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Results for “Intraocular fluid”

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PubMed2000

Capsular block syndrome and pseudoexpulsive hemorrhage.

Capsular block syndrome (CBS) has been recognized as a cause of immediate or delayed postoperative accumulation of fluid behind an intraocular lens/capsulorhexis complex. Hydrodissection-related rupture of the posterior capsule may be considered a variant of CBS that can manifest intraoperatively. We describe another intraoperative situation related to CBS in which fluid loculation during hydrodissection mimics a threatened expulsive hemorrhage.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

[Torpid endophthalmitis in pseudophakia: diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Apropos of 4 cases].

The authors report four cases of chronic endophthalmitis following extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation in the posterior chamber. The first attack of intraocular inflammation occurred in the form of recurrent iridocyclitis two to six months after surgery. The first attack usually responded well to local corticosteroids. After many relapses of inflammation, increasingly resistant to medical treatment, a severe attack occurred leading to the decision to treat such endophthalmitis surgically: endocular fluid aspiration, vitrectomy, intraocular injection of antibiotics combined with systemic antibiotics and corticosteroids. It may be very difficult to prove the infectious origin of torpid endophthalmitis. Growing bacteria from endocular fluid aspirates is much more difficult than in acute endophthalmitis. No organisms were found in this series by this method, despite the fact that fluid aspiration was often performed many times in these 4 cases. A bacterium was identified in 3 cases, twice on the implant itself and once after culture of an iridectomy specimen. Intraocular antibiotic injections resulted in the complete recovery of one patient. Following failure of standard treatment, intraocular lens explantation resulted in the disappearance of infectious inflammatory signs in 3 cases. The treatment of chronic endophthalmitis is governed by the same rules as acute endophthalmitis but is not always as successful. Intraocular lens removal is often the only solution and confirms the pathogenic hypothesis that slime production by organisms, their adherence to the intraocular lens and their quiescent state make them less vulnerable to antibiotics and host defences.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Decreased levels of cGMP in vitreous and subretinal fluid from eyes with retinal detachment.

BACKGROUND: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is produced in different retinal cells, including photoreceptor cells, wherein cGMP mediates photo-transduction. CGMP is degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDE). The aim was to investigate whether retinal detachment alters intraocular cGMP levels in human eyes. METHODS: cGMP and PDE were determined in vitreous fluid from 50 eyes with a retinal detachment (group I) and in 20 control samples (group II) of vitreous fluid from eyes without retinal detachment. Group III consisted of subretinal fluid samples from 70 eyes with retinal detachment. RESULTS: cGMP in vitreous fluid from eyes with retinal detachment (6.5 (SD 1.7) nM) was decreased compared to controls (67.1 (10.0) nM) (p<0.0001). In subretinal fluid, the mean level of cGMP was 2.4 (0.2) nM. No PDE could be detected in any of the intraocular fluid samples of patients nor controls. A decrease in the mean level of cGMP in subretinal fluid of eyes with retinal detachment correlated with a longer duration of detachment (r = -0.45, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal detachment was found to be associated with a decrease in vitreous cGMP concentration. In subretinal fluid, a low cGMP level correlated inversely with the duration of the detachment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The role of magnetic resonance imaging in children with intraocular tumors and simulating lesions.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of pre- and post-contrast magnetic resonance (MR) studies in children with intraocular tumors and simulating lesions. METHODS: Patients younger than 12 years of age with the diagnosis of an intraocular tumor or simulating lesion with a thickness greater than 2.0 mm underwent pre- and post-contrast MR studies with surface coil. All post-contrast-enhanced images were performed with fat suppression techniques. RESULTS: There were 40 children with the clinical diagnosis of an intraocular lesion as follows: retinoblastoma (n = 22), Coats disease (n = 5), ciliary body medulloepithelioma (n = 2), primary hyperplastic persistent vitreous (PHPV) (n = 2), retinal capillary hemangioma (n = 3), massive retinal gliosis (phthisis bulbi) (n = 2), uveal melanoma (n = 1), ciliary body leiomyoma (n = 1), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with total retinal detachment (n = 1), and post-traumatic retinal gliosis (n = 1). In the authors' series, solid intraocular tumors greater than 2.0 mm in thickness such as retinoblastoma, ciliary body medulloepithelioma, leiomyoma, choroidal melanoma, and retinal capillary hemangioma appeared hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images. Secondary serous or exudative retinal detachment, regardless of the underlying etiology (neoplasm, Coats disease, PHPV, phthisis bulbi, ROP), showed hyperintensity of the subretinal space on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Retinal gliosis was hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted images. On contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images with fat suppression techniques, minimal to marked enhancement was observed in retinoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, retinal capillary hemangioma, leiomyoma, and choroidal melanoma. No enhancement was demonstrated in the subretinal space of Coats disease, PHPV, ROP, and in retinal gliosis. Calcification was identified in 54% of retinoblastoma tumors on MR sequences. Calcification showed low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images, with lack of enhancement on contrast-enhanced sequences, thus differentiating it from surrounding tumor or tissue necrosis. The associated serous or exudative subretinal fluid secondary to intraocular tumors or simulating lesions did not demonstrate enhancement after contrast administration, therefore differentiating it from the causative lesion. CONCLUSION: Pre- and post-contrast MR studies allowed differentiation of solid intraocular tumors such as retinoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, retinal capillary hemangioma, leiomyoma, and choroidal melanoma from intraocular lesions with primary retinal detachment such as Coats disease, PHPV, massive retinal gliosis (phthisis bulbi), ROP, and associated subretinal fluid or hemorrhage. Heterogeneity within retinoblastoma suggests foci of tumor necrosis and/or calcification. The various solid intraocular tumors were not reliably differentiated from one another based on MR features.

Child↗

PubMed2003

The ocular humoral immune response in health and disease.

This review focuses on several aspects of humoral immunologic defence of the ocular surface and intraocular compartment. Secretory IgA (sIgA) is a major component of lacrimal fluid and contributes to the first line of defence against infection of the ocular surface. Recent findings show that part of the lacrimal gland (LG) IgA repertoire consists of so-called natural IgA antibodies. How B cells responsible for these natural IgA antibodies are distributed to effector mucosal sites like the LG is not known. Extensive data are now available on the regionalization of mucosal IgA responses in murine gut, involving peritoneal B cells, the prototypic natural antibody producing cells. By comparing elaborate experiments done in mice with the much less extensive data on the LG, it becomes clear that this gland is a unique, but poorly investigated effector organ of the mucosal immune system. In addition to the humoral immune response at the surface of the eye, the production of antibodies within the ocular compartment also has several fascinating features. The detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in intraocular fluid (IOF) of uveitis patients is accepted as a diagnostic tool, but the specificity of these intraocular antibodies was not investigated in much detail. Recent data however, demonstrate that even antibodies recognizing the same antigen in both serum and IOF still differ in the epitopes they recognize. This reveals that the intraocular compartment largely determines its own antibody profile in the defence against intra-ocular pathogens. Several models as to how an exclusive intra-ocular B cell repertoire may be generated are presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Ocular effects of acute hyperglycaemia.

Intraocular pressure and levels of glucose in plasma were recorded during a standard glucose tolerance test for 54 patients with chronic simple or low-tension glaucoma, and osmolality in plasma was also recorded for 12 patients. Significant correlations between the rates of change of these variables were not obtained, but the overall response of intraocular pressure correlated with the overall increase of plasma glucose, which also correlated with the increase of osmolality. These results show that the changes in refraction associated with acute hyperglycaemia arise from adjustments in fluid balance between intraocular compartments.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

The correlation between cerebrospinal fluid pressure and retrolaminar tissue pressure.

PURPOSE: To measure the effects of cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) on retrolaminar tissue pressure (RLTp) and the translaminar pressure gradient (TLPG), particularly at low CSFp, which is the normal situation in erect posture. METHODS: Micropipettes coupled to a servonull pressure system were passed into eyes of anesthetized dogs to the optic disc and advanced in steps through the lamina cribrosa to the optic nerve subarachnoid space (ONSAS), while pressure measurements were taken. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and intraocular pressure (IOP) were monitored and controlled. The TLPG was measured at varying IOPs and CSFps. The RLTp and ONSAS pressure (ONSASp) were measured at varying CSFps. In separate experiments, the optic nerve dura was incised, and pressure measurements were taken across the pia mater. RESULTS: The TLPG was strongly correlated to the difference between IOP and CSFp (r=0.93; n=18) when CSFp was more than zero. Mean RLTp was 3.7+/-0.2 mm Hg (SEM; n=15) when CSFp was 0 mm Hg. The ONSASp and RLTp were largely dependent on the presence of CSFp higher than break point pressures of -0.5 mm Hg and 1.33 mm Hg, respectively. However, below these break points, RLTp (slope 0.07) and ONSASp (slope 0.18) were little influenced by CSFp. Separate measurements across the pia mater revealed that 95% of the pressure drop occurred within 100 microm of the pial surface. CONCLUSIONS: The TLPG and RLTp are dependent on CSFp when CSFp is more than -0.5 mm Hg. Below this level, there is no hydrostatic continuity between the intracranial and optic nerve subarachnoid space. In this range, RLTp is stable and is little influenced by CSFp changes.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Analysis of IL-6 levels in human vitreous fluid obtained from uveitis patients, patients with proliferative intraocular disorders and eye bank eyes.

Several studies suggest a role for IL-6 in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Earlier we have shown that aqueous humour obtained from patients with uveitis contained raised levels of IL-6. In the study described here we investigated the IL-6 levels in vitreous fluid samples obtained from 75 uveitis patients with different uveitis entities. Vitreous samples from 14 patients with proliferative intraocular disorders (PID) and 29 eye bank eyes were used as controls. All the samples were tested in the IL-6 B9 bioassay as well as in a sensitive ELISA for IL-6. Raised IL-6 levels were detected in the vitreous fluid of uveitis patients as well as patients with PID, implicating IL-6 as a common inflammatory mediator. The highest mean level of IL-6 was found in the vitreous fluid of patients with acute retinal necrosis. The mean IL-6 levels measured by the ELISA were higher compared to the levels measured by the B9 bioassay. This may be caused by the presence of B9 bioassay inhibitory factors in the vitreous fluid of these patients.

Biological Assay↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[STUDIES ON THE OSMOLARITY, PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS OF THE FLUID OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER IN EXPERIMENTAL INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1994

Trabecular outflow facility and formation rate of aqueous humor during intravenous cocaine or lidocaine in rabbits.

This study examined the effect of cocaine and lidocaine on intraocular pressure (IOP), fluid formation, outflow facility, and compliance. Fourteen New Zealand White rabbits were anesthetized with halothane (0.8-1.0% inspired concentration) in nitrous oxide (2 L/min) and oxygen (1 L/min). Pancuronium was given intravenously (i.v.) to produce neuromuscular block, and the lungs were mechanically ventilated through a tracheal tube. In one group (n = 8) cocaine 0.5 mg/kg followed by 1.0 microgram.kg-1.min-1 i.v. was added to halothane/nitrous oxide/oxygen anesthesia. In the second group (n = 6) lidocaine 0.5 mg/kg followed by 1.0 microgram.kg-1.min-1 i.v. was added to halothane/nitrous oxide/oxygen anesthesia. In both groups a series of intraocular infusions was made via a 30-gauge needle in the anterior chamber and IOP, the rate of aqueous humor formation, trabecular outflow facility, and intraocular compliance were determined. In Group I, IOP was 15.0 +/- 6.3 mmHg prior to and 14.5 +/- 7.1 mm Hg after cocaine. The rate of anterior chamber aqueous formation was 3.79 +/- 1.25 microL/min and trabecular outflow facility was 0.141 +/- 0.090 microL.min-1.mm Hg-1. In Group 2, IOP was 14.4 +/- 4.8 mm Hg prior to lidocaine and IOP decreased (P < 0.05 compared to precocaine in Group 1 and prelidocaine in Group 2) to 11.9 +/- 6.8 mm Hg after lidocaine. The rate of anterior chamber aqueous formation was 2.59 +/- 0.86 microL/min and trabecular outflow facility decreased (P < 0.05 compared to Group 1) to 0.077 +/- 0.040 microL.min-1.mm Hg-1. Intraocular compliance during cocaine, 36 +/- 12 nL/mm Hg, was similar to that during lidocaine, 33 +/- 14 nL/mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗

PubMed2006

[Vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a comparison of optical fiber free intravitreal surgery system with traditional vitrectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the optical fiber free intravitreal surgery system with traditional vitrectomy in eyes with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: 22 eyes of 18 patients with extensive fibrovascular proliferation associated with PDR were undergone vitrectomy using optical fiber free intravitreal surgery system (OFFISS) with bimanual technique, peeling of epiretinal membrane and/or internal limiting membrane, intraocular laser coagulation, air-fluid exchange, tamponading of air and expansive gases or silicon oil were performed according to the condition of diseases. 22 eyes with similar severity of fibrovascular proliferation treated with traditional vitrectomy were served as control. RESULTS: The operations were finished successfully in both different vitrectomy systems, but fundus cannot be visualized during fluid-gas exchange in phakic eyes, and intraocular illumination had to been used again in OFFISS group. Postoperatively, retina was fully attached in all eyes, best-corrected visual acuity of 19 eyes had improved two lines and more in OFFISS group, and 17 eyes in control group. No significant difference in surgical complications was found between OFFISS and traditional vitrectomy group. Mean duration of peeling membrane was less in OFFISS group than control group. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of vitrectomy using different system for severe PDR both are satisfactory and comparable. We consider vitrectomy using OFFISS more safe and effective during complicated surgical manipulations than using traditional vitrectomy system.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The management of retinal detachment complicating degenerative retinoschisis.

We repaired six retinal detachments complicating degenerative retinoschisis by using simultaneous external subretinal fluid drainage and intraocular gas injection without a scleral buckle or vitrectomy. The outer wall breaks were 30 to 135 degrees in size, and in three cases, extended close to the arcade vessels. We achieved retinal reattachment and collapse of the schisis cavity at surgery in all six cases. In one case, the retina redetached postoperatively, but it was repaired with a scleral buckle and gas injection. This technique simplified the management of retinal detachments complicating degenerative retinoschisis, particularly those with large or posterior outer-layer breaks.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Candida endophthalmitis in heroin addicts.

The clinical course of endophthalmitis, presumably due to Candida albicans, in nine eyes of heroin addicts is described. In six of the seven eyes in which pars plana vitrectomy was performed the diagnosis was confirmed by the cultivation of Candida albicans from the rinsing fluid. Both purely intraocular treatment and a combination of local and systemic antimycotic therapy caused the intraocular infection to disappear. In this small group of patients the results were most favourable when treatment was started early.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Molecular epidemiology in a cluster of cases of postoperative Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis.

Between September and October 1994 we observed three cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis in a single ophthalmology center. Endophthalmitis progressed rapidly following surgical intervention, and the three patients completely lost vision in the affected eye. Microbiological surveillance culture specimens were obtained from environmental sites, the operating team, intraocular lenses, irrigation fluids, and surgical equipment. P. aeruginosa was isolated from the internal tubing system of automated cataract surgical equipment. The strains of P. aeruginosa cultured from vitreous and anterior chamber specimens of case patients and from the surgical equipment were analyzed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Genomic DNA typing of these isolates showed an identical banding pattern on ethidium bromide-stained gels. We believe that this is the first reported outbreak of P. aeruginosa endophthalmitis traced to automated surgical equipment. Genomic DNA typing emerged as a practical and reliable option for the epidemiological investigation of the outbreak.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

The inhibition of Na, K-ATPase, and Mg-ATPase by timolol maleate in cultured non-pigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body.

Bovine, non-pigmented, ciliary body epithelial cells were isolated and grown in culture to determine whether timolol maleate might affect the activity of their plasma membrane ATPases. The possible effects were tested in drug concentrations in a range of 5 x 10(-19) to 5 x 10(-5) M over an incubation period of 30 min at 37 degrees. Assays of specific activity showed that the drug significantly (p less than .001 for most concentrations) inhibited both Na,K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase. However, the inhibition was partially reversed in concentrations greater than 10(-6) M for Na,K-ATPase and 10(-5) M for Mg-ATPase. The latter enzyme also indicated a second partial reversal in activity at concentrations between 10(-12) and 10(-9) M. These reversals in activity suggest that more than one binding site is involved in the inhibition of both enzymes. Since Na,K-ATPase in non-pigmented, ciliary body cells is responsible for the generation of aqueous fluid and the intraocular pressure (IOP), this inhibition demonstrates a possible mechanism for the pharmacological action of timolol maleate in lowering IOP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Current status of magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit.

MR plays an important role in evaluating pathologic conditions that affect the orbit. MR appears to be superior to ultrasound and computed tomography in evaluation of intraocular tumors and fluid collections. In evaluation of noncalcified intraorbital tumors, MR can provide more information regarding orbital apex involvement and intracranial extension. Inflammatory lesions, particularly orbital pseudotumor, can be differentiated from metastatic disease based on differences in signal intensity providing greater specificity than CT. Specific prognostic information may be obtained regarding potentially treatable cases of Graves' disease. Using MR, vascular lesions of the orbit can be assessed for patency or thrombosis without use of intravenous contrast. Demonstration of secondary extension by para-orbital sinus tumors by MR is often helpful in evaluating involvement of the soft tissue structures of the orbit. Potential applications in evaluation of orbital trauma include characterization of orbital hematomas and orbital blow-out fractures.

Humans↗

PubMed1997

[Removal of the dislocated lens in patients with funnel-shaped retinal detachment].

PURPOSE: Presentation of two cases of crystalline lens posterior dislocation with concomitant, total, funnel-shaped retinal detachment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The described patients were myopes and both had lost vision of the other eye earlier due to the same cause. The operation of dislocated lens removal through the limbal incision with the use of pars plana vitrectomy and simultaneous retinal detachment surgery were performed. RESULTS: In one patient almost full visual acuity was achieved, and in the second case visual acuity was improved to 3/50. CONCLUSION: The use of vitrectomy methods, including subretinal fluid drainage and intraocular silicone oil tamponade, enables efficient treatment of patients with dislocated lenses even in cases with total retinal detachment.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

Expanding gas bubbles for the repair of tears in the posterior pole.

Expanding, long-lived intraocular perfluorocarbon gas bubbles can make possible the repair of retinal detachments with holes or tears in the posterior pole. Vitrectomy is not necessary for injecting the gas. The patient should be prone in order to bring the gas bubble to the top of the visual axis. Four perfluorocarbon gases have the appropriate coefficient of expansion to provide adequate intraocular gas volumes by displacing the fluid vitreous. Volumes of 1 to 2 cc are sufficient. Intraocular space for these amounts can be obtained either by draining subretinal fluid or by injecting 0.6 cc of C2F6 (which expands 3.3x) without draining. If the patient cannot tolerate being prone, most of the fluid vitreous can be displaced with an intraocular injection of 0.9 cc of C4F10 (which expands 5x).

Fluorocarbons↗