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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Plant chromatin: development and gene control.

It is increasingly clear that chromatin is not just a device for packing DNA within the nucleus but also a dynamic material that changes as cellular environments alter. The precise control of chromatin modification in response to developmental and environmental cues determines the correct spatial and temporal expression of genes. Here, we review exciting discoveries that reveal chromatin participation in many facets of plant development. These include: chromatin modification from embryonic and meristematic development to flowering and seed formation, the involvement of DNA methylation and chromatin in controlling invasive DNA and in maintenance of epigenetic states, and the function of chromatin modifying and remodeling complexes such as SWI/SNF and histone acetylases and deacetylases in gene control. Given the role chromatin structure plays in every facet of plant development, chromatin research will undoubtedly be integral in both basic and applied plant biology.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

In vitro culture of Arabidopsis embryos within their ovules.

Embryogenesis of flowering plants establishes a basic body plan with apical-basal, radial and bilateral patterns from the single-celled zygote. Arabidopsis embryogenesis exhibits a nearly invariant cell division pattern and therefore is an ideal system for studies of early plant development. However, plant embryos are difficult to access for experimental manipulation, as they develop deeply inside maternal tissues. Here we present a method for the culture of zygotic Arabidopsis embryos in vitro. The technique omits excision of the embryo by culturing the entire ovule, thus greatly facilitating the time and effort involved. It enables external manipulation of embryo development and culture from the earliest developmental stages up to maturity. Administration of various chemical treatments as well as the use of different molecular markers is demonstrated together with standard techniques for visualizing gene expression and protein localization in in vitro cultivated embryos. The presented set of techniques allows for so far unavailable molecular physiology approaches in the study of early plant development.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1996

Development of plant growth apparatus using blue and red LED as artificial light source.

It is known that chlorophyll has the second distinct absorption peak in the vicinity of 450nm (blue light region) other than the first peak in the vicinity of 660nm (red light region) in its light absorption spectrum The blue light is also indispensable to the morphologically healthy growth plant. On the other hand, the red light contributes to the plant photosynthesis. Noticing this facts, we have developed various kind of plant growth apparatus using many pieces of blue light LED and red light LED with emission wavelength 450nm and 660nm as artificial light source. In this paper, we introduce our LED plant growth apparatus and systems named such as LED PACK, BIOLED, UNIPACK, and COMPACK with respect to their structure, function, electrical design, and characteristics.

Ecological Systems, Closed↗
PubMed2003

Antiquity and evolution of the MADS-box gene family controlling flower development in plants.

MADS-box genes in plants control various aspects of development and reproductive processes including flower formation. To obtain some insight into the roles of these genes in morphological evolution, we investigated the origin and diversification of floral MADS-box genes by conducting molecular evolutionary genetics analyses. Our results suggest that the most recent common ancestor of today's floral MADS-box genes evolved roughly 650 MYA, much earlier than the Cambrian explosion. They also suggest that the functional classes T (SVP), B (and Bs), C, F (AGL20 or TM3), A, and G (AGL6) of floral MADS-box genes diverged sequentially in this order from the class E gene lineage. The divergence between the class G and E genes apparently occurred around the time of the angiosperm/gymnosperm split. Furthermore, the ancestors of three classes of genes (class T genes, class B/Bs genes, and the common ancestor of the other classes of genes) might have existed at the time of the Cambrian explosion. We also conducted a phylogenetic analysis of MADS-domain sequences from various species of plants and animals and presented a hypothetical scenario of the evolution of MADS-box genes in plants and animals, taking into account paleontological information. Our study supports the idea that there are two main evolutionary lineages (type I and type II) of MADS-box genes in plants and animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Wheat D-type cyclin Triae;CYCD2;1 regulate development of transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

The D-type cyclin genes play key roles in plant development of Arabidopsis. To investigate the functions of cyclins in monocots, a putative ortholog of cyclin D2 genes was isolated from wheat shoot tissues, and designated as Triae;CYCD2;1. The transcripts of Triae;CYCD2;1 were primarily localized in the proliferating tissues, particularly, in shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia of wheat plants. Ectopic expression of Triae;CYCD2;1 in Arabidopsis affected plant morphology and retarded plant growth. Further examination showed that the promotion of cell division and the inhibition of cell differentiation occurred in both transgenic plants and tissues. In vitro experiments indicated that Triae;CYCD2;1 had functional roles in responding to cytokinin and auxin. Molecular analysis revealed that the transcript levels of several cell cycle-associated genes, particularly Arath;CYCD3;1, were increased in the Arabidopsis plants with the expressing Triae;CYCD2;1. The results in this study provide new information on D-type cyclin in wheat.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Localized versus systemic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on defence responses to Phytophthora infection in tomato plants.

Development of biological control for plant diseases is accepted as a durable and environmentally friendly alternative for agrochemicals. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which form symbiotic associations with root systems of most agricultural, horticultural and hardwood crop species, have been suggested as widespread potential bioprotective agents. In the present study the ability of two AMF (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) to induce local or systemic resistance to Phytophthora parasitica in tomato roots have been compared using a split root experimental system. Glomus mosseae was effective in reducing disease symptoms produced by P. parasitica infection, and evidence points to a combination of local and systemic mechanisms being responsible for this bioprotector effect. The biochemical analysis of different plant defence-related enzymes showed a local induction of mycorrhiza-related new isoforms of the hydrolytic enzymes chitinase, chitosanase and beta-1,3-glucanase, as well as superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which is involved in cell protection against oxidative stress. Systemic alterations of the activity of some of the constitutive isoforms were also observed in non-mycorrhizal roots of mycorrhizal plants. Studies on the lytic activity against Phytophthora cell wall of root protein extracts also corroborated a systemic effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis on tomato resistance to Phytophthora.

Chitinases↗
PubMed2000

DEVELOPMENT OF SYMMETRY IN PLANTS.

Plant development involves specification and elaboration of axes of asymmetry. The apical-basal and inside-outside axes arise in embryogenesis, and are probably oriented maternally. They are maintained during growth post-germination and interact to establish novel axes of asymmetry in flowers and lateral organs (such as leaves). Whereas the genetic control of axis elaboration is now partially understood in embryos, floral meristems, and organs, the underlying mechanisms of axis specification remain largely obscure. Less functionally significant aspects of plant asymmetry (e.g. the handedness of spiral phyllotaxy) may originate in random events and therefore have no genetic control.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Progress and challenges in studies of the evolution of development.

Plant evolutionary developmental genetics (EDG) has made considerable progress over the last decade. This is in part due to the accumulation of large amounts of sequence data that have provided robust organismal phylogenies and, increasingly, broad assessments of molecular evolution. Attempts to use primary sequence data to identify genes that have changed function in evolutionary time have not been as successful as initially hoped. The coding sequences of most genes, which are more amenable to statistical analysis than are regulatory sequences, are generally under purifying selection, as would be expected if much evolutionary change is the result of changes in cis-regulatory sequences. Sequence-based analysis of the regulatory sequences themselves remains difficult. Comparative studies of gene expression have been useful to identify genes whose developmental role may have changed in evolutionary time and will be critical to the future development of EDG. Such studies can be used to test hypotheses of gene function. Transformation experiments are often illuminating, but can be hard to interpret, particularly if genes from multiple species are all placed into a single heterologous system such as Arabidopsis. The ideal experiment would be a gene swap or promoter swap between two species, but this awaits development of good transformation systems. The immediate need for EDG is studies of gene expression on a massive scale, far broader than any studies undertaken to date.

Botany↗
PubMed2002

Tumorous shoot development (TSD) genes are required for co-ordinated plant shoot development.

This report describes the identification of novel plant genes that are required to ensure co-ordinated post-embryonic development. After germination the tumorous shoot development mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana develop disorganized tumorous tissue instead of organized leaves and stems. This results in green callus-like structures, which are capable of unlimited growth in vitro on hormone-free medium. The tsd mutants are recessive and belong to three complementation groups (tsd1, tsd2, tsd3). The genes were mapped to the bottom of chromosomes 5 and 1, and the top of chromosome 3, respectively. Histological analyses showed that the tsd mutants have different developmental defects. The shoot apical meristem of tsd1 formed only rudimentary leaves and was characterized by a degenerating L1 cell layer. tsd2 mutants had reduced cell adhesion and altered cell division planes in the L2 and L3 cell layers. The tumorous tissue of tsd3 mutants originated from the base of the leaf. Cytokinin levels that are inhibitory to the growth of wild-type seedlings bring about an enhanced growth response in all the tsd mutants. The steady state transcript levels of the histidine kinase CKI1 gene and the KNAT1 and STM homeobox genes were increased in tsd mutants, while mRNA levels of cell cycle genes were not altered. We hypothesize that the TSD gene products negatively regulate cytokinin-dependent meristematic activity during vegetative development of Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2002

Influence of anther pretreatment on the efficiency of androgenesis in barley.

The change in the developmental pathway of microspores from gametophytic to sporophytic is induced by stress during pretreatment of spikes and anthers. In our experiments, anther culture of three barley cultivars was tested with regard to the effect of chilling at 4 degrees C for 28 days, starvation in 0.3 M mannitol solution for 4 days, and a combination of both methods. Chilling was shown to increase embryo/callus formation, while mannitol treatment favoured plant development, including development of green plants; simultaneous application of the two stress factors for 4 days proved to be ineffective. The tested cultivars exhibited a similar ability (calculated per 100 transferred embryos/calli) to develop plants without pretreatment; however, their responses to stress varied greatly. The collected data indicate that mannitol pretreatment, as compared to chilling, is more efficient in responsive cultivars.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed2003

Meloidogyne javanica chorismate mutase 1 alters plant cell development.

Root-knot nematodes are obligate plant parasites that alter plant cell growth and development by inducing the formation of giant cells for feeding. Nematodes inject secretions from their esophageal glands through their stylet and into plant cells to induce giant cell formation. Meloidogyne javanica chorismate mutase 1 (MjCM-1) is one such esophageal gland protein likely to be secreted from the nematode as giant cells form. MjCM-1 has two domains, an N-terminal chorismate mutase (CM) domain and a C-terminal region of unknown function. It is the N-terminal CM domain of the protein that is the predominant form produced in root-knot nematodes. Transgenic expression of MjCM-1 in soybean hairy roots results in a phenotype of reduced and aborted lateral roots. Histological studies demonstrate the absence of vascular tissue in hairy roots expressing MjCM-1. The phenotype of MjCM-1 expressed at low levels can be rescued by the addition of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indicating MjCM-1 overexpression reduces IAA biosynthesis. We propose MjCM-1 lowers IAA by causing a competition for chorismate, resulting in an alteration of chorismate-derived metabolites and, ultimately, in plant cell development. Therefore, we hypothesize that MjCM-1 is involved in allowing nematodes to establish a parasitic relationship with the host plant.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Rop GTPase: a master switch of cell polarity development in plants.

Cell polarity is fundamentally important to plant growth and development, yet the mechanism governing its development is understood poorly. Several studies have revealed a role for Rop GTPases in pollen polar tip growth. Rop is also localized to the future site of root hair development and the tip of root hairs, and expression of constitutively active Rop mutants impacts on the morphogenesis of tip-growing root hairs as well as on non-tip-growing cells. These findings highlight the importance of Rop as a common switch in cell polarity control in plants.

Cell Polarity↗
PubMed2004

A transcriptomics resource for wheat functional genomics.

Grain development, germination and plant development under abiotic stresses are areas of biology that are of considerable interest to the cereal community. Within the Investigating Gene Function programme we have produced the resources required to investigate alterations in the transcriptome of hexaploid wheat during these developmental processes. We have single pass sequenced the cDNAs of between 700 and 1300 randomly picked clones from each of 35 cDNA libraries representing highly specific stages of grain and plant development. Annotated sequencing results have been stored in a publicly accessible, online database at http://www.cerealsdb.uk.net. Each of the tissue stages used has also been photographed in detail, resulting in a collection of high-quality micrograph images detailing wheat grain development. These images have been collated and annotated in order to produce a web site focused on wheat development (http://www.wheatbp.net/). We have also produced high-density microarrays of a publicly available wheat unigene set based on the 35 cDNA libraries and have completed a number of microarray experiments which validate their quality.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The excessive production of indole-3-acetic acid and its significance in studies of the biosynthesis of this regulator of plant growth and development.

Because of the importance of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the growth and development of plants, extensive studies of the biosynthesis of IAA have been performed during the four decades since the discovery of IAA as a plant hormone. The pathway for the biosynthesis of IAA in plants remains, however, to be unelucidated, even though studies within the past decade have revealed unexpected aspects of such biosynthesis. By contrast, two pathways to IAA have been characterized in bacteria at the molecular level: the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway (L-tryptophan-->IAM-->IAA); the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway (L-tryptophan-->indole-3-pyruvic acid-->indole-3-acetaldehyde-->IAA) (Fig. 1). In both pathways, the details of the biosynthesis of IAA were clarified using IAA-overproducing bacteria. After a description of recent advances of the studies of the biosynthesis of IAA in plants, this review focuses on the excessive production of IAA in several organisms and its significance in the studies of the biosynthesis of IAA.

Forecasting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic mechanisms of the stimulating effect of mutagenic factors on the growth and development of plants].

Small doses of mutagenic factors were studied as applied to plant growth and development. It is found out that the stimulation effect is not the same in the laboratory and field experiments and is essentially modified by the environmental conditions. An opinion is advanced that nonspecific derepression and supression of genes are responsible for mechanisms of the mutagenic factors stimulating action. It is emphasized that the method of presowing irradiation in seed growing should not be applied.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed2002

CARPEL FACTORY, a Dicer homolog, and HEN1, a novel protein, act in microRNA metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana.

BACKGROUND: In metazoans, microRNAs, or miRNAs, constitute a growing family of small regulatory RNAs that are usually 19-25 nucleotides in length. They are processed from longer precursor RNAs that fold into stem-loop structures by the ribonuclease Dicer and are thought to regulate gene expression by base pairing with RNAs of protein-coding genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations in CARPEL FACTORY (CAF), a Dicer homolog, and those in a novel gene, HEN1, result in similar, multifaceted developmental defects, suggesting a similar function of the two genes, possibly in miRNA metabolism. RESULTS: To investigate the potential functions of CAF and HEN1 in miRNA metabolism, we aimed to isolate miRNAs from Arabidopsis and examine their accumulation during plant development in wild-type plants and in hen1-1 and caf-1 mutant plants. We have isolated 11 miRNAs, some of which have potential homologs in tobacco, rice, and maize. The putative precursors of these miRNAs have the capacity to form stable stem-loop structures. The accumulation of these miRNAs appears to be spatially or temporally controlled in plant development, and their abundance is greatly reduced in caf-1 and hen1-1 mutants. HEN1 homologs are found in bacterial, fungal, and metazoan genomes. CONCLUSIONS: miRNAs are present in both plant and animal kingdoms. An evolutionarily conserved mechanism involving a protein, known as Dicer in animals and CAF in Arabidopsis, operates in miRNA metabolism. HEN1 is a new player in miRNA accumulation in Arabidopsis, and HEN1 homologs in metazoans may have a similar function. The developmental defects associated with caf-1 and hen1-1 mutations and the patterns of miRNA accumulation suggest that miRNAs play fundamental roles in plant development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Oligosaccharins, brassinolides, and jasmonates: nontraditional regulators of plant growth, development, and gene expression.

Each of the nontraditional plant hormones reviewed in this article, oligosaccharins, brassinolides, and JA, can exert major effects on plant growth and development. However, in many cases, the mechanisms by which these compounds are involved in the endogenous regulation of morphogenesis remain to be established. Nevertheless, the use of mutant or transgenic plants with altered levels or perception of these hormones is leading to phenomenal increases in our understanding of the roles they play in the life cycle of plants. It is likely that in the future, novel modulators of plant growth and development will be identified; some will perhaps be related to the peptide encoded by ENOD40 (Van de Sande et al., 1996), which modifies the action of auxin.

Brassinosteroids↗