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Results for “Physical exercise”

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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Attenuated progression of coronary artery disease after 6 years of multifactorial risk intervention: role of physical exercise.

BACKGROUND: It was the aim of this study to assess the long-term effects of physical exercise and low-fat diet on the progression of coronary artery disease. At the beginning of the study, 113 male patients with coronary artery disease were randomized to an intervention group (n=56) or a control group (n=57); 90 patients (80%) could be reevaluated after 6 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients in the intervention group (n=40) showed a reduction in total serum cholesterol (6.03+/-1.03 versus 5.67+/-1.01 mmol/L; P<.03) and triglyceride levels (1.94+/-0.8 versus 1.6+/-0.89 mmol/L; P<.005) and maintained their initial body mass index (26+/-2 versus 27+/-2 kg/m2; P=NS), but results were not statistically different from the control group (n=50) (total serum cholesterol, 6.05+/-1.02 versus 5.79+/-0.88 mmol/L; triglycerides, 2.25+/-1.28 versus 1.85+/-0.96 mmol/L [both P=NS]; body mass index, 26+/-2 versus 28+/-3 kg/m2 [P<.0001]). In the intervention group, there was a significant 28% increase in physical work capacity (166+/-59 versus 212+/-89 W; P<.001), whereas values remained essentially unchanged in the control group (165+/-51 versus 170+/-60 W; P=NS; between groups, P<.05). In the intervention group, coronary stenoses progressed at a significantly slower rate than in the control group (P<.0001). Energy expenditure during exercise was assessed in a subgroup; patients with regression of coronary stenoses spent an average of 1784+/-384 kcal/wk (approximately 4 hours of moderate aerobic exercise per week). Multivariate regression analysis identified only physical work capacity as independently contributing to angiographic changes. CONCLUSIONS: After 6 years of multifactorial risk intervention, there is significant and persistent improvement in lipoprotein levels and physical work capacity, which results in a significant retardation of disease progression. These beneficial effects appear to be largely due to chronic physical exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The role of physical exercise and inactivity in pain recurrence and absenteeism from work after active outpatient rehabilitation for recurrent or chronic low back pain: a follow-up study.

STUDY DESIGN: An observational follow-up. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the role of physical exercise and inactivity on the long-term outcome after active outpatient low back rehabilitation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is considerable evidence documenting the efficacy of exercise in the conservative treatment of chronic low back pain, but the role of exercises after the guided treatment period on the long-term success and maintenance of the results is not known. METHODS: One hundred twenty-five patients with low back pain, who had participated in a 12-week active low back rehabilitation program, were asked about subjective pain and disability on the average of 14 months after the treatment. The outcomes were defined as a recurrence of persistent pain and work absenteeism, and a survival or failure analysis was performed between those who had continued exercising and who had been physically inactive. RESULTS: Recurrences of persistent pain during the follow-up period were fewer (P = 0.03) among those who had maintained regular exercise habits after the treatment than among those who had been physically inactive. Similarly, work absenteeism was less (P < 0.01) among physically active than among physically inactive persons. However, patients with good outcome in pain reduction after low back pain rehabilitation were more likely to participate in physical exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Exercises are beneficial after guided treatment in the maintenance of the results of active treatment for recurrent chronic low back pain in the long term, but those with less favorable outcome in rehabilitation are less likely to participate in exercises afterward. In active treatment programs, it is recommended that exercises be incorporated after the guided treatment.

Absenteeism↗

PubMed1996

Effects of repeated sensory stimulation (electro-acupuncture) and physical exercise (running) on open-field behaviour and concentrations of neuropeptides in the hippocampus in WKY and SHR rats.

The effects of repeated sensory stimulation (electro-acupuncture) and physical exercise (running) on open-field behaviour and on hippocampal concentrations of neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A, substance P, galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities were studied in WKY (wistar-Kyoto) and SHR (spontaneously hypertensive) rats. Significantly higher concentrations of substance P-like immunoreactivity, neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were found in the hippocampus immediately after 3 weeks of treatment (electro-acupuncture and running), but not 1 week after the last (tenth) changes in neuropeptide concentrations were similar in the two rat strains. Open-field behaviour was significantly reduced during the treatment period in both strains. There were significant negative correlations between behaviour and neuropeptide concentrations in SHR rats, suggesting interdependency with sympathetic activity. It is proposed that the effects of electro-acupuncture and physical exercise in rats are related to increases in neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A and substance P in the hippocampus.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Experimental human exposure to carbon disulfide. I. Respiratory uptake and elimination of carbon disulfide under rest and physical exercise.

Six human volunteers were exposed to 10 and 20 ppm carbon disulfide at rest and to 3 and 10 ppm carbon disulfide under a 50 W level of physical exercise during four consecutive periods of 50 min. Every 5 min a sample was taken from the mixed exhaled air in which the concentration of carbon disulfide was determined. It was established that only an apparent steady state was reached during this exposure period. The retention values were established as 0.374 (SD = 0.106; n = 239) for exposure to 10 ppm carbon disulfide at rest and as 0.410 (SD = 0.103; n = 239) for exposure to 20 ppm carbon disulfide at rest. During exposure to 10 ppm and 3 ppm carbon disulfide, combined with a 50 W level of physical exercise, the retention values decreased to 0.286 (SD = 0.083; n = 239) and 0.277 (SD = 0.049; n = 239) respectively. Thereby, the measured individual retention values of carbon disulfide show considerable interindividual differences. The respiratory uptake of carbon disulfide (mg CS2) proved significantly influenced by the amount of body fat estimated from skinfold thickness measurements. The respiratory elimination of carbon disulfide in the exhaled air can be described by means of a two-exponential decay.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of respiratory distress during maximal physical exercise: the role of trait anxiety.

Industrial respirators offer protection for men and women who are required to work in toxic and oxygen-deficient environments. Major advances continue to be made with respect to improved face mask designs and modes of protection, yet only recently have efforts been directed toward the development of criteria for use in evaluating individuals' psychological fitness to wear respirators. The purpose of the present investigation was to confirm (i.e., replicate) an earlier finding, using a simplified protocol, that an individual's tendency to experience respiratory distress during exercise can be predicted. In the present experiment, an independent sample of 38 subjects underwent a maximal exercise test. It was predicted that subjects with elevated trait anxiety scores would experience respiratory distress when required to perform heavy physical exercise using a full-facepiece, air-line supplied, pressure-demand respirator. The prediction of respiratory distress was accurate in 34 of 38 cases (89.5%). It was concluded that an objective measure of trait anxiety can be used to identify those individuals who are most likely to experience distress while performing maximal physical exercise and using a pressure-demand respirator.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The effect of physical exercise on reverse cholesterol transport.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are recognized for their role in coronary artery disease (CAD) risk reduction. Plasma HDL plays a pivotal role in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Physical exercise is well recognized as a modality that affects HDL metabolism. The purpose of this discussion is to describe the effects of physical exercise on RCT.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Five years of physical exercise and low fat diet: effects on progression of coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the long-term effects of low-fat diet and intensive physical exercise. METHODS: Long-term efficacy of exercise and diet was assessed in 18 nonselected, fully employed patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. Results were compared to 18 patients on usual care. RESULTS: In the intervention group at 1 year, serum lipoproteins were brought to ideal levels, exercise-induced myocardial ischemia was significantly reduced, and progression in coronary atherosclerosis was retarded. After more than 5 years, patients in the intervention group showed a significant reduction in lipoprotein levels (total cholesterol, 248 [179-299] vs 214 [173-272] mg/dL, P < .01; low density lipoprotein, 146 [83-216], vs 152 [121-197] mg/dL, P < .005 vs control; triglycerides; 151 [80-303] mg/dl, vs 98 [46-182] mg/dL; P < .005) and body mass index (26 +/- 2.9 vs 25.4 +/- 3.3 kg/m2; P < .05). Exercise induced myocardial ischemia, measured by 201thallium scintigraphy, decreased by 29% (41 degrees +/- 36 degrees vs 29 degrees +/- 29 degrees, P = NS) and coronary atherosclerosis, assessed by angiography and digital image processing, progressed at a slower pace in light of a 21% increase in physical work capacity (169 +/- 40 vs 205 +/- 50, P < .01) and a 28% increase in maximal rate pressure product (25 +/- 6 vs 32 +/- 4, P < .004). In contrast, patients in the control group showed only poorly controlled coronary risk factors (total cholesterol, 243 [179-306] vs 26 [178-304] mg/dL, P = NS; low density lipoprotein, 151 [79-229] vs 196 [107-238] mg/dL, P < .0005 vs intervention; body mass index 25.7 +/- 2.5 vs 27.5 +/- 3.5 kg/m2, P < .01), whereas their physical work capacity tended to deteriorate (165 +/- 45 vs 142 +/- 62 Watts, P = not significant). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that current usual care is insufficient in controlling risk factors of coronary artery disease. However, intensive physical exercise and low-fat diet remain an effective form of treatment after more than 5 years.

Constriction, Pathologic↗

PubMed1995

Evaluation of importance of central effects of atenolol and metoprolol measured by heart rate variability during mental performance tasks, physical exercise, and daily life in stable postinfarct patients.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise and mental work cause alterations in cardiac autonomic control. beta-Blockers protect the heart against stress, and this effect may be in part centrally mediated. In this context, the lipophilicity of the drug would be clinically relevant. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty postinfarct patients were randomized to receive 100 mg atenolol or 200 mg metoprolol CR in a double-blind, crossover manner, each for a 6-week period. Heart rate (HR) variability was used to study autonomic effects during mental and physical stress and to study circadian variations. Mean 24-hour HR decreased from 77 +/- 7 to 60 +/- 6 beats per minute after atenolol and to 62 +/- 6 beats per minute after metoprolol (P = .046). At baseline, mental performance tasks did not affect HR, but decreased HR variability (SDNN index from 51 +/- 26 to 30 +/- 13 milliseconds [ms], P < .001; high-frequency power from 130 +/- 143 to 110 +/- 125 ms2, P = .046; and low-frequency power from 538 +/- 447 to 290 +/- 275 ms2, P < .001). Both beta-blockers decreased HR during mental performance tasks (P < .001) and increased SDNN index and high-frequency power. Before treatment, bicycle exercise decreased HR variability; root-mean-square of successive difference decreased from 21 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 10 ms (P = .004). beta-Blockade could not prevent this decrease. No differences between atenolol and metoprolol were observed for absolute high- and low-frequency power or after adjustment for HR. Vagal blockade with methylatropine during chronic beta-blocker treatment nearly abolished all components of spectral power. HR was found to be the parameter most strongly affected by beta-blockade but not by an influence on vagal tone. No differences were found between atenolol and metoprolol. CONCLUSIONS: In stable postinfarct patients, chronic treatment with metoprolol and atenolol attenuates the reduction in HR variability induced by mental performance tasks, but the effects during exercise are limited. beta-Blockers do not appear to increase vagal tone in this stable patient group. The point of action in these patients is mainly a reduction in HR, probably due to a reduction in stress-induced sympathetic activation. Clinically significant differences between atenolol and metoprolol were absent, indicating that the degree of lipophilicity does not distinguish among the beta-blockers what their salutary effects are on HR variability during the specific challenges used.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1979

Hemodynamic changes in hypertensive patients at rest and during physical exercise before and after acute i.v. administration of bufuralol-HCl or propranolol.

The hemodynamic effects of 20 mg Bufuralol-HCl and of 15 mg Propranolol given to hypertensives i.v. at rest and under physical exercise conditions were examined. It could be shown that Bufuralol-HCl lowered the diastolic BP and PR at rest already in the acute experiment, contrary to Propranolol. Under physical exercise conditions the diastolic BP is lowered, the PR remains unchanged in spite of reduced CO. After exclusion of other possible explanations, Bufuralol-HCl may lower the diastolic BP acutely at least partly by inhibition of cerebral beta-receptors. A faster and better liquor diffusion could be the reason for these results. It can be assumed that the acute BP lowering effect is mediated by the same mechanism as the chronic effect of the other beta-receptor blocking drugs.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed1988

Pain clinic #9. Physical exercise in the treatment of low back pain. Part I: A review.

Physical exercise has been advocated as therapeutic in the treatment of low back pain as far back as 1937, when Williams proposed his now famous flexion exercises. Its current widespread use invites two questions: 1) what evidence is there to support this claim, and 2) which exercises have been proven beneficial? In this first paper of a three-part series, the literature is examined for answers to these questions. Subsequent articles will present practical clinical regimens of both stretching and strengthening exercises.

Back Pain↗

PubMed2004

Acute cardiovascular complications due to physical exercise in male teenagers.

Five sudden cardiac deaths in male adolescents (age 14-18 years) were detected in a 5-year period in Croatia. Two of them had been engaged in physical exercise at school, one as a professional soccer player, one in recreational swimming, and the fifth had just finished secondary school and was working at the site. All of them were autopsied and in three congenital cardiovascular diseases was found. Two had hypoplastic coronary arteries. The third had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with interventricular wall of 40 mm. The fourth had normal heart findings including coronaries, but had bilateral pneumonia with a possible altitude (non-cardiogenic) pulmonary edema. The fifth had a chronic myopericarditis with an aneurysm of the left ventricle. All of them had not reported definite symptoms at exertion. According to this data, the death rate in adolescent males in Croatia during or after recreational physical exercise was 1/100,000 per year or 5/500,000 in five years. Thorough preparticipation medical examination including indicated laboratory tests and avoidance of heavy exertion at the time of respiratory infection might have helped to avoid some of the lethal events.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prone immersion physical exercise therapy in three children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study.

Prone immersion physical exercise therapy has been used successfully in the physical rehabilitation of middle-aged adults with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this pilot project was to evaluate the effects of PIPE therapy in children with cystic fibrosis. Three children with CF, two boys aged 6 and 14 years and one girl aged 15 years, voluntarily participated in the experimental training program. The patients performed individualized group exercise three times a week on alternate days for 28 consecutive weeks at an intensity of approximately 75 percent aerobic capacity. Duration of exercise gradually increased from 15 (3 x 5 minutes) to 60 (3 x 20 minutes) minutes while the rest period after each exercise was constant at two minutes. PIPE training resulted in increased physical work capacity and maximal oxygen consumption in all three subjects. Curiously, these changes were not accompanied by training bradycardia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Hemodynamic response and valve performance during graded physical exercise in patients with Medtronic-Hall aortic valve prosthesis.

The Medtronic-Hall aortic valve prosthesis has been studied in order to evaluate its efficacy to respond to moderate (50 Watts) and heavy (100 Watts) physical exercise. A marked increase in cardiac index from 2.86 +/- 0.45 l/min/m2 BSA at rest to 6.80 +/- 0.51 l/min/m2 BSA at the heaviest work load was well-tolerated. Peak pressure gradient rose from 7.9 +/- 8.7 mmHg at rest to 23.0 +/- 16.3 mmHg during the heaviest physical exercise. Utilization of the available valve orifice area was acceptably good. The discharge coefficient, which is the ratio between the effective orifice area and the internal stent orifice area, was 0.69 +/- 0.17 at rest. The performance index, which is the ratio between the effective orifice area and the annulus area, was 0.44 +/- 0.11 at rest. Both indices tended to increase during maximal exercise, possibly due to a more favorable position of the valve in relation to flow pattern.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Elevated urinary excretion of endothelin in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: no influence of physical exercise.

The urinary excretion of endothelin was measured by radioimmunoassay in children with diabetes mellitus in metabolically stable condition before and after ergometric exercise. Apparently healthy children served as normal controls. The excretion of endothelin, calculated for 24h and the ratio of endothelin/creatinine in urine were also significantly higher in diabetic children compared to normal controls. Physical exercise had no influence on renal endothelin excretion. In diabetic children the volume of diuresis was higher compared to controls. Physical exercise had no influence on diuresis. In a previous study we found a positive correlation between diureses and endothelin excretion. Therefore, the increased endothelin excretion in the diabetic patients may be at least partially the consequence of the higher diuresis values. It cannot be excluded, however, that it may be a sign of altered renal function as well. Furthermore, the present study suggests that in patients with diabetes mellitus elevated sympathetic nerve activity as a result of physical activity does not influence renal endothelin production.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Physical exercise during remobilization restores a normal bone trabecular network after tail suspension-induced osteopenia in young rats.

To determine how bone recovers from immobilization-induced bone loss and to specify whether its recovering capacity is improved by physical exercise, 5-week-old male Wistar rats (287.07 g +/- 10.65 SD) were tail suspended for 14 days, then returned to either normal weight-bearing (R) or controlled physical exercise for 28 days (R + E). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in three parts of the femur. Using histomorphometric analysis, bone mass and architecture were estimated in the primary (1 degree sp) and secondary spongiosa (2 degrees sp) of the proximal tibial metaphysis. Bone cellular parameters were measured in the 2 degrees sp of the tibia. Tail suspension induced a significant decrease in BMD, 2 degrees sp bone mass, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate and marked alterations of the trabecular network. In R rats, BMD was still significantly decreased, except in the distal part of the femur. Long-bone lengthening was significantly altered. The 2 degrees sp bone mass returned to the age-matched control values; however, the trabeculae were still significantly thinner and bone resorption was significantly higher. R + E rats had a normal long bone lengthening and a significant increase in 2 degrees sp bone mass and trabecular thickness when compared with R rats. Bone resorption was significantly depressed, and osteoid surfaces and thickness were significantly increased. Thus, although bone mass returns to normal values in the R group, trabecular alterations persist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1991

Cerebral blood flow velocities during orthostasis and physical exercise.

The peak flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery were continuously recorded by transcranial Doppler sonography in 29 children. Arterial blood pressure and heart rates were measured every minute. The values observed during orthostasis and physical exercise were compared to baseline values obtained in the supine position. During orthostasis the velocities were, on average, reduced to 87%-94%, the minimal values being 75%-78% of the baseline values. The heart rate increased whereas blood pressure showed only minor alterations. Upon standing up the systolic peak flow velocity remained unchanged while the mean- and enddiastolic peak flow velocities decreased to 66% and 39% respectively. On average, the velocities increased to 103%-108% during physical exercise. Systolic blood pressure increased to the same extent, the heart rate even more. Continuous recording of cerebral blood flow velocities may be more useful than intermittent measurements of blood pressure to differentiate children with and without symptoms of orthostasis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Effect of venous stasis and physical exercise on plasma extracellular-superoxide dismutase.

The secretory protein extracellular-superoxide dismutase is the major superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoenzyme in the extracellular space. There is evidence to suggest that most extracellular-superoxide dismutase in the vascular system is bound to endothelial cell surfaces. Venous stasis and physical exercise is known to induce release of several endothelium-associated factors into the plasma. However, venous stasis and physical exercise were not found to induce any release of extracellular-superoxide dismutase into plasma. The plasma activity of the intracellular isoenzyme CuZn SOD was doubled by venous stasis.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Increase in atrial natriuretic peptide in response to physical exercise.

Circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) level was determined during physical exercise to investigate the correlation between changes in ANP level and heart rate increases. Six subjects exercised at a work level of 75% VO2max for 30 min, two also performed two successive exercises at 75% VO2max while two more exercised for longer at 55% VO2max. Plasma ANP levels and heart rate increased in all the exercising subjects. At the end of the exercise, the ANP level fell immediately, suggesting an immediate reduction in ANP secretion by the heart. Pre-exercise values were reached after 30 min. Successive exercises gave the same heart rate related ANP patterns without previous secretory episodes having any effect. These results lead to the conclusion that ANP intervenes in the cardiovascular adjustments to exercise.

Adult↗