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PubMed1994

Effects of calf breed on milk production and other economic traits of Holstein dams.

Production of purebred or crossbred feeder calves for beef, especially HolsteinxJapanese-Black (HxJB) and Japanese-Black (JB), from dairy cattle using artificial insemination or embryo transfer have been used widely in Japan. However, dairy farmers feel uneasy about the effects of calf breed on the economic traits of dams. In this study, those effects were investigated in 798 Holstein heifers bearing Holstein, HxJB, JB or other breed calves. The results of the least-squares ANOVA indicated the effects of calf breed to be significant for gestation length (P<0.01) and calf birth weight (P<0.01) but not for milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, peak yield, day of peak, number of artificial inseminations per pregnancy or days open. Frequency of dystocia was lower in dams bearing HxJB calves than in those bearing Holstein calves (P<0.05). There were no significant differences for frequencies of still birth, retained placenta and subsequent pregnancy. The present data suggest that the effects of calf breed do not place a serious problem on the economic traits of Holstein dams. In conclusion, it is indicated that the production of JB and HxJB feeder calves from Holstein dams does not result in a decrease in dam productivity.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

A matched cohort study of planned home and hospital births in Western Australia 1981-1987.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate practice comparing planned home birth with planned hospital birth DESIGN: a retrospective analysis of a cohort who had planned to have a home birth compared with a matched hospital birth group SETTING: Western Australia (WA) PARTICIPANTS: all women (N = 976) who 'booked' to have a home birth 1981-1987 and 2928 matched women who had a planned hospital birth (singleton births only). MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: women in the home birth group had a longer labour, were less likely to have had labour induced or to have had any sort of operative delivery. They were less likely overall to have had complications of labour, but more likely to have had a postpartum haemorrhage and more likely to have had a retained placenta. Babies in the home birth group were heavier and more likely to be post-term. They were less likely to have had an Apgar score below 8 at 5 minutes, to have taken more than 1 minute to establish respiration or to have received resuscitation. The crude odds ratio for planned home births for perinatal mortality was 1.25 (95% CI 0.44-3.55). Postneonatal mortality was more common in the hospital group. Planned home births were generally associated with less intervention than hospital births and with less maternal and neonatal morbidity, with the exception of third stage complications. Although not significant, the increase in perinatal mortality has been observed in other Australian studies of home births and requires continuing evaluation. KEY CONCLUSIONS: Planned home births in WA appear to be associated with less overall maternal and neonatal morbidity and less intervention than hospital births. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: whether these observed differences in intervention and morbidity have any relationship to the small, non-significant increase in perinatal mortality could not be determined in this study. Continuing evaluation of home birth practice and outcome is essential.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1982

Experimental infection with a Leptospira hardjo strain isolated from cattle of the eastern plains of Colombia.

The infectivity and pathogenicity of a strain of Leptospira hardjo isolated from the eastern plains of Colombia were evaluated. Ten pregnant heifers were artifically inoculated and monitored during 10 months. During the trial, isolation of leptospires was attempted and antibodies were detected by the microscopic agglutination test. Leptospires were recovered from the urine of six of the inoculated animals up to 6 months after infection. Eight of ten calves born from the inoculated heifers were born weak, and one of them died 12 h after parturition. Three of the weak calves had generalized jaundice of the internal surfaces. Half of the cows developed metritis and had a retained placenta. Serological reactions were seen against serotypes other than L. hardjo. A chronic infection was apparently established in the inoculated heifers with leptospiruria resulting in reinfection of the animals and a secondary rise in antibody levels.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2005

High-dose vaginal misoprostol versus concentrated oxytocin plus low-dose vaginal misoprostol for midtrimester labor induction: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and side effects of a high-dose vaginal misoprostol regimen to concentrated intravenous oxytocin plus low-dose vaginal misoprostol for midtrimester labor induction. STUDY DESIGN: Women at 14 to 24 weeks, with obstetric or fetal indications for delivery and no prior cesarean, were randomly assigned to receive either vaginal misoprostol 600 microg x 1, then 400 microg every 4 hours x 5 (group 1) or escalating dose-concentrated oxytocin infusions (277-1667 mU/min) plus vaginal misoprostol 400 microg x 1, then 200 microg every 6 hours x 2, then 100 microg x 1 (group 2). Analysis was by intent to treat. Primary outcomes were live birth rate and induction-to-delivery interval. RESULTS: The intended sample size was 70 women per group; however, the trial was terminated at the initial interim analysis because of a highly significant difference in 1 of the primary study outcomes. Twenty women were assigned to group 1 and 18 were assigned to group 2. Median induction-to-delivery interval was significantly shorter in group 1 (12 hours, range 4-44 hours) versus group 2 (18 hours, range 7-36 hours; P = .01). Induction success rate at 12 hours was significantly higher in group 1 (60%) compared with group 2 (22%, P = .02). No significant difference was noted in the live birth rate between groups 1 and 2 (13%, 0%, P = .16). The incidence of retained placenta requiring curettage, chorioamnionitis, intrapartum fever, nausea, emesis, and diarrhea were similar between both groups. CONCLUSION: Compared with concentrated oxytocin plus low-dose vaginal misoprostol, high-dose vaginal misoprostol significantly shortens midtrimester labor inductions.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed2004

Factors affecting conception rate after artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows.

Objectives were to determine factors associated with conception rate (CR) and pregnancy loss (PL) in high producing lactating Holstein cows. In Study 1, CR was evaluated in 7633 artificial inseminations (AI) of 3161 dairy cows in two dairy farms. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by palpation per rectum 39+/-3 days after AI. Environmental temperature was recorded at different intervals prior to and after AI. In Study 2, 1465 pregnancies from 1393 cows diagnosed at 31+/-3 days after AI by ultrasonography on three dairy farms were re-examined 14 days later to determine PL. Temperature > or =29 degrees C was considered to be heat stress (HS). Exposure to HS was defined as following: NH, no heat stress; HS1, exposure to at least 1 day of maximum temperature > or =29 degrees C and average daily maximum temperature (ADMT) <29 degrees C; and HS2, exposure to ADMT > or =29 degrees C. In Study 1, exposure of cows to HS1 and HS2 from 50 to 20 prior to AI was associated with reduced CR compared to cows not exposed to HS (28.8, 23.0, and 31.3%, respectively). Post-AI HS was not associated with CR. Cows inseminated following estrus detection or timed AI had similar CR. As the number of AI increased, CR decreased. Multiparous cows had lower CR than primiparous cows, and occurrence of milk fever and retained placenta was associated with decreased CR. In Study 2, PL was not associated with exposure to HS either prior to or after AI. Cows diagnosed with clinical mastitis experienced increased PL, but parity, number of AI, AI protocol, milk production, and days postpartum at AI were not associated with PL. In conclusion, CR was affected by HS prior to AI, parity, number of AI, and postparturient diseases, whereas PL was affected by clinical mastitis.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed2006

Induction of second trimester abortion (12-20 weeks) with mifepristone and misoprostol: a review of 386 consecutive cases.

DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of 386 women who underwent termination of pregnancy between 12 and 24 weeks' gestation. METHODS: Each woman received 200 mg mifepristone orally followed by vaginal misoprostol 800 microg 36 to 48 h later. Three hours after the initial misoprostol administration, 400-microg doses of vaginal misoprostol were administered every 3 h, to a maximum of four doses in 24 h. If abortion failed, 200 mg mifepristone is given again 3 h after the last misoprostol dose, followed by 12 h of rest before vaginal misoprostol administration is repeated as per previous course of treatment. RESULTS: Overall, 97.9% and 99.5% of the women aborted within 24 and 36 h, respectively. The median induction-to-abortion interval was 6.7 h (range: 1.4-73.8 h), and nulliparous women took significantly longer time to abort (6.0 h in multiparous women compared to 7.6 h in nulliparous women; p<.0001). One woman failed to abort within 48 h. Surgical evacuation of the uterus was performed in 5% of women for incomplete abortion or retained placenta. Multiparous women were less likely to need analgesic administration for pain relief, and to experience vomiting and diarrhea, than nulliparous women. CONCLUSION: The combination of 200 mg mifepristone and vaginally administered misoprostol is a safe, effective and noninvasive regimen for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed2004

Precipitate labor: higher rates of maternal complications.

OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to identify risk factors and to elucidate pregnancy outcome following precipitate labor, i.e. expulsion of the fetus within less than 3 h of commencement of contractions. METHODS: A comparison of patients with and without precipitate labor, delivered during the years 1988-2002, was conducted. Patients who underwent cesarean deliveries were excluded from the analysis. A multiple logistic regression model, with backward elimination, was performed to investigate independent risk factors for precipitate labor. RESULTS: The number of vaginal deliveries that occurred during the study period was 137,171. Of these, 99 were precipitate. Independent risk factors for precipitate labor, using a backward, stepwise multivariate analysis were: placental abruption (odds ratio (OR) = 30.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 15.9-60.4, P < 0.001); fertility treatments (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.7-9.0, P = 0.002); chronic hypertension (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.2-7.8, P = 0.015); intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-6.8, P = 0.014); prostaglandin E2 induction (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.5, P = 0.045); birth weight < 2,500 g (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.1, P = 0.020); and nulliparity (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6, P = 0.014). No significant differences were noted between the groups regarding perinatal complications such as meconium stained amniotic fluid, perinatal mortality and low Apgar scores. However, there were higher rates of maternal complications in the precipitate labor group such as cervical tears and grade 3 perineal tears (18.2% versus 0.3%, P < 0.001; and 2.0% versus 0.1%, P < 0.001, respectively), post-partum hemorrhage (13.1% versus 0.4%, P < 0.001); retained placenta (2.0% versus 0.5%, P = 0.02); the need for revision of uterine cavity and packed-cells transfusions (34.3% versus 4.9%, P < 0.001; and 11.1% versus 1.1%, P < 0.001, respectively) and prolonged hospitalization (27.6% versus 19.2%, P = 0.035) as compared to the controls. CONCLUSION: Precipitate labor is associated with higher rates of maternal complications.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The contribution of laminaria placement for cervical ripening in second trimester termination of pregnancy induced by intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F(2)alpha followed by concentrated oxytocin infusion.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether intracervical placement of laminaria stalks would improve the effectiveness of inducing termination of pregnancies in the second trimester by intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F(2)alpha. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective randomized clinical trial conducted at Gynecology Department, Lis Maternity Hospital. Fifty women admitted for indicated second trimester pregnancy termination were randomly assigned to receive either intracervical placement of laminaria (n = 25) or not (n = 25), with concurrent use of intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F(2)alpha and concentrated oxytocin. The outcome measures were: time from induction to delivery and the side effects and complications of treatment. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean interval from induction to delivery in the laminaria and no laminaria groups, being 20 +/- 1.3 (8-30) h versus 19 +/- 1.0 (8-26) h, respectively. In addition, this interval was not different in subgroups of primiparas or multiparas. Other outcome measures such as retained placenta (4% in both groups), post-partum hemorrhage (4% in both groups) gastro-intestinal side effects, fever, and use of analgesia were not significantly different between both groups. CONCLUSION: We found no additional value in placing laminaria stalks when using intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F(2)alpha followed by concentrated oxytocin infusion for second trimester termination of pregnancy.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed2006

Conservative management of preterm premature rupture of membranes between 18 and 23 weeks of gestation--maternal and neonatal outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the maternal and neonatal outcome of pregnancies after preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 18 and 23 weeks of gestation. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective analysis of all deliveries at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital after PPROM between 18 and 23 weeks of gestation from January 1997 to December 1999. All patients who delivered within 12 h of rupture of membranes were excluded. We further analyzed the data by dividing the patients into three groups based on the gestational age at which PPROM occurred as follows: (1) 18-19 weeks, (2) 20-21 weeks and (3) 22-23 weeks. For statistical analysis we combined two groups 18-19 weeks and 20-21 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 66 singleton pregnancies were included in our study. Median overall latency period until delivery was 62 h (range 12-654) with significantly prolonged latency at 22-23 weeks gestation in comparison to earlier gestation. Maternal complications were chorioamnionitis (n=19), placental abruption (n=3), retained placenta (n=6) and postpartum hemorrhage (n=5). Twenty fetuses were born alive (none between 18 and 19 weeks, 2 between 20 and 21 weeks and 18 between 22 and 23 weeks). These infants remained in the nursery between 1 and 555 days (median 106 days). A total of 12 infants were discharged home alive (1 between 20 and 21 weeks, 11 between 22 and 23 weeks). All surviving infants suffered at least one major neonatal complication. CONCLUSION: Conservative management of PPROM prior to 21 weeks of gestation was associated with very poor pregnancy outcome in our study. Although survival improved significantly after 22 weeks, all infants suffered major neonatal morbidity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Postpartum hemorrhage in developing countries: is the public health community using the right tools?

OBJECTIVES: To identify new and underutilized technologies that may assist in reducing maternal mortality due to obstetric hemorrhage. METHODS: Review of published and unpublished literature, including systematic reviews of randomized trials and individual clinical studies. RESULTS: Hemorrhage, primarily postpartum, accounts for approximately 25% of maternal deaths globally. Uterotonic drugs offer great promise for both prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Other technologies--such as anti-shock garments, umbilical vein injection of oxytocin, and simple anemia detection methods--represent potential new opportunities to reduce PPH-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and operational research is needed to answer remaining questions about misoprostol, the anti-shock garment, and umbilical vein injection of oxytocin for retained placenta. Efforts are needed to ensure the availability of technologies with proven value, such as oxytocin in Uniject prefilled injection devices. Equally important, technologies and techniques with proven efficacy--such as active management of third-stage labor and aortic compression--must be translated into general use by disseminating the evidence for them, incorporating them into national guidelines and training curricula, and ensuring the availability of supportive supplies and equipment.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed2005

Abortion procedures in a tertiary care institution in India.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the complications rate of termination of pregnancy (TOP) and the risk factors for complications following TOP. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of the records of 1287 women who underwent TOP in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, between 1997 and 2001. First-trimester abortion was performed in 1088 women (85%) and second-trimester abortion in 199 women (15%). Most women (76%) were aged between 26 and 30 years; they were educated and requested TOP primarily to limit the number of their children or to space their births. A malformed fetus was the indication for TOP in 5.9% cases, and 16% of the women had medical disorders associated with the pregnancy. Suction evacuation was the method of choice for first-trimester abortion (88%); dinoprostone gel and extra-amniotic saline solution plus oxytocin infusion were the primary methods (71%) for second-trimester abortion. RESULTS: Uterine perforation occurred in 1 patient (0.09%) after a first-trimester abortion. The total rate of complications was 3.79% after first-trimester and 4.0% after second-trimester abortions. Excessive hemorrhage and retained placenta were chief complications associated with second-trimester abortion. Incomplete abortion (1.5%) and minor infection were seen in 2.3% patients. The rate of complications was higher among parous women. Postabortion insertion of a CuT intrauterine device increased the need for a second course of antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Termination of pregnancy is safe if adequate care is taken while performing the procedure.

Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal↗

PubMed2005

Medicinal plant use in the practice of midwifery in rural Honduras.

Midwives in rural communities across the globe play an important role as primary health care providers, but few studies have documented the medicinal plants employed in this age-old practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 midwives in seven rural communities near La Ceiba, Honduras, regarding the plants they employ during the birthing process as well as their associated beliefs. Seventy-nine different plant species used to treat 15 conditions occurring during the pregnancy, birth and postpartum stages were recorded. Most plants and uses were reported by only one or two midwives, reflecting the fact that most midwives in this region had immigrated from different parts of the country. Almost all the midwives used or knew of plant remedies for treatment of miscarriages, postpartum abdominal pain and hemorrhages, retained placenta, and for speeding up contractions during labor. The most frequently cited plants as well as those for which there was greatest consensus tended to be widespread cultivated or weedy species. Although use of medicinal plants by midwives has decreased as a result of retraining programs by government health centers, midwives' knowledge of medicinal plants may provide an important resource for improving maternal-infant health in Honduras and elsewhere. Suggestions for future ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies on this topic are provided.

Abortifacient Agents↗

PubMed2006

The association between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fecal shedding or clinical Johne's disease and lactation performance on two Minnesota, USA dairy farms.

Lactation performance of cows infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) was previously studied using only serum ELISA as a diagnostic method. This study evaluated on two dairy farms in Minnesota, USA the lactation performance (measures of health, production, reproduction, and survival) of cows shedding Map in feces before calving and of cows culled with clinical signs consistent with Johne's disease (JD) during the subsequent lactation. Fecal samples were collected from 1052 cows within 21 day before calving and tested for Map with bacterial culture. Producers' observed signs of clinical disease (milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum, lameness, mastitis, pneumonia, and JD) and production and reproduction data were recorded for each cow. The association between fecal shedding or clinical JD and lactation performance was evaluated. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association with any clinical and subclinical diseases as the outcome. General linear model was used to evaluate the association with milk production, and survival analysis techniques were used to evaluate the association with days in the study before culling and days from calving to conception. In 84 cows (8% of 1052 cows) fecal samples were positive for Map (46% light, 26% moderate, and 28% heavy shedders). In multivariable analysis, light, moderate, and heavy fecal shedding cows produced on average 537, 1403, and 1534 kg, respectively, less milk per lactation and 1.4, 5.2, and 7.5 kg, respectively, less milk per day than fecal negative cows. Fecal culture positive cows were less likely to be bred and conceive. In the multivariable analysis the 56 cows culled with presumed JD produced approximately 1500 kg/lactation or 5 kg/day less than all other cows. The negative economic impact implied by decreased lactation performance in cows shedding Map or with clinical JD may motivate producers to implement programs to control Map infection and subsequent JD.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Screening for high fertility in high-producing dairy cows.

A retrospective study involving 2756 pregnancies from two commercial dairy herds in northeastern Spain determined relationships between management, production and reproductive data, and high fertility (conception before 90 days in milk) in high-producing dairy cows. High fertility was registered in 989 (35.9%) cows. The following data were recorded for each animal: herd, repeated animal (cows included two or more times within the study in which data were obtained from different lactational periods), parity (primiparous versus multiparous), previous twinning, reproductive disorders following calving (retained placenta, primary metritis) and at postpartum gynecological examination (incomplete uterine involution, pyometra and ovarian cysts), days in milk at conception, previous estrous synchronization and season of calving and conception. In order to evaluate the possible effect of high production during the peak milk yield on subsequent fertility, daily milk production at Day 50 postpartum was also recorded and cows were classified as high (> or = 50 kg) and low (< 50 kg) producers. Logistic regression analysis indicated no significant effects of herd, repeated animal, previous twinning, reproductive disorders such as primary metritis, incomplete uterine involution, pyometra and ovarian cysts, previous estrous synchronization and season of calving and insemination. Based on the odds ratio, the likelihood of high fertility increased in high-producer cows by a factor of 6.8. High fertility was less likely for multiparous cows (by a factor of 0.35) and for cows suffering placenta retention (by a factor of 0.65). High fertile cows produced a mean of 49.5 kg milk at Day 50 postpartum, in contrast to that 43.2 kg milk of the remainder cows. These findings question the negative effect of high production on fertility. Our results indicated that high individual cow milk production can be positively related to high fertility.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Prostaglandins and reproduction in female farm animals.

Prostaglandins impact on ovarian, uterine, placental, and pituitary function to regulate reproduction in female livestock. They play important roles in ovulation, luteal function, maternal recognition of pregnancy, implantation, maintenance of gestation, microbial-induced abortion, parturition, postpartum uterine and ovarian infections, and resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity. Prostaglandins have both positive and negative effects on reproduction; they are used to synchronize oestrus, terminate pseudopregnancy in mares, induce parturition, and treat retained placenta, luteinized cysts, pyometra, and chronic endometritis. Improved therapeutic uses for prostaglandins will be developed when we understand better their involvement in implantation, maintenance of luteal function, and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Seroprevalence of brucellosis in cattle and humans in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana: public health implications.

A total of 183 cattle comprising 54 bulls, 53 milking cows, 76 heifers and 44 calves in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana were tested for antibodies against Brucella abortus using the Rose Bengal plate test. The results indicated that cattle in the Akwapim-South district were infected with Brucella with a mean seroprevalence of 6. 6%. There was no difference in the seroprevalence either between females 11/129 (8.5%) and males 1/54 (1.9%), or among the three different breeds of cattle (Sanga, West African short horn (WASH) and white Fulani) in the study area. However, there was a significant increase in seropositivity with respect to age. A significant association between antibodies against Brucella and a history of abortions and retained placenta in cows indicated that brucellosis might be responsible for significant economic losses to farmers in the area. However, no evidence of human brucellosis was detected by antibody screening in selected risk groups.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Second trimester medical abortion with mifepristone and gemeprost: a review of 956 cases.

The treatment outcomes of 956 women undergoing second trimester termination of pregnancy with mifepristone and gemeprost were studied. The median gestational age was 16 weeks (range: 12-24 weeks). All women were treated with 200 mg mifepristone orally, followed 36 h later with 1 mg vaginal gemeprost administered every 6 h to a maximum of 4 doses in the first 24 h. A second course of 1 mg vaginal gemeprost was given 3-hourly in the next 12 h, if abortion had not occurred. Overall, 96.4% and 98.8% of the women aborted within 24 and 36 h, respectively. The median induction-to-abortion interval was 7.8 h (range: 0.5-109.9 h). The induction-abortion interval was longer in nulliparous women and women with a gestation age 17 weeks or above. Surgical evacuation of the uterus was performed in 11.5% of women for incomplete abortion or retained placenta. More multiparous women (16.7%) required surgical evacuation of uterus than did nulliparous women (7.3%; p <0.001). Ten (0.1%) women failed to abort with gemeprost and required other methods for abortion. In conclusion, a combination of mifepristone and gemeprost is a safe, effective, and noninvasive method of medical abortion for second trimester pregnancy.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗

PubMed1985

The obstetric consequences of uterovaginal anomalies.

Congenital uterovaginal anomalies can have adverse effects on pregnancy outcome. Early diagnosis and an aggressive evaluation of any patient presenting with mid-trimester abortion, premature labor, malpresentation, or retained placenta may prevent additional pregnancy wastage and maternal morbidity. With more timely and accurate diagnosis, appropriate management is likely to provide the best possible outcome for all such patients.

Diethylstilbestrol↗