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PubMed2004

Working models of attachment shape perceptions of social support: evidence from experimental and observational studies.

Two studies examined the association between attachment style and perceptions of social support. Study 1 (N = 95 couples) used an experimental paradigm to manipulate social support in the context of a stressful task. Insecure participants (anxious and avoidant) who received low-support messages appraised these messages more negatively, rated a prior behavioral interaction with their partner as having been less supportive, and performed significantly worse at their task compared with secure participants. Study 2 (N = 153 couples) used a similar paradigm except that partners were allowed to send genuine support messages. Insecure participants (especially fearful) perceived their partners' messages as less supportive, even after controlling for independent ratings of the messages and relationship-specific expectations. These studies provide evidence that individuals are predisposed to appraise their support experiences in ways that are consistent with their chronic working models of attachment, especially when the support message is ambiguous.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Attachment theory and research: application to clinical practice.

Although Bowlby's attachment theory has had a profound effect on research in developmental psychology, its application to clinical practice has barely been explored. The theory and its origins are outlined, and attachment-theory concepts that may have clinical applicability are explored, with particular attention to the construct of internal working models. In addition, psychotherapeutic approaches using attachment-theory concepts are summarized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of adult attachment style on the perception and search for social support.

Effects of adult attachment style on the perception of and search for social support were examined. One hundred and fifty undergraduate students completed self-report scales tapping their attachment styles, the extent to which they perceive the availability of emotional and instrumental support from significant figures (father, mother, same-sex friend, opposite-sex friend, romantic partner), and the extent to which they look for instrumental and emotional assistance in times of need. Findings showed that secure persons perceived higher levels of emotional and instrumental support from the assessed figures and reported seeking more emotional and instrumental support than avoidant and ambivalent persons did. Results are discussed in the context of an attachment perspective of social support.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The velveteen rabbit. Fragment of an analysis.

This paper develops a psychoanalytic interpretation both of the popular children's story and of the process by which interpretation of the story unfolded within the writer's experience as an analysand. Questions of attachment and separation prove central to both investigations.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

The effects of haptonomy and virtual reality, anxiety, prenatal attachment and acceptance of pregnancy in unplanned pregnancy.

AIM: Unplanned pregnancies are an important public health problem that negatively affects the health of women and babies. This study aimed to determine the effects of haptonomy and virtual reality on anxiety, prenatal attachment and acceptance of pregnancy in unplanned pregnancies. Haptonomy, a touch-based bonding technique, and virtual reality, an immersive fetal visualisation tool, were used as interventions. METHODS: The sample of this randomised controlled study consisted of 217 pregnant women (haptonomy: 73, virtual reality: 72 and control: 72) who applied to the Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient clinics of a public hospital in eastern Turkey between July 2020 and April 2021. For both experimental groups, four interviews were conducted with the pregnant women between the 24thand32nd gestational weeks at intervals of 7-10&#x2009;days. Data were collected on pregnancy-related anxiety, prenatal attachment and pregnancy acceptance. Group differences were analysed using appropriate statistical comparisons. RESULTS: Pregnancy-related anxiety was lower, and acceptance of pregnancy was higher in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). Prenatal attachment level was higher in the haptonomy and virtual reality groups compared to the control group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). Notably, prenatal attachment scores were significantly higher in the haptonomy group compared to the virtual reality group (p&#x2009;<&#x2009;.001). CONCLUSION: In unplanned pregnancies, imagining the baby through haptonomy and imagining the baby through virtual reality are techniques that reduce the level of anxiety related to pregnancy and increase the level of prenatal attachment and acceptance of pregnancy. Especially haptonomy showed a higher effect on prenatal attachment.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Social support processes: mediators of attachment state of mind and adjustment in late adolescence.

This study examined the mediational link between attachment state of mind, social support processes and personal adjustment. The Adult Attachment Interview was administered to 62 adolescents during their college transition. At the end of high school and during their first semester in college, students completed questionnaires pertaining to primary and secondary appraisals; coping and personal adjustment were assessed through self- and peer-report questionnaires. A dismissing tendency was related to difficulty in getting assistance from peers and teachers and to peer-reported withdrawal. A preoccupied tendency was associated with stress regarding the transition, distrust in potential supporters, difficulty seeking help from teachers, and loneliness. Moreover, stress, distrust and help-seeking mediated the link between preoccupied attachment and loneliness, whereas the relation between dismissing attachment and withdrawal was not mediated by help-seeking. Cognitive and behavioral attachment processes are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The role of adult attachment security in non-romantic, non-attachment-related first interactions between same-sex strangers.

Research using the Adult Attachment Interview has largely examined its predictive significance for interpersonal behavior within the context of observations of parent-child and romantic relationships. A limitation of this state of affairs is that the literature does not make clear whether or when attachment-related variation becomes reflected in other kinds of interpersonal encounters. This study demonstrates that links between adults' states of mind regarding childhood attachment experiences and the quality of their interpersonal interactions are evident in first meetings between same-sex strangers in a non-attachment-related context. More specifically, in a study of 50 stranger dyads (50% female), secure adults demonstrated positive emotional engagement during a challenging puzzle-building task. In contrast, preoccupied adults dominated the task, whereas dismissing adults evidenced negative emotion during the interaction. Results held controlling for the Big Five personality dimensions and suggest a middle ground position regarding the narrow versus broad correlates of adult attachment security.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

The association between parental reports of attachment style and family dynamics, and offspring's reports of adult attachment style.

This research assessed the association between parents' reports of attachment styles and their perceptions of family environment, on the one hand, and offspring's reports of adult attachment styles, on the other. The sample included 98 Israeli young adults who completed the adult attachment style scale, and their mothers and fathers who completed this scale, as well as FACES III, and the conflict and expressiveness subscales of the Family Environment Scale. Findings revealed associations between parents' and offspring's reports of attachment styles, which were qualified by gender matching. They also indicated independent and differential contributions of the examined dimensions of perceived family environment to offspring's attachment styles. The discussion attempts to integrate attachment theory with a family system perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Attachment style, family and romantic relationships.

In 1987 Hazan and Shaver showed that patterns of romantic love reflected attachment styles. In an extension of that study with 39 men and 33 women in college (ages 18-36 years), this research shows that family relationships may also affect romantic relationships indirectly through their association with attachment styles.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Attachment theory as the basic principle for understanding psychopathological development and inpatient treatment].

There seems to be an as yet unresolved question as to whether attachment behavior is an innate factor or whether it is an outcome of primary social relations. On the basis of Bowlby's researches as well as on Emde's, the author argues that attachment is an innate developmental factor that needs external impact, meaning parental care, to evolve and develop. The two cases presented here reflect similar expressions of alienation and detachment as well as essential differences. In the first case, the child has lost his innate ability and urge for social attachment due to severely defective care during early infancy, mainly desertion. In the second case, the child expresses clear attachment ability, yet, due to the deviant care, this ability has developed into disturbed attachment patterns. In both cases, it is claimed that only comprehensive treatment, which is in a way removed from reality, may "rekindle" the innate attachment ability of the first child and lead the second child unimpaired attachment behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Differences in the assessment of 9-14-year-old sons of divorced and not divorced parents].

Twenty-eight 9- to 14 years old boys from divorced families were compared with twenty-six 9- to 14 years old boys from two-parent families. Californian Child Q-Sort assessments (Block and Block 1980) were obtained from themselves, as well as from mother, father, a friend, and from the trained interviewer. Boys with divorced parents indicated more stress without showing it to others. They longed for appreciation from the others, showed lower self-esteem and more helplessness, but not more dissocial behavior. Supportive representation of their mother correlated positively with ego-resiliency and self-esteem, and negatively with helplessness, while others did not seem to notice the boys' helplessness. They indicated less dissocial and more social behavior, they were more sensitive and had better relations with other children. Supportive representation of fathers was beneficial only for the control group. The data correspond to differences in quality of narrative language published previously. They are discussed from an attachment theory perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Attachment and compassion fatigue among American and Israeli mental health clinicians working with traumatized victims of terrorism.

This study compared the construct of compassion fatigue with the role of attachment as a potential mediator among mental health clinicians working with victims of terrorism in the New York metropolitan region of the United States and Israel. Differences between clinicians practicing within Israel (n = 31) and New York (n = 35), in terms of their symptoms of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and "burnout," were not significant, as measured by multivariate analyses of variance. Based upon nonsignificant differences, mediational statistical tests could not be run; thus, mediation did not hold. The data failed to support a significant difference between compassion fatigue and attachment avoidance or anxiety. However, data collection resulted in attenuated scores for compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction within both study groups of clinicians and moderate to average scores for burnout. Israeli clinicians had significantly more avoidant attachment dimensions than their New York cohorts. The strongest predictors of compassion satisfaction were (a) low attachment anxiety and (b) sufficient clinical experience related to treating victims of trauma. The strongest predictors of burnout were (a) minimal clinical experience, (b) minimal experience working with trauma victims, and (c) greater avoidant attachment dimensions.

Empathy↗
PubMed1987

Effects of maternal absence due to employment on the quality of infant-mother attachment in a low-risk sample.

Recent reports have suggested that day-care experience initiated prior to 12 months of age is associated with increased proportions of infants whose attachment to mother is classified as "insecure-avoidant." However, reviewers have questioned the generality of these findings, noting that samples in which associations between early day-care experience and avoidant attachment patterns have been reported come from high-risk populations, and/or that the infants' day-care settings may not have been of high quality. In the present study, effects of maternal absences on infant-mother attachment quality were assessed in a low-risk, middle-class sample (N = 110). In all instances, substitute care had been initiated at least 4 months prior to the infant's first birthday and was provided in the infant's home by a person unrelated to the baby. Infants were assessed using the Ainsworth Strange Situation when they were 12-13 months of age. Analyses indicated that a significantly greater proportion of infants whose mothers worked outside the home (N = 54) were assigned to the category "insecure-avoidant" as compared to infants whose mothers remained in the home (N = 56) throughout the first year of life. Analyses of demographic and psychological data available for the sample indicated that this relation is dependent upon maternal parity (primi- vs. multiparous mother). The association between attachment quality and work status was significant only for firstborn children of full-time working mothers. The results are interpreted as evidence that the repeated daily separations experienced by infants whose mothers are working full-time constitute a "risk" factor for the development of "insecure-avoidant" infant-mother attachments.

Child Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mothers' and unrelated persons' initial handling of newborn infants.

The pattern of newborn handling by 36 newly delivered women during their infants' first postpartum bedside visit was compared with the pattern of newborn handling by 36 female nursing students at the beginning of their first clinical day in a hospital normal newborn nursery. The research hypothesis predicted that the initial pattern of handling a newborn infant would be similar for mothers and persons unrelated to the newborn. However, mothers and students differed significantly, both for the amount of handling during the observation period and the time it took each group to initiate using fingers, palms, arms, and trunk to handle the infant. In addition, the sequence of use of fingers, palms, arms, and trunk was different for mothers and students. Although the mothers did not follow the sequence of handling reported in the literature, the students did, thus casting doubt on the specificity of a pattern of maternal handling of the newborn infant as a means of assessing maternal attachment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Length of day-care attendance and attachment behavior in eighteen-month-old infants.

Differences in the attachment behavior of 18-month-old full-time, part-time, and non-day-care infants from intact middle-class homes were compared. Mothers of the day-care infants had made arrangements to return to work before their infants' birth, and all the infants had been placed in day-care homes before 9 months of age. The study involved 2 sessions: a home observation and the strange-situation procedure in a laboratory setting. The home-observation and rating scale scores of maternal behaviors directed at the child yielded few group differences. More full-time day-care children (but not part-time children) were found to display avoidance of the mother during the final reunion episode of the strange-situation procedure than did non-day-care children. The length of the daily separation appears to be an important determinant of day-care effects on infant-mother attachment.

Anger↗
PubMed1993

Depression and attachment problems.

This study investigated the characteristics related to attachment of 42 depressed psychiatric patients and 42 non-depressed psychiatric controls. The depressed subjects demonstrated an anxious pattern of attachment, characterized by either intense care-seeking in relation to their attachment figure or angry withdrawal from their attachment figure when their desire for security was frustrated. The results are discussed in terms of Bowlby's attachment construct.

Adult↗