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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for hydrocarbon aspiration.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a pulmonary bypass procedure that has been employed in adults to provide temporary treatment for reversible acute pulmonary and cardiac insufficiency. The technology of membrane oxygenation has been used since 1977 in neonates with predictably fatal pulmonary failure due to respiratory distress syndrome, persistent fetal circulation or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in older children with other pulmonary disorders has been limited. We report two cases of hydrocarbon aspiration involving petroleum-based products, both successfully treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. A 15-month-old male infant who aspirated baby oil (light mineral oil) is particularly unusual owing to the generally expected low risk of aspiration with a hydrocarbon of such viscosity (greater than 60 Saybolt Universal Seconds). The second patient is a 16-month-old male infant who aspirated furniture polish (mineral seal oil). In both children severe intractable hypoxemia developed despite intensive ventilatory support, and they became candidates for alternative therapy. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides a potentially life-saving option when a patient fails to respond to conventional therapy for hydrocarbon aspiration.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation↗
PubMed1995

Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine organisms.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the marine environment, occurring at their highest environmental concentrations around urban centers. While they can occur naturally, the highest concentrations are mainly from human activities, and the primary sources are combustion products and petroleum. Two factors, lipid and organic carbon, control to a large extent the partitioning behavior of PAHs in sediment, water, and tissue; the more hydrophobic a compound, the greater the partitioning to these phases. These two factors, along with the octanol-water partition coefficient, are the best predictors of this partitioning and can be used to determine PAH behavior and its bioavailability in the environment. It is well known that the lipid of organisms contains the highest levels of hydrophobic compounds such as PAHs, and that organic carbon associated with sediment or dissolved in water can have the greatest influence on PAH bioavailability. Partitioning of combustion-derived PAHs between water and sediment may be much less than predicted, possibly because associations with particles are much stronger than expected. This reduced partitioning may produce erroneous results in predicting bioaccumulation where uptake from water is important. Accumulation of PAHs occurs in all marine organisms; however, there is a wide range in tissue concentrations from variable environmental concentrations, level and time of exposure, and species ability to metabolize these compounds. PAHs generally partition into lipid-rich tissues, and their metabolites can be found in most tissues. In fish, liver and bile accumulate the highest levels of parent PAH and metabolites; hence, these are the best tissues to analyze when determining PAH exposure. In invertebrates, the highest concentrations can be found in the internal organs, such as the hepatopancreas, and tissue concentrations appear to follow seasonal cycles, which may be related to variations in lipid content or spawning cycles. The major route of uptake for PAHs has been debated for years. For the more water-soluble PAHs, it is believed that the main route of uptake is through ventilated water and that the more hydrophobic compounds are taken in mainly through ingestion of food or sediment. There are many variables, such as chemical hydrophobicity, uptake efficiency, feeding rate, and ventilatory volume, which may affect the outcome. The route of uptake may be an important issue for short-term events; however, under long-term exposure and equilibrium conditions between water, prey, and sediment, the route of uptake may be immaterial because the same tissue burdens will be achieved regardless of uptake routes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene and thioethers in workers exposed to bitumen fumes.

Biological monitoring of exposure to bitumen fumes during road-paving operations was carried out. In order to evaluate the biological uptake of the workers, the nonselective urinary thioether assay and a selective method for the determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene were used. Urinary thioether data of exposed workers were higher than those of nonexposed subjects. The effect of smoking, however, was stronger than the effect of occupational exposure. Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in road-paving workers were significantly higher than those in control subjects. The 1-hydroxypyrene level was also influenced by smoking habits, but the effect of occupational exposure was stronger. Our present data suggest that enhanced urine levels of both thioethers and 1-hydroxypyrene in bitumen workers may indicate an increased genotoxic risk. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the applicability of the 1-hydroxypyrene assay after occupational exposure to petroleum-based products.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The fuel properties of pyrolysis liquid derived from urban solid wastes in Bangladesh.

Urban solid wastes in the form of scrap tyre, waste plastic and waste paper, were pyrolyzed in an externally heated fixed bed reactor. The condensed liquids were analyzed for their properties as fuels and compared with petroleum-derived products. The properties were physical properties, higher heating value, elemental (CHNOS) analysis and chemical composition using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the pyrolysis of urban solid wastes may be a potential source of liquid hydrocarbon fuel.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2006

The containment of oil spills in porous media using xanthan/aluminum solutions, gelled by gaseous CO2 or by AlCl3 solutions.

The gelation in situ of polymers may be a method for temporarily containing organic solvents and other petroleum derived products, which may enter the subsurface. In order to create gels that are neither toxic to humans nor to the ecosystem, we have investigated on the use of the biopolymer xanthan gum with aluminum as a crosslinking agent. Firstly we have considered xanthan/sodium aluminate solutions, which upon preparation are strongly basic and do not gel. The gelation takes place in acid solutions so that Al(III) ions are released, and is instantaneous. Therefore, a special technique must be used for generating the gel structure in situ. The un-gelled solution must be injected and an acid must be added afterwards. We have investigated on the gelling reaction induced by gaseous carbon dioxide, which is an acid gas. The insufflation of CO(2) above the solution generates a layer of gel whose thickness progressively increases as CO(2) diffuses in the polymer solution. Secondly we have investigated on the use of aluminum chloride as the source of Al(III) ions. Also in this case, due to the full availability of Al(III) ions, the gelling reaction would be instantaneous. Therefore, the solution of AlCl(3) must be added on the top of the xanthan solution after its injection. For both gelling systems we have studied both theoretically and experimentally the rate of formation of the gel layer which progressively thickens after the insufflation of CO(2) or after the addition of the AlCl(3) solution.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2000

Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by hydrocarbon mixtures: the residual concentration problem.

The phenomenon of residual concentration was investigated in the aerobic biodegradation of three different petroleum commercial products (i.e., kerosene, diesel fuel and a lubricating mineral oil) in static microcosms. Two different soils exhibiting different physical-chemical characteristics were used (i.e., a biologically treated hydrocarbon-contaminated soil and a pristine soil). Residual concentrations were observed and a simple way to take this phenomenon into account was proposed.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗