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PubMed1988

Religious values, practices and pregnancy outcomes: a comparison of the impact of sect and mainstream Christian affiliation.

In this report 6566 women enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) were separated into three groups; members of religious sects, Christians who attend church frequently and Christians who are infrequent attenders. These three groups, respectively labelled Christian sects, Christian attenders and lukewarm Christians were compared on a number of social background, lifestyle and pregnancy outcome variables. The sect members appeared to have the most favourable health, lifestyles and healthy babies at delivery, though this latter finding appears attributable to specific characteristics of the mother and her lifestyle. On most measures the children of lukewarm Christians appear to manifest the worst health while Christian attenders form a group whose children's health is between that of sect members and lukewarm Christians.

Australia↗
PubMed2005

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, "tar", and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe.

A smoking machine protocol and yields for "tar", nicotine, PAH, and CO are presented for the standard 171-puff steady periodic smoking regimen proposed by Shihadeh et al. [Shihadeh, A., Azar, S., Antonios, C., Haddad, A., 2004b. Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe cafe smoking: A pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 79(1), 75]. Results show that smokers are likely exposed to more "tar" and nicotine than previously thought, and that pyronsynthesized PAH are present in the "tar" despite the low temperatures characteristic of the tobacco in narghile smoking. With a smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs each of 0.53l volume and 2.6s duration with a 17 s interpuff interval, the following results were obtained for a single smoking session of 10 g of mo'assel tobacco paste with 1.5 quick-lighting charcoal disks applied to the narghile head: 2.94 mg nicotine, 802 mg "tar", 145 mg CO, and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, greater quantities of chrysene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene. Anthracene and pyrene were also identified but not quantified. The results indicate that narghile smoke likely contains an abundance of several of the chemicals thought to be causal factors in the elevated incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and addiction in cigarette smokers.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2005

Conceptualizing mainstream health care providers' behaviours in relation to complementary and alternative medicine.

There has been an explosion of literature on the attitudes of a variety of health care providers, particularly physicians, to the growing utilization of complementary and alternative medicines and modalities (CAM). What is most seriously lacking is a conceptual framework that helps to distill this mountain of literature into a manageable and more understandable amount. In this paper, we address these important issues by examining the literature that surveys the attitudes and behaviour of providers regarding CAM comparatively across the professions of medicine and nursing and across settings. We do so by drawing upon existing, more general theoretical contributions to the area of CAM in order to propose a comparative conceptual framework with which to interpret the diverse and at times discrepant results of this body of research.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Hormesis: from marginalization to mainstream: a case for hormesis as the default dose-response model in risk assessment.

The paper provides an account of how the hormetic dose response has emerged in recent years as a serious dose-response model in toxicology and risk assessment after decades of extreme marginalization. In addition to providing the toxicological basis of this dose-response revival, the paper reexamines the concept of a default dose model in toxicology and risk assessment and makes the argument that the hormetic model satisfies criteria (e.g., generalizability, frequency, application to risk assessment endpoints, false positive/negative potential, requirements for hazard assessment, reliability of estimating risks, capacity for validation of risk estimates, public health implications of risk estimates) for such a default model better than its chief competitors, the threshold and linear at low dose models. The selection of the hormetic model as the default model in risk assessment for noncarcinogens and specifically for carcinogens would have a profound impact on the practice of risk assessment and its societal implications.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Over the mainstream: diagnostic requirements for biological psychiatric research.

Progress in biological psychiatry is contingent on progress in neurobiology and on research into proper characterisation and assessment of abnormal behavior. Advances in neurobiology are rapid and steady; diagnostic research does not keep pace. On the contrary, the diagnostic approach seems solidified, as today's basic premises are uncritically accepted. The diagnostic requirements for meaningful biological psychiatric research are discussed and contrasted with present-day diagnostic practices. Serious reflection on the state of psychiatric diagnosing is urgently needed.

Biological Psychiatry↗