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PubMed1977

Knowledge about and attitudes toward genetic screening among high-school students: the Tay-Sachs experience.

High school students (ages 15 to 18 years; No. = 930) taking biology in their curriculum were surveyed (the first survey), in the classroom, for their knowledge and attitudes about Tay-Sachs disease and other "public" issues in genetics. High-school students now constitute 38.9% of those screened for the Tay-Sachs gene in the Montreal program and the participation rate is 75% among eligible Jewish students. Knowledge and attitudes about the screening experience were also surveyed (the second survey) in a sample (No. = 120) containing equal numbers of carriers and noncarriers matched for sex and age. The response rate was 75% in the second survey. The first survey revealed that the level of knowledge about Tay-Sachs disease is high among students, only 28% percent of whom were Jewish. Students have a very positive attitude toward genetic screening in general. These findings are associated with an effort to expand the human genetics content in the biology curriculum. The second survey revealed a favorable attitude toward the screening experience and the self-knowledge obtained among screened students. The screening clinic in the schools, and literature provided by the screening authority, was an effective source of knowledge about the significance of Tay-Sachs heterozygosity. Carriers experienced initial anxiety; later attitudes were similar in carrier and noncarriers. Self-image was unchanged in 90% and diminished in 10% of carriers and enhanced in 10% of noncarriers. Heterozygous students perceive information about their genetic status as useful to themselves and 95% want to know the gennotype of an intended spouse; 88.4% would marry a carrier and only 11.6% would "reconsider." These findings encourage us to emphasise high-school screening as the preferred program in our community and to offer it as an effective aid to the physician faced with increasing demands in medical genetics. It is also an effective model for teaching some genetics and human biology in the schools.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Dimensionality and Disciplinary Differences in Personal Epistemology.

A growing body of work addresses the nature of epistemological development and epistemological beliefs: how individuals come to know, the theories and beliefs they hold about knowing, and the manner in which such epistemological premises are a part of and an influence on the cognitive processes of thinking and reasoning. This study investigates the dimensionality of personal epistemology as hypothesized in a recent review of the literature as well as the nature of disciplinary differences. First-year college students responded to a set of questionnaires that included an adaptation of a domain-general epistemological instrument and a discipline-focused questionnaire. Results suggest that there is an underlying dimensionality to epistemological theories that cuts across disciplinary domains, but that students, at least by the 1st year of college, discriminate as to how these theories differ by discipline. Disciplinary differences were strong, suggesting that 1st-year college students see knowledge in science as more certain and unchanging than in psychology, are more likely to regard personal knowledge and firsthand experience as a basis for justification of knowing in psychology than in science, view authority and expertise as the source of knowledge more in science than in psychology, and perceive that in science, more than in psychology, truth is attainable by experts. This contradicts existing research that suggests that epistemological development is domain general and that epistemological beliefs do not differ by discipline. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1975

Community complexity and knowledge of facilities.

This research examines the relationships among three sets of variables: the amount of differentiation (or complexity) of a community, individual characteristics of its residents, and residents' knowledge of available facilities. A sample of 144 communities in upstate New York was drawn. Community differentiation was measured by means of the Medical Specialties Scale. A subsample of 32 communities was drawn, and in each of these a random sample of 40 noninstitutionalized men and women was interviewed. Multiple regression analysis was the statistical procedure used to test the hypothesis of the study. The findings uncovered an interaction effect, i.e., the relationship between community complexity and knowledge is different within different categories of communities. There is a negative relationship between community complexity and knowledge of facilities for rural communities, but for large cities the relationship is positive. The findings are interpreted as resulting from different sources of knowledge in different types of communities.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Student nurses' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward chinese medicine and related factors.

The purposes of this study were (1) to understand student nurses' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward Chinese medicine and (2) to explore the related factors. This study was based on a structured questionnaire survey. The subjects of the study were students from the nursing department of one technical university in southern Taiwan. The sampling methods of this study were stratified sampling and cluster sampling. After getting the agreement of the student nurses, the researcher gave out 518 questionnaires to do the test. There were 496 valid questionnaires and the retrieval ratio was 96%. The results were: (1) The highest mean score was for the basic concepts of Chinese medicine and the lowest mean score was for the basic concepts of Chinese herbal medicine. The average correctness rate of knowledge about Chinese medicine was 67.42%. (2) The student nurses had a positive attitude toward Chinese medicine. (3) As for the frequency of seeking Chinese medical treatment, most of the student nurses used common folk tonics of Chinese medicine to recuperate their health. As for the medical treatment of general diseases, muscular and skeletal diseases were the most. (4) The significant common related factors for student nurses' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward Chinese medicine were " have ever studied the literature of Chinese medicine or Chinese medicine nursing" and " have sources of knowledge on Chinese medicine". The factors "have ever studied the credit points of Chinese medicine", and " all credit points of Chinese medicine that have ever studied" also significantly influenced student nurses' knowledge and attitude toward Chinese medicine. Additionally, there were significantly positive pairwise correlations between student nurses' knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward Chinese medicine. The results of this study suggest that nursing schools should arrange curricula in Chinese medicine as required credits in the education of student nurses and provide student nurses with information on Chinese medicine by various kinds of formal and informal methods to promote the Chinese medicine knowledge, attitude, and behavior of student nurses and to accelerate the personnel cultivation of Chinese medicine nursing in order to meet the needs of society.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Articulating silences: experiential and biomedical constructions of hypertension symptomatology.

In this article, we explore the flexible configuration of a local knowledge system about hypertension symptoms, foregrounding it against prevailing biomedical assertions regarding the asymptomatic or "silent" nature of hypertension. The complex and coherent knowledge system held by older African Americans living in a southern, rural community stands in contrast to the current scientific discourse and local biomedical perspectives on hypertension symptomatology. The older African American participants in this study apply local knowledge of hypertension symptomatology to make health decisions nearly every day. Despite this, most biomedical practitioners maintain a distance from these lay sources of knowledge, often remaining stalwart in their refusal to recognize the existence or influence of symptoms. We conclude that authoritative knowledge ultimately lies in the minds and bodies of the elders, who have encountered symptoms as guideposts that direct action, rather than with a biomedical "reality" that is yet unresolved.

Black or African American↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and use of emergency postcoital contraception by female students at a high school in Nova Scotia.

PURPOSE: This study was performed in the context of a sexual health promotion project in a Nova Scotia community. Community members wanted information about adolescent females' knowledge and use of emergency contraception (EC). The study was done to meet this need. METHODS: Female high school students aged 14 to 19 were administered a self-completion survey asking about their knowledge of EC, the time frame for its use, its effectiveness, their personal use of EC, unsuccessful attempts to obtain EC, and sources of knowledge of EC. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of 411 female students participated. Eighty percent knew about EC, though few (8%) knew the time frame for EC use. Most (42%) heard of EC at school. Eighteen percent used no contraception at last intercourse. Only 2% ever had used EC. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent women know about EC but use it infrequently, even though they frequently lack contraception. These findings raise questions about alternative methods for providing EC to young women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Public knowledge of hospices: a street survey in Glasgow.

A street survey was conducted in Glasgow to find out the level of public knowledge of and attitudes to hospices generally and two local hospices. The level of knowledge was not high, though attitudes to hospices were positive. Those few respondents with unfavourable attitudes had little knowledge of hospices generally and knew little about the local hospices. The factors associated with level of knowledge and attitudes were different for the two local hospices. The media and the collection of money for hospices were the main source of knowledge.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Authoritative knowledge and single women's unintentional pregnancies, abortions, adoption, and single motherhood: social stigma and structural violence.

This article explores the sources of authoritative knowledge that shaped single, white, middle-class women's unintentional pregnancies and child-bearing decisions throughout five reproductive eras. Women who terminated a pregnancy were most influenced by their own personal needs and circumstances. birth mothers' decisions were based on external sources of knowledge, such as their mothers, social workers, and social pressures. In contrast, single mothers based their decision on instincts and their religious or moral beliefs. Reproductive policies further constrained and significantly shaped women's experiences. The social stigma associated with these forms of stratified maternity suggests that categorizing pregnant women by their marital status, or births as out-of-wedlock, reproduces the structural violence implicit to normative models of female sexuality and maternity. This mixed-method study included focus groups to determine the kinds of knowledge women considered authoritative, a mailed survey to quantify these identified sources, and one-on-one interviews to explore outcomes in depth.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMed1997

Travel advice: a study among Swiss and German general practitioners.

Travelling to tropical and subtropical destinations is common among European citizens. Many of them consult their general practitioners (GPs) for pre-travel advice. Little is known about the knowledge, the sources of information and the needs of physicians. One hundred and fifty Swiss and I50 German GPs giving travel advice were interviewed using pretested telephone interviews and questionnaires to assess their knowledge about travel advice to be given for 2 frequent holiday destinations (Kenya and Thailand), and to ask which information sources were available to them. Ninety-six per cent and 89%, respectively, of GPs in 2 neighbouring areas of Switzerland and Germany gave travel advice to their clients. In telephone interviews, standard recommendations on malaria medication, as approved by the national travel advice committees, were stated by 45 and 25% of Swiss GPs, and 22 and 9% of German GPs for Kenya and Thailand. The figures for correct advice on vaccination requirements were 23 and 47% for the Swiss GPs, and 2 and 25% for the German GPs. Half of the GPs wanted to consult their documents before giving advice. The main source of information used by Swiss GPs was the monthly updated Bulletin of the Federal Office of Public Health (BFOPH). A variety of different sources was recorded among German practitioners. Regular, concise information on travel advice tops the list of requested information material in both countries. The extent of correct pre-travel advice is unsatisfactory in both study groups. Use of standardized, regularly updated and readily available sources of information on travel advice for the GP could avoid uncertainties of both the provider and the recipient of advice.

Family Practice↗

PubMed2003

Conclusions: from self-knowledge to a science of the self.

Traditional accounts of the self represented in religion, literature, philosophy, and other branches of the humanities, are grounded in the subject's personal introspections. This source of knowledge has had a profound impact on terminology, concepts, and theories of the self. By contrast, the scientific method, which uses observational and experimental data, is aimed at objective analyses. The scientific approach to the self, by its very nature, is distinct from the approach in the humanities, and therefore reveals a different view of the self, and sparks new debate about what the self really is. Moreover, different scientific disciplines, spanning the natural and social sciences, investigate different levels of organization, leading to a multifaceted scientific picture of the self. This conference and volume explored areas where some of the different approaches to the self overlap and will, it is hoped, promote the establishment of a richer, more coherent image of what the self is.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Commentary: Patient package inserts. I. Nature, notions, and needs.

A total of 137 completed questionnaires were obtained from several population samples in an attempt to assess drug knowledge, information sources, and views on drug information with particular attention to the possible role of a patient-oriented package insert. The results indicated that the study population was variably informed and could make fairly accurate assessments by this knowledge. Responders placed great importance on the doctor and pharmacist as preferred and actual drug information sources. The mass media were accorded little prominence. Great emphasis was placed on the adequate provision of information, and this appears to be a crucial function in an adequate doctor-patient relationship. The results appear to indicate a favorable climate for establishing a patient-oriented package insert that should have summarized as well as detailed information to complement the doctor and pharmacist as primary information sources.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Two dimensional inverse imaging (2DII) of current sources in magnetoencephalography.

A new magnetoencephalographic (MEG) technique for imaging the cortical distribution of neuronal activity is described. An iterative algorithm is employed, which successively alters an initial estimate of cortical source structure until it corresponds to the measured magnetic field data. In this new technique, the continuum of electrical activity across the cortical surface is modeled as a dense grid of thousands of single equivalent current dipoles. MEG imaging of both compact and extended sources is facilitated by a wavelet-like transformation of the source space into a sequence of successively smaller composite source structures. Two of these composite source structures are combined during each iterative step to generate an improved estimate of the cortical source structure. Thus, inversion of the complete gain matrix corresponding to thousands of cortical sources is not performed. The technique requires only moderate PC based resources even for very large source grids. In contrast to minimum norm MEG imaging methods, this new algorithm is insensitive to random noise in the data. If available, prior knowledge of source structure from other imaging techniques, such as PET, MRI and fMRI, is easily incorporated as additional constraints on the source structure solution. Source images solutions corresponding to simulated data are presented. In addition, the technique is applied to source imaging of real MEG data incorporating cortical structure from volumetric MRI data. These results demonstrate the capability of our new technique for imaging combinations of compact and extended source structures.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

[Population registration and censuses. The Chinese tradition].

"The case of China is in many ways exemplary, due to both its extremely long history and the fact that the Chinese approach influenced other countries over the course of the centuries, and can thus be viewed as a model. The first ¿censuses' were intended as an administrative tool, to manage lists of those subject to the corvee. As administrative regulations evolved, these lists were made obsolete and replaced, with the change of dynasty in 1644, by fiscal records. From 1740 to 1780, in order to link economic knowledge--especially grain prices--to the demographic situation, the central government urged local authorities to produce nominative records. Genealogies, rich in information, were another source of knowledge. With certain alterations, the Chinese model spread into the surrounding region, including Japan, Vietnam and Korea." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Asia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Practice and awareness of health risk behaviour among Egyptian university students.

Health risk behaviour contributes markedly to today's major killers. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess current awareness and practice of health risk behaviour among Egyptian university students. Only 121 students (18%) were practising risky behaviour. Tobacco use, alcohol and drugs use and risky sexual behaviour were positively correlated. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the main determinants of risky behaviour were being a male, of older age, having a high allowance and having no attention to danger. About 30% of students lacked adequate knowledge on AIDS. Most of those who had sexual relationships did not use contraceptives or any method of protection from sexually transmitted infection. Main sources of knowledge were the media (38%) then peers (30%).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Methods of toxicologic evaluation--possibilities and limits].

Toxicological knowledge is founded on observation in humans consisting of casuistic presentations and epidemiologic research and on animal experiments. The possibilities and limitations of these sources of knowledge are presented with special reference to the problems of the dose and of toxic interactions. The limitations of toxicological knowledge primarily result from the impossibility to prove "no action". Therefore, it is not possible to prove the absolute safety of a substance but only the acceptability by assessing its advantages and risks.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Critical care outreach 1: an exploration of fundamental philosophy and underpinning knowledge.

Critical care outreach (Outreach) is central to the effective management of critically ill patients. Its recent, expedited and somewhat uncoordinated introduction has, however, resulted in a lack of understanding about the fundamental philosophical theories and sources of knowledge that underpin it. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding of the context in which these are applied. It is important that we understand and are able to provide sound rationale and guidance for current and future Outreach practice, for the education of practitioners and in order to evaluate and show the impact of Outreach on patient care. The need for this is heightened in the context of current changes in roles and role boundaries, in which there are significant pressures and expectations from organizations for Outreach teams to demonstrate their effectiveness. The authors argue that the complex situations encountered and managed by Outreach are not amenable to traditional forms of measurement and that its impact on patient care is, therefore, not readily acknowledged by those external to the service. This study explores the philosophical underpinnings and types of knowledge inherent in the practice of Outreach. In doing so, it illuminates how they apply and contribute to the practice and impact of Outreach.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1984

Adolescents' communication styles and learning about birth control.

Adolescents have different communication styles for acquiring information about birth control from a mass medium--interactant or noninteractant, depending on whether they involve communication with others in the process of media use. Three interactant styles are identified: a home-oriented style, where communication is primarily with immediate members and friends; a peer-oriented style, where communication is primarily with own-age peers and personal friends; and multi-source user, where communication is with more than one cluster of sources and the majority of one's communication is not with any particular source. The noninteractant style identified is a media-oriented style, where the adolescent relies exclusively on the mass media for information acquisition without communicating with anyone about the content or process of learning. Data suggest that the interactant style, especially for the multi-source user, is most beneficial for new learning. Gender and the presence of siblings at home are important moderators of the relationship between communication styles and knowledge of birth control. For example, females with a media-oriented style know more about birth control than females with a home-oriented style. Implications of the findings for the delivery of birth control information to adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Changes in beliefs about cancer in Western Australia, 1964-2001.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in people's knowledge and beliefs about cancer between 1964 and 2001. DESIGN: Questions in a 1964 survey of beliefs about cancer (randomly selected households) were replicated in a 2001 telephone survey (random-digit dialing). SETTING: Perth, Western Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 984 and 491 participants aged 20 years or older in the 1964 and 2001 surveys, respectively (response rates, 86.8% and 47.0%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in knowledge and beliefs about cancer. RESULTS: Between 1964 and 2001, there were major improvements in knowledge about the causes of cancer, with several myths dispelled. In 1964, the proportion of Perth residents surveyed who believed that cancer is contagious was 20% (95% CI, 18%-22%), compared with 3% (95% CI, 2%-4%) in 2001. Similarly, the proportion who believed cancer is caused by "a knock" was 25% (95% CI, 22%-28%) in 1964, compared with 1% (95% CI, 0-2%) in 2001. Cancer screening participation rates also greatly improved, from 18% (95% CI, 16%-20%) in 1964 to 77% (95% CI, 73%-81%) in 2001. Changes in participants' sources of knowledge about cancer were also evident, with family members and television increasing markedly as sources of information. CONCLUSIONS: Improved education of the public in health matters over the past four decades appears to have had a major and positive impact on knowledge about cancer.

Adult↗