in America: narratives about households, culture and generation.

Immigration in late life can be a complex experience. Older adults who have spent a considerable part of their life in one cultural milieu face several challenges in adapting to a new societal framework. Demographically speaking, the numbers of immigrants of Asian Indian origin continue to rise phenomenally in the United States. In this project, the experience of Asian Indian elderly immigrants to the United States was recorded through home visits and personal interviews. Parents of adult immigrants often choose to immigrate late in life primarily for purposes of family reunification. Providing assistance with raising grandchildren was also an important consideration. This article explores various aspects that surfaced from the analysis of interviews; these include personal investment in adult children, language/cultural barriers, use of formal services, acculturative experience, aging in India, intergenerational relationships, and expectations for the future. The findings highlight the need for gerontological research that is culturally attuned to the needs of these elders so service delivery may be optimally provided.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2007

Passing on our culture: how older Australians from diverse cultural backgrounds contribute to civil society.

Australia is a culturally diverse country, with one in five older Australians born overseas in non-English speaking countries, as well as others who are part of the Indigenous population of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Little is known about how these individuals age productively and contribute to society. Survey data show that they are less likely to volunteer for an organisation than other older people, yet it may be that they contribute to civil society in alternate ways that are generally unrecognised and unacknowledged. In the absence of a general lack of understanding of how older Australians from diverse cultural backgrounds contribute to community, the aim of the present paper is to explore this topic using qualitative data from a larger study of the lived experiences of older Australians. Findings suggest that respondents are very active within their families and communities in ways that differ from mainstream older Australians. Generally, they have an important role in maintaining or promoting their culture; and providing support across their communities based on common experience. In particular, respondents describe a special relationship with the young within their communities. This includes being a grandparent or elderly advisor, as well as the role that many Indigenous elders play in encouraging and supporting troubled young people. Although further and more representative studies of older Australians are now needed, this paper, nevertheless, begins to explore what has been a neglected area of ageing policy and research.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The genetics of systemic sclerosis.

The etiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is unclear. With no definitive evidence supporting an environmental cause, recent attention has focused on genetic factors. Familial clustering and ethnic influences have been demonstrated. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) associations exist but are more related to the presence of particular autoantibodies rather than to the disease. In addition, no single major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele predisposes to SSc in all ethnic groups. The role of microchimerism in SSc is a novel yet unproven hypothesis that may be related to intergenerational HLA compatibility. Recent studies investigating polymorphisms in genes coding for extracellular matrix proteins and cell-signaling molecules implicate non-MHC areas in SSc pathogenesis. The data reviewed suggest that SSc is a multigenic complex disorder.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2003

Ageism in science: fair-play between generations.

This paper discusses the role of age in scientific practice from an ethical perspective. In social perception, people tend to categorise others rather automatically along three major dimensions: race, sex, and age. Much empirical and theoretical attention has been devoted to the study of racism and sexism, but comparatively little research in the social and behavioural sciences has been directed at understanding what some refer to as the third '-ism': ageism. For a serious understanding of the implications of ageism in science, it is necessary to discuss, first, the conflicting relationships between classical and modern concepts of time and calendar age, and thereafter the concept of ageism.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Assortative mating and grandparental transmission facilitate the persistence of a sign language.

Conditions for the persistence (i.e., protection from loss) of a sign language are investigated assuming monogenic recessive inheritance of deafness, assortative mating for deafness or hearing, and cultural transmission of the sign language to deaf individuals from their deaf parents and deaf maternal grandparents. A new method is introduced to deal with the problem of grandparental transmission in which the basic variables are the frequencies of triplets comprising a mother, a father, and their daughter of permissible phenogenotypes. Usual stability analysis is then done on the system of linear recursions in the frequencies of these triplets, derived on the assumption that signers (users of the sign language) are rare. It is shown that assortative mating is the most important factor contributing to persistence, but that grandparental transmission can also have a significant effect when assortment is as strong as observed in England and the United States.

Deafness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual abuse by grandparents.

Using a sample of 95 case records of sexual abuse substantiated through child protection investigation, this study confirmed several findings from earlier studies of sexually abusive grandparents: (a) virtually all perpetrators are male, (b) the vast majority of victims are female, (c) a disproportionately large share of abusive grandfathers appear to also be sexually abusive fathers, and (d) stepgrandchildren appear to experience greater risk. Additionally, it was noted that stepgrandparent perpetrators were more threatening and physically violent. However, contrary to some earlier studies, evidence was provided that this form of abuse is inappropriately described as "gentle." Explicit threats and overt physical assault were noted in 14 cases. Moreover, the other tactics used to gain children's compliance, such as overpowering them, suddenly grabbing their genitals, and attacking them in their sleep, appeared to seriously compromise children's autonomy and personal integrity.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Child-rearing violence.

In 1989, a national, random sample of 801 adults was questioned about the punishment they received as children and the way they discipline their own offspring. Analysis revealed that verbal and physical discipline are not substitutes, but, instead, are commonly used together. Parents who yell frequently are the ones most likely to hit frequently, and vice versa. In addition, both physical and verbal violence appear to be transgenerational. Respondents who were spanked (yelled at) frequently as children are more prone to frequently spank (yell at) their own children. Still, most people are able to break out of the transgenerational cycle of punitive child rearing. This outcome may be found particularly among those who consider themselves to have been abused.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Neglectful mothers, their mothers, and partners: the significance of mutual aid.

Those who work to prevent the conditions that lead to child neglect need to know which supportive resources parents lack and why. The goals of this paper are to: (a) determine if mothers who neglect their children exchange (i.e., give and receive) fewer resources with two network members: their mothers and partners; and (b) identify a set of relationship characteristics that create barriers to the receipt of resources. Sixty-nine neglectful mothers were compared to a demographically comparable sample of 138 mothers. The results support the conclusion that neglectful mothers exchange fewer resources with both their partners and mothers, but the deficit varied depending on the network member and the type of support. Several additional relationship characteristics differentiated neglectful mothers from comparison mothers. Neglectful mothers were more likely to state their mothers had fewer positive attributes (e.g., was not warm and caring), their relationship was less positive, and they were less interested in receiving resources from their mothers. Partners of neglectful and comparison mothers did not differ on any of these characteristics. Instead, neglectful mothers and their partners knew each other for less time, were likely to be living with each other, and saw each other less frequently.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment: a comparison of social learning and temperament models.

This family study examined two models regarding the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment. The model based on social learning assumptions asserted that corporal punishment influences aggressive child behavior. The model based on temperament theory suggested that aggressive child behavior impacts upon parental use of corporal punishment. Participants were 1,536 parents of 983 college students. Corporal punishment was assessed from father, mother, and child perspectives. Path analyses revealed that the social learning model was most consistent with the data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Dissociation as a mediator of child abuse across generations.

To test the hypothesis that dissociative process is the mechanism that accounts for the transmission of maltreatment across generations, a group of mothers who were abused and maltreated their children were compared to a group of mothers who broke the cycle of abuse. Mothers who were abused and are abusing their children were rated higher on idealization, inconsistency, and escapism in their description of their childhood and they scored higher on the Dissociative Experience Scale compared to mothers who broke the cycle. Mothers who were abused and abused their children recalled the care they received as children in a fragmented and disconnected fashion whereas those who broke the cycle integrated their abusive experience into a more coherent view of self. Even after partialing out the effects of IQ, large differences were found indicating that dissociative process plays a part in the transmission of maltreatment across generations. Possible reasons why some maltreated individuals coped with the trauma by dissociating and others integrate the experience were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Feeling old versus being old: views of troubled aging.

This paper describes the results of an ethnographic study which explored the experiences of aging constructed by five older people, their adult children and a team of health professionals involved in evaluating their health status. Older participants made a clear distinction between being old and feeling old whereas their children did not. None of the five older people, who ranged in age from 69 to 86, identified themselves as old although each of them identified specific and transient episodes of feeling old. Their children, on the other hand, identified the older people as being old when they perceived them as having lost a characteristic which had been a central factor in the children's experiences of them as parents. Contrary to the older people's experience of feeling old as a temporary phenomenon, the children's identification of their parents as old included the understanding that their parents were in a process of inevitable and irreversible decline for which something needed to be done. In an effort to help, the children referred their parents to a geriatric assessment clinic to identify the cause of their problems and to recommend solutions for resolving them. The involvement of the assessment clinic generated yet another construction of the older people's problems. The study explores the impact which these sometimes conflicting views had in unwittingly precipitating an additional burden of trouble for both older people and children. Conversely, the study also demonstrates the power of the participant families' definitions of themselves and their situations to withstand the weight of opposing constructions generated by the clinic staff. Finally, the phenomenon of troubled aging is seen as a feature of the children's experience of their parents' aging rather than as a central aspect of the older people's experience.

Adult↗