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PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of products of thermophilic methane fermentation on the conidial activation and citric acid biosynthesis by the fungus Aspergillus niger].

The effect of products of thermophilic methane fermentation (PTMF) and their hydrolyzates on the conidial germination and citric acid bioysnthesis by the fungus Aspergillus niger when cultivated on the synthetic and molasses media was investigated. An addition of the above products increased the amount of germinated conidia on the synthetic medium by 1.2--2 times and on the molasses medium by 1.1--1.4 times. The citric acid yeild per unit surface area on the two media grew by 60--100% and 10--20%, respectively. Optimal concentration of dry preparations of PTMF was 5--7.5 mg/100 ml and that of their hydrolyzates was 0.5--1.5 ml/100 ml of the medium. An addition of PTMF to the molasses medium resulted both in an increased yeild of citric acid (1500--1700 g/m2/day) and in reduced (by 12--24 hours) time of the biosynthesis process.

Aspergillus niger↗

PubMed2005

Role of different additives and metallic micro minerals on the enhanced citric acid production by Aspergillus niger MNNG-115 using different carbohydrate materials.

The present investigation deals with the promotry effect of different additives and metallic micro minerals on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger MNNG-115 using different carbohydrate materials. For this, sugar cane bagasse was fortified with sucrose salt medium. Ethanol and coconut oil at 3.0% (v/w) level increased citric acid productivity. Fluoroacetate at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml bagasse enhanced the yield of citric acid significantly. However, the addition of ethanol and fluoroacetate after 6 h of growth gave the maximum conversion of available sugar to citric acid. In another study, influence of some metallic micro-minerals viz. copper sulphate, molybdenum sulphate, zinc sulphate and cobalt sulphate on microbial synthesis of citric acid using molasses medium was also carried out. It was found that copper sulphate and molybdenum sulphate remarkably enhanced the production of citric acid while zinc sulphate was not so effective. However, cobalt sulphate was the least effective for microbial biosynthesis of citric acid under the same experimental conditions. In case of CuSO(4), the strain of Aspergillus niger MNNG-115 showed enhanced citric productivity with experimental (9.80%) over the control (7.54%). In addition, the specific productivity of the culture at 30 ppm CuSO(4) (Q(p) = 0.012a g/g cells/h) was several folds higher than other all other concentrations. All kinetic parameters including yield coefficients and volumetric rates revealed the hyper productivity of citric acid by CuSO(4) using blackstrap molasses as the basal carbon source.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1996

Process optimization for continuous ethanol fermentation by alginate-immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1.

Continuous ethanol production by immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAU-1 has been studied using synthetic and molasses based medium in column reactors. Immobilization of 30% yeast cells biomass (wet) in 1.5% calcium alginate gel resulted in the production of 20.8 g. l-1.h-1 alcohol at a dilution rate of 0.36 h-1 with approximately 1/3rd volume of the column reactor packed with gel beads. Optimum diameter of the beads was found to be 3.5 mm for efficient fermentation. The size of the column reactor (length to diameter ratio) also affected the productivity and fermentation efficiency due to gas hold-up and mass transfer effects. Molasses could also be fermented by this system but at a lower fermentation efficiency which could be improved, to some extent, by supplementation with nutrients.

Alginates↗

PubMed1994

Regulation of THI4 (MOL1), a thiamine-biosynthetic gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

THI4, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene originally identified as a result of transient expression in molasses medium and named MOL1 is regulated by thiamine. Using a THI4 promoter-lacZ fusion on a centromeric yeast vector, we have shown that the THI4 is completely repressed throughout batch culture by thiamine at a concentration around 1 microM, but shows high level constitutive expression in thiamine-free medium. The transient expression pattern observed in molasses medium can be mimicked by the addition of 0.15 microM-thiamine to defined minimal medium. Cells grown in thiamine-free medium have an intracellular thiamine concentration of around 9 pmol/10(7) cells. A low level (1 microM) of exogenous thiamine is completely sequestered from the medium within 30 min; intracellular thiamine concentrations rise rapidly, followed by a gradual decrease as a result of dilution during growth. A saturating extracellular level of thiamine leads to a maximal intracellular concentration of around 1600 pmol/10(7) cells, at which point the transport system is shut down. After transfer from repressing to non-repressing medium, THI4 becomes induced when the intracellular concentration of thiamine falls to 20 pmol/10(7) cells. A thi4::URA3 disruption strain is auxotrophic for thiamine, but can grow in the presence of hydroxyethyl thiazole, indicating that the gene product is involved in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of the thiazole precursor of thiamine.

Biological Transport↗

PubMed1988

Sterol composition of a delta 5,7-sterol-rich strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during batch growth.

Sterol composition was examined during batch growth on complex media containing ethanol, molasses or glucose as the carbon source. The molasses-grown cells exhibited a balanced sterol composition throughout growth, maintaining the proportion of ergosterol to 24:28-dehydroergosterol equal to 1.4. The negative effect of glucose on sterol synthesis manifested itself by decreasing the accumulation of 24:28-dehydroergosterol and total sterols but not of ergosterol. Using ethanol as the sole carbon source, a large amount of 24:28-dehydroergosterol accumulated, partly at the expense of other sterols. The gradual addition of nitrogen source during growth significantly decreased the accumulation of ergosterol, 24:28-dehydroergosterol and of total sterols. A general scheme of regulation of sterol synthesis in baker's yeast is presented.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1997

Aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria exhibit differential sensitivity to and transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT).

A systematic evaluation of the ability of different bacterial genera to transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and grow in its presence, was conducted. Aerobic Gram-negative organisms degraded TNT and evidenced net consumption of reduced metabolites when cultured in molasses medium. Some Gram-negative isolates transformed all the initial TNT to undetectable metabolites, with no adsorption of TNT or metabolites to cells. Growth and TNT transformation capacity of Gram-positive bacteria both exhibited 50% reductions in the presence of approximately 10 microg TNT ml-1. Most non-sporeforming Gram-positive organisms incubated in molasses media amended with 80 microg TNT ml-1 became unculturable, whereas all strains tested remained culturable when incubated in mineral media amended with 98 microg TNT ml-1, indicating that TNT sensitivity is linked to metabolic activity. These results indicate that the microbial ecology of soil may be severely impacted by TNT contamination.

Culture Media↗

PubMed2005

Generation of organic acids and monosaccharides by hydrolytic and oxidative transformation of food processing residues.

Carbohydrate-rich biomass residues, i.e. sugar beet molasses, whey powder, wine yeast, potato peel sludge, spent hops, malt dust and apple marc, were tested as starting materials for the generation of marketable chemicals, e.g. aliphatic acids, sugar acids and mono-/disaccharides. Residues were oxidized or hydrolyzed under acidic or alkaline conditions applying conventional laboratory digestion methods and microwave assisted techniques. Yields and compositions of the oxidation products differed according to the oxidizing agent used. Main products of oxidation by 30% HNO(3) were acetic, glucaric, oxalic and glycolic acids. Applying H(2)O(2)/CuO in alkaline solution, the organic acid yields were remarkably lower with formic, acetic and threonic acids as main products. Gluconic acid was formed instead of glucaric acid throughout. Reaction of a 10% H(2)O(2) solution with sugar beet molasses generated formic and lactic acids mainly. Na(2)S(2)O(8) solutions were very inefficient at oxidizing the residues. Glucose, arabinose and galactose were formed during acidic hydrolysis of malt dust and apple marc. The glucose content reached 0.35 g per gram of residue. Important advantages of the microwave application were lower reaction times and reduced reagent demands.

Beta vulgaris↗

PubMed2005

Influence of carbon and buffer amendment on ammonia volatilization in composting.

Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out to test a mathematical model of the nitrogen dynamics in a composting process. The main ingredients of composting materials were wheat straw and dairy manure. The influence of (a) two carbon amendments, i.e. molasses and office paper, and (b) two chemicals forming buffer solutions on ammonia volatilization were investigated. Nitrogen losses amounted to 12-25% of initial nitrogen, in which ammonia volatilization accounted for 60-99%. Addition of molasses, a readily available form of carbon, reduced cumulative ammonia emissions substantially, but office paper, i.e. cellulose, had only a small influence. The addition of buffering chemicals did not significantly reduce ammonia volatilization.

Alberta↗

PubMed2006

Use of complex media for the production of scleroglucan by Sclerotium rolfsii MTCC 2156.

Submerged fermentation was carried out for the production of scleroglucan by Sclerotium rolfsii MTCC 2156 using complex media, such as coconut water, sugarcane molasses and sugarcane juice at 28+/-2 degrees C and 180 rpm for 72 h. Sugarcane juice gave maximum scleroglucan production of 23.87 g/l as compared to 12.58 and 18.45 g/l with coconut water and sugarcane molasses, respectively. Utilization of these substrates would be ecologically sound and economically advantageous.

Bioreactors↗

PubMed1977

Studies on protein production by yeasts. IV. Incremental feeding modulus.

S. cerevisiae Gr. 104 which seemed to be the most efficient strain in protein production, was used for investigating its optimum incremental feeding modulus that gives the highest economical yield. Therefore, different hourly rates of incremental feeding, ranging from 1.14 to 1.22, were used and the yeast yield for each rate was determined. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory fermentor vessel of 5 liter capacity, using molasses, ammonium sulphate, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate as feeding substances with optimum pH, temperature, and effective aeration. The optimum incremental feeding for this strain (which is the rate of molasses feeding corresponding to the exponential growth rate) was found to be 1.18. At this rate the best economical use of the substrate was obtained with the production of yield, close to the theoretically calculated yield.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2002

Effect of synthetic and natural culture media on laccase production by white rot fungi.

Laccase is among the major enzymes of white rot fungi involved in lignocellulose degradation. The present paper reports its production by two white rot fungi (Coriolus versicolor, Funalia trogii) under different nutritional conditions. Various synthetic culture media and natural culture medium (molasses wastewater) were tested. Enzyme production in various synthetic culture media, molasses wastewater (vinasse) culture medium and in the absence or presence of cotton stalk supplements showed that vinasse culture medium was a better laccase-inducer medium than the synthetic culture medium. Addition of cotton stalk to various media enhanced the enzyme production. The highest laccase activity was obtained in vinasse culture medium with cotton stalk.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2003

Effect of volume of culture medium on enhanced citric acid productivity by a mutant culture of Aspergillus niger in stirred fermentor.

AIMS: The present study deals with the effect of volume of culture medium on enhanced citric acid productivity by a mutant culture of Aspergillus niger. METHODS AND RESULTS: A laboratory scale stirred fermentor of 15-l capacity was employed for all microbial cultivations. Blackstrap molasses, a by-product of sugar industries is easily and abundantly available for its exploitation as a carbon source in fermentation processes. The parental culture of A. niger was improved by mutation using ultraviolet radiations and N-methyl N-nitro N-nitroso guanidine, i.e. mutagen MNNG. Six MUV and eight MNNG-treated mutant strains were isolated after extensive screening and optimization. Mutant strain of A. niger MNNG-2 showed enhanced citric productivity (87.60 g l-1) over the parental strain BTL-45 (19.53 g l-1) and other mutant derivatives (49.85 g l-1 citric acid in case of mutant MUV-5 and 76.82 g l-1 in case of mutant MNNG-7). The optimal sugar level was found to be 150 g l-1 (optimum volume of the medium, 60%) after 6 days of inoculation, which is economically significant. Specific productivity of the mutant culture MNNG-2 (qp = 0.057 g/g cells h-1) was several folds higher than other strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results of the present study are of commercial level. All kinetic parameters including yield coefficients and volumetric rates revealed the hyper-producibility of citric acid by mutant MNNG-2 using blackstrap molasses as the basal medium in stirred fermentor.

Aspergillus niger↗

PubMed1976

The efficacy of protein supplementation in overcoming urea toxicity in sheep.

1. In the first experiment sheep taken from pasture were given a low-protein diet for six weeks in individual pens. Then, for 1 week, groups were given a supplement of lucerne chaff, safflower meal or lucerne chaff plus safflower meal. In the second experiment eighteen sheep maintained on lucerne chaff rather than pasture were then depleted of protein to a greater extent by feeding on a restricted low-protein diet. Six of the sheep received a supplement of molasses throughout the period of protein depletion while six of the sheep on the basal ration received a supplement of safflower meal after 6 weeks on the low-protein diet. 2. The urea tolerance of the sheep, is indicated by blood ammonia levels after oral dosing with aqueous solutions of urea, was determined after the period of supplementation. "Arginine synthetase" activity (combined activities of argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) and argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) was determined in liver samples obtained by biopsy at various intervals during the experiment. 3. Supplementation for 7 d with 73 g crude protein (nitrogen X 6-25)/d increased the tolerance to urea as indicated by reduced blood NH3 levels, and also increased "arginine synthetase" activity. 4. Giving supplements of molasses delayed the onset of urea toxicity but not the extent of toxicity. 5. It is suggested that short-term feeding of protein concentrates to sheep before giving urea supplements can increase their tolerance to urea.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1994

Comparative studies on the efficiency of various biological silage additives for the ensiling of lucerne.

Enzyme preparations, inoculants, molasses, sodium formate, urea as well as combinations thereof were tested for their efficiency in the ensiling of lucerne (Medicago varia). The experiments were carried out both on fresh plant material (180 g dry matter (DM)/kg) and wilted material obtained after graded times of wilting (28, 52 and 76 hours). Dry matter contents varied between 360 and 710 g/kg. Differentiated dry matter contents of this order are normal when lucerne is ensiled in plastic-wrapped big bales with varying periods of exposure in the field depending on the operational performance. The experiments were launched to test a large number of biological silage additives for their suitability as quality promoters in this conservation technique. Depending on dry matter content the additives were expected to produce differentiated results. On lower DM level especially molasses addition, also together with inoculants, improved fermentation. From about 500 gDM/kg upwards progressive mould development was observed, which was avoided reliably only by adding urea.

Enzymes↗

PubMed1995

RTM1: a member of a new family of telomeric repeated genes in yeast.

We have isolated a new yeast gene called RTM1 whose overexpression confers resistance to the toxicity of molasses. The RTM1 gene encodes a hydrophobic 34-kD protein that contains seven potential transmembrane-spanning segments. Analysis of a series of industrial strains shows that the sequence is present in multiple copies and in variable locations in the genome. RTM loci are always physically associated with SUC telomeric loci. The SUC-RTM sequences are located between X and Y' subtelomeric sequences at chromosome ends. Surprisingly RTM sequences are not detected in the laboratory strain X2180. The lack of this sequence is associated with the absence of any SUC telomeric gene previously described. This observation raises the question of the origin of this nonessential gene. The particular subtelomeric position might explain the SUC-RTM sequence amplification observed in the genome of yeasts used in industrial biomass or ethanol production with molasses as substrate. This SUC-RTM sequence dispersion seems to be a good example of genomic rearrangement playing a role in evolution and environmental adaptation in these industrial yeasts.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1993

Factors affecting pregnancy rate in Holstein-Friesian cattle mated during summer in a tropical upland environment.

The relationships between some environmental factors and reproductive rates of dairy cattle during summer in a tropical upland area were studied using records for Holstein-Friesian milking cows and non-lactating growing heifers maintained at the Kairi Research Station on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland. The Station is situated in a tropical upland environment with warm, wet summers and dry, cool winters. Data were collected over a 12-year-period (1977 to 1988) for cows grazing nitrogen (N)-fertilised grass pastures and receiving either no supplement or about 3.5 kg molasses/cow/day. Cattle were mated over a 10-week period starting from mid-January to early February, with 32 to 36 cows and 5 to 42 heifers used in each year. There was considerable variation among years in the pregnancy rate after 3 inseminations, with a low of 39% and a high of 94% pregnancy. This variation from year to year was reduced for cows grazing pastures receiving 300 kg N/ha/yr after molasses feeding commenced in 1984-85. Pregnancy rates after molasses introduction were higher for cows grazing pastures receiving 300 compared with 100 kg N/ha/yr. Pregnancy rate in cows and heifers was reduced from 80 to 55% as mean daily maximum temperature increased from 26 degrees C to 27.5 degrees C. At mean maximum temperatures above 27 degrees C for cows and 27.6 degrees C for heifers pregnancy rates to 3 inseminations were consistently below 60%. Much of the year to year variation in pregnancy rate was related to rainfall during the mating period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1965

Production of 2,3-butylene glycol from citrus wastes. II. The Bacillus polymyxa fermentation.

The conditions required for production of levo 2,3-butylene glycol by Bacillus polymyxa from citrus molasses were studied. Starter cultures required acclimatization to the substrate prior to inoculation of the fermentation medium. Maximal production of butylene glycol with minimal residual sugar was obtained with a medium consisting of molasses, diluted to 20 degrees Brix, and 0.4% urea. Optimal environmental conditions included aeration at 0.11 volumes of air per volume of medium per minute, maintenance of pH at 6.0 to 6.2, a fermentation temperature of 30 C, and a stirring rate of 420 rev/min. The concentration of butylene glycol obtained in the fermentation beer ranged from 2.3 to 4.4%. The optical rotation of the glycol ranged from [alpha](D) (23 degrees ) = -1.01 degrees to -10.45 degrees . The variation in rotation was probably due to the presence of contaminating substances in the distillate.

Bacillus↗

PubMed1986

Unexpected presence of estrogens in culture medium supplements: subsequent metabolism by the yeast Sacchromyces cerevisiae.

We have previously shown the presence of 17 beta-estradiol in extracts of commercially prepared Saccharomyces cerevisiae ss well as the production of estradiol by yeast grown in the laboratory. In our current study, yeast grown in a chemically defined medium synthesized estradiol in only small amounts, (less than 500 pg/liter). We have analyzed a variety of media commonly used for growing yeast and found that substantial estradiol production (greater than 5 ng/liter) was obtained when yeast were grown in medium supplemented with Bacto-peptone. The peptone was shown to contain significant amounts of estrone, and the results of the experiments establish a precursor-product relationship where estrone from the medium is metabolized to estradiol by S. cerevisiae. Studies with added [3H]estrone demonstrated rapid conversion into [3H]estradiol and a 3H-labeled nonpolar estrogen derivative. The commercially obtained yeast used previously had been grown in a molasses medium. We demonstrate here that the molasses medium contains substantial amounts of estrone and estradiol. We conclude that the conversion of estrone in a culture medium to estradiol in laboratory grown yeast and estrone and estradiol present in the commercially grown yeast medium account for the majority of estradiol found in yeast.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗